Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00005.X
C. Nevison, V. Gupta, L. Klinger
The daisyworld model of Watson and Lovelock demonstrated that a simple biological feedback system involving coupling between black and white daisies and their physical environment can stabilize planetary temperature over a wide range of solar luminosity. Here, we show that the addition of a differential equation for temperature to the original daisyworld model leads to periodic oscillations in temperature about a homeostatic mean. These oscillations, in which the model alternates between dominance by either black or white daisies, arise from the internal dynamics of the system rather than from external forcing. An important criterion for the oscillations to occur is that solar luminosity be within the range in which both daisy species are viable. A second important criterion is that the ratio of the timescales for daisy population turnover and climate system thermal response be bounded. While internally driven oscillations are well known in predator–prey biological models and in coupled ocean energy balance– cryosphere models, the present study shows that such oscillations also can arise in a model of the biosphere coupled to its physical environment. The potential significance of this result to planet Earth and the science of geophysiology is discussed. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00005.x
沃森和洛夫洛克的雏菊世界模型表明，一个简单的生物反馈系统，包括黑白雏菊和它们的物理环境之间的耦合，可以在很大的太阳亮度范围内稳定行星温度。在这里，我们证明了在原始的菊花世界模型中加入一个温度微分方程会导致温度在一个稳态平均值附近的周期性振荡。在这些振荡中，模型在黑色雏菊或白色雏菊的主导地位之间交替，这是由系统的内部动力学而不是外部强迫引起的。发生振荡的一个重要标准是太阳光度在两种雏菊都能存活的范围内。第二个重要的判据是雏菊种群更替与气候系统热响应的时间尺度之比是有界的。虽然内部驱动振荡在捕食者-猎物生物模型和海洋能量平衡-冰冻圈耦合模型中是众所周知的，但本研究表明，这种振荡也可能出现在生物圈与其物理环境耦合的模型中。讨论了这一结果对地球和地球生理学的潜在意义。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 3 - 00005. x
{"title":"Self-sustained temperature oscillations on Daisyworld","authors":"C. Nevison, V. Gupta, L. Klinger","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00005.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00005.X","url":null,"abstract":"The daisyworld model of Watson and Lovelock demonstrated that a simple biological feedback system involving coupling between black and white daisies and their physical environment can stabilize planetary temperature over a wide range of solar luminosity. Here, we show that the addition of a differential equation for temperature to the original daisyworld model leads to periodic oscillations in temperature about a homeostatic mean. These oscillations, in which the model alternates between dominance by either black or white daisies, arise from the internal dynamics of the system rather than from external forcing. An important criterion for the oscillations to occur is that solar luminosity be within the range in which both daisy species are viable. A second important criterion is that the ratio of the timescales for daisy population turnover and climate system thermal response be bounded. While internally driven oscillations are well known in predator–prey biological models and in coupled ocean energy balance– cryosphere models, the present study shows that such oscillations also can arise in a model of the biosphere coupled to its physical environment. The potential significance of this result to planet Earth and the science of geophysiology is discussed. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00005.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"38 1","pages":"806-814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89113704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16484
T. Berntsen, I. Isaksen
A global 3-dimensional chemical tracer model (CTM) has been used to calculate the impact on tropospheric ozone caused by NO x emissions from today's fleet of subsonic aircraft (0.52 Tg(N)/ yr). Uncertainties in the magnitude and distribution in the ozone perturbation due to uncertainties in lightning and deep convection as sources of upper tropospheric NO x have been studied. Three sets of two CTM experiments have been performed, with and without emissions from aircraft. A reference set with normal convection and 12 Tg(N)/ yr from lightning, a set with reduced lightning source (5 Tg(N)/ yr), and one set with reduced convective activity (67% lower mass fluxes of air). A zonally homogeneous increase in upper tropospheric ozone north of 40°N, reaching a maximum of 5–6 ppbv during May was found in the reference case. The largest effect of lower NO x emissions from lightning was a 50–70% higher enhancement of ozone due to aircraft at northern mid- and high-latitudes during summer. This was caused by lower background concentrations of NO x and therefore more effcient ozone production. Reduced convective mixing lead to a 40% increased enhancement in aircraft induced ozone at northern mid-latitudes and 150% enhancement in the tropics. In this case background NO x levels were higher in the upper troposphere, giving a decreased ozone production efficiency of NO x from aircraft. This was however, more than compensated for by a decreased downward mixing of ozone produced by emissions from aircraft. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00003.x
{"title":"Effects of lightning and convection on changes in tropospheric ozone due to NOx emissions from aircraft","authors":"T. Berntsen, I. Isaksen","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16484","url":null,"abstract":"A global 3-dimensional chemical tracer model (CTM) has been used to calculate the impact on tropospheric ozone caused by NO x emissions from today's fleet of subsonic aircraft (0.52 Tg(N)/ yr). Uncertainties in the magnitude and distribution in the ozone perturbation due to uncertainties in lightning and deep convection as sources of upper tropospheric NO x have been studied. Three sets of two CTM experiments have been performed, with and without emissions from aircraft. A reference set with normal convection and 12 Tg(N)/ yr from lightning, a set with reduced lightning source (5 Tg(N)/ yr), and one set with reduced convective activity (67% lower mass fluxes of air). A zonally homogeneous increase in upper tropospheric ozone north of 40°N, reaching a maximum of 5–6 ppbv during May was found in the reference case. The largest effect of lower NO x emissions from lightning was a 50–70% higher enhancement of ozone due to aircraft at northern mid- and high-latitudes during summer. This was caused by lower background concentrations of NO x and therefore more effcient ozone production. Reduced convective mixing lead to a 40% increased enhancement in aircraft induced ozone at northern mid-latitudes and 150% enhancement in the tropics. In this case background NO x levels were higher in the upper troposphere, giving a decreased ozone production efficiency of NO x from aircraft. This was however, more than compensated for by a decreased downward mixing of ozone produced by emissions from aircraft. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00003.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"46 1","pages":"766-788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91030483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00001.X
M. Sarin, R. Rengarajan, S. Krishnaswami
The concentrations of NO − 3 , SO 2− 4 and 210 Pb have been measured in the marine boundary layer over the central-eastern Arabian Sea to investigate the sources of NO − 3 to this region and its deposition flux to the sea surface. Bulk aerosol samples were collected during April – May (intermonsoon) 1994, July – August (monsoon) 1995, 1996 and February – March (winter) 1995, 1997. The NO − 3 and 210 Pb concentrations, during the intermonsoon and winter, ranged from 0.4 to 4.1 μg m −3 and (12.3 to 70.3) × 10 −3 dpm m −3 , respectively; with systematically higher concentrations during the winter. Their concentrations were the lowest, 0.2 to 0.8 μg m −3 and (4.0 to 17.6) × 10 −3 dpm m −3 , respectively, during monsoon. The seasonal and spatial distributions of NO − 3 and 210 Pb in the aerosols show a significant positive correlation and bring to light the dominant ro le of continental sources in the chemistry of aerosols over the Arabian Sea. The NO − 3 deposition flux to the Arabian Sea surface is determined to be 0.9 mg m −2 d −1 based on the NO − 3 / 210 Pb ratio (43 μg/dpm −1 ) and the measured 210 Pb deposition flux of 20 dpm m −2 d −1 . The atmospheric NO − 3 flux to the mixed layer is insignificant compared to that fixed by primary production in this region and that supplied to the mixed layer from the base of the euphotic zone. The annual mean 210 Pb concentration (25 × 10 −3 dpm m −3 ) and its atmospheric deposition flux (20 dpm m −2 d −1 ) yield an effective deposition velocity of ∼0.9 cm s −1 for 210 Pb aerosols; similar to that used for deriving NO − 3 and NH + 4 deposition fluxes. The seasonal trend for SO 2− 4 concentrations is quite similar to that of NO − 3 , with the non-sea-salt component of SO 2− 4 being generally higher during the winter and the intermonsoon periods. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00001.x
{"title":"Aerosol NO' 3 and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes","authors":"M. Sarin, R. Rengarajan, S. Krishnaswami","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00001.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00001.X","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of NO − 3 , SO 2− 4 and 210 Pb have been measured in the marine boundary layer over the central-eastern Arabian Sea to investigate the sources of NO − 3 to this region and its deposition flux to the sea surface. Bulk aerosol samples were collected during April – May (intermonsoon) 1994, July – August (monsoon) 1995, 1996 and February – March (winter) 1995, 1997. The NO − 3 and 210 Pb concentrations, during the intermonsoon and winter, ranged from 0.4 to 4.1 μg m −3 and (12.3 to 70.3) × 10 −3 dpm m −3 , respectively; with systematically higher concentrations during the winter. Their concentrations were the lowest, 0.2 to 0.8 μg m −3 and (4.0 to 17.6) × 10 −3 dpm m −3 , respectively, during monsoon. The seasonal and spatial distributions of NO − 3 and 210 Pb in the aerosols show a significant positive correlation and bring to light the dominant ro le of continental sources in the chemistry of aerosols over the Arabian Sea. The NO − 3 deposition flux to the Arabian Sea surface is determined to be 0.9 mg m −2 d −1 based on the NO − 3 / 210 Pb ratio (43 μg/dpm −1 ) and the measured 210 Pb deposition flux of 20 dpm m −2 d −1 . The atmospheric NO − 3 flux to the mixed layer is insignificant compared to that fixed by primary production in this region and that supplied to the mixed layer from the base of the euphotic zone. The annual mean 210 Pb concentration (25 × 10 −3 dpm m −3 ) and its atmospheric deposition flux (20 dpm m −2 d −1 ) yield an effective deposition velocity of ∼0.9 cm s −1 for 210 Pb aerosols; similar to that used for deriving NO − 3 and NH + 4 deposition fluxes. The seasonal trend for SO 2− 4 concentrations is quite similar to that of NO − 3 , with the non-sea-salt component of SO 2− 4 being generally higher during the winter and the intermonsoon periods. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00001.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"30 1","pages":"749-758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89630302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16495
N. Metzl, B. Tilbrook, A. Poisson
The sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ) lies between the subtropical convergence (STC) and the sub-Antarctic front (SAF), and is considered one of the strongest oceanic sinks of atmospheric CO 2 . The strong sink results from high winds and seasonally low sea surface fugacities of CO 2 ( f CO 2 ), relative to atmospheric f CO 2 . The region of the SAZ, and immediately south, is also subject to mode and intermediate water formation, yielding a penetration of anthropogenic CO 2 below the mixed layer. A detailed analysis of continuous measurements made during the same season and year, February – March 1993, shows a coherent pattern of f CO 2 distributions at the eastern (WOCE/SR3 at about 145°E) and western edges (WOCE/I6 at 30°E) of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. A strong CO 2 sink develops in the Austral summer (Δ f CO 2 < − 50 μatm) in both the eastern (110°−150°E) and western regions (20°−90°E). The strong CO 2 sink in summer is due to the formation of a shallow seasonal mixed-layer (about 100 m). The CO 2 drawdown in the surface water is consistent with biologically mediated drawdown of carbon over summer. In austral winter, surface f CO 2 is close to equilibrium with the atmosphere (Δ f CO 2 ± 5 μatm), and the net CO 2 exchange is small compared to summer. The near-equilibrium values in winter are associated with the formation of deep winter mixed-layers (up to 700 m). For years 1992–95, the annual CO 2 uptake for the Indian Ocean sector of the sub Antarctic Zone (40°−50°S, 20°−150°E) is estimated to be about 0.4 GtC yr −1 . Extrapolating this estimate to the entire sub-Antarctic zone suggests the uptake in the circumpolar SAZ is approaching 1 GtC yr −1 . DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00008.x
亚南极带(SAZ)位于副热带辐合带(STC)和亚南极锋(SAF)之间，是大气co2最强的海洋汇之一。强汇是由大风和相对于大气co2的季节性低海面co2 (fco2)通量造成的。南中国海区域以及紧靠南的区域也受到模式和中间水形成的影响，在混合层下方产生人为co2的渗透。对同一季节和年份(1993年2月至3月)进行的连续测量的详细分析显示，南大洋印度洋板块东部(约145°E的WOCE/SR3)和西部边缘(约30°E的WOCE/I6)的co2分布具有一致的模式。东部(110°~ 150°E)和西部(20°~ 90°E)夏季均出现较强的co2汇(Δ f CO 2 < - 50 μatm)。夏季较强的co2汇是由于形成了一个浅的季节性混合层(约100 m)，地表水中co2的减少与夏季生物调节的碳减少一致。在南方冬季，地表fco 2与大气接近平衡(Δ fco 2±5 μatm)， co2净交换量较夏季小。冬季的接近平衡值与深层冬季混合层(高达700 m)的形成有关。1992 - 1995年，亚南极区印度洋部分(40°- 50°S, 20°- 150°E)的年CO 2吸吸量估计约为0.4 GtC yr - 1。将这一估计值外推到整个亚南极区，表明环极区域的吸收接近1 GtC年−1。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 3 - 00008. x
{"title":"The annual fCO2 cycle and the air–sea CO2 flux in the sub‐Antarctic Ocean","authors":"N. Metzl, B. Tilbrook, A. Poisson","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16495","url":null,"abstract":"The sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ) lies between the subtropical convergence (STC) and the sub-Antarctic front (SAF), and is considered one of the strongest oceanic sinks of atmospheric CO 2 . The strong sink results from high winds and seasonally low sea surface fugacities of CO 2 ( f CO 2 ), relative to atmospheric f CO 2 . The region of the SAZ, and immediately south, is also subject to mode and intermediate water formation, yielding a penetration of anthropogenic CO 2 below the mixed layer. A detailed analysis of continuous measurements made during the same season and year, February – March 1993, shows a coherent pattern of f CO 2 distributions at the eastern (WOCE/SR3 at about 145°E) and western edges (WOCE/I6 at 30°E) of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. A strong CO 2 sink develops in the Austral summer (Δ f CO 2 < − 50 μatm) in both the eastern (110°−150°E) and western regions (20°−90°E). The strong CO 2 sink in summer is due to the formation of a shallow seasonal mixed-layer (about 100 m). The CO 2 drawdown in the surface water is consistent with biologically mediated drawdown of carbon over summer. In austral winter, surface f CO 2 is close to equilibrium with the atmosphere (Δ f CO 2 ± 5 μatm), and the net CO 2 exchange is small compared to summer. The near-equilibrium values in winter are associated with the formation of deep winter mixed-layers (up to 700 m). For years 1992–95, the annual CO 2 uptake for the Indian Ocean sector of the sub Antarctic Zone (40°−50°S, 20°−150°E) is estimated to be about 0.4 GtC yr −1 . Extrapolating this estimate to the entire sub-Antarctic zone suggests the uptake in the circumpolar SAZ is approaching 1 GtC yr −1 . DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00008.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"10 1","pages":"849-861"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90324209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16492
H. Inoue, Maso Ishii, H. Matsueda, S. Saito, T. Midorikawa, Kazuhiro Nemoto
During 1968 to 72, scientists of the Meteorological Research Institute/Japan Meteorological Agency measured CO 2 in the surface seawater and overlying air in the Pacific Ocean quasicontinuously to examine CO 2 exchange between the sea and the atmosphere. From the data remaining in our laboratory from that time, we re-evaluated the partial pressure of CO 2 in surface seawater ( p CO s 2 ) by taking into account pressure broadening effects due to the use of CO 2 -in-N 2 standards, the use of chemical desiccant (Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 ), calibration using background air data, seawater temperature rise between the equilibrator and sea surface, the WMO CO 2 mole fraction scale, and differences in pressure during the oceanic CO 2 measurements from those of standards and background air in the nondispersive infra-red gas analyser cell. The overall uncertainty of p CO s 2 measurements for the cruises from 1968 to 1970 was estimated to be less than 3.6 μatm, which allowed us to evaluate temporal variations in the carbonate system over a few decades, but uncertainty was higher (> 10 μatm) for the cruise from 1971 to 1972 because of serious malfunctions of the system. The re-evaluated p CO s 2 data from 1968 to 1970 exhibit patterns similar to those observed at the same place and time of year (within 30 days) in 1982/83, 1988, 1995 and 1996, but compared with levels in the 1980s and 1990s the p CO s 2 level was clearly lower in the wide area of the Pacific except south of the Subtropical Front (STF; 47°S) in the Australian sector. The observed p CO s 2 increased by 34 ± 5 μatm ( n = 133) for the area 7°N to 35°N, 138°E to 147°E from February 1969 to February 1995, 29 ± 5 μatm ( n = 247) for the area 9°N to 35°N, 138°E to 165°E from February 1970 to February/March 1996, 26 ± 7 μatm ( n = 224) for the area 29°N to 51°N, 170°W from April 1970 to April 1988, and 41 ± 9 μatm ( n = 165) for the area 10°S to 45°S, 148°E to 166°E from January/February 1969 to January/February 1995. In the northern subtropics (7°N to 35°N, 138°E to 147°E), we estimated the long-term increase (35 ± 6 μatm, n = 133) after removing seasonal variations that were obtained from the p CO s 2 -sea surface temperature (SST) relationship. Observed and seasonally adjusted increases were nearly equal to those of the partial pressure of CO 2 in the air (1.4 μatm yr −1 ) over the same time intervals. South of the STF, p CO s 2 increase as found in the subtropics was not detected, mostly due to the large variability of p CO s 2 (250 to 380 μatm in 1968/69) on small spatial scales. The average p CO s 2 south of the STF showed large variations on time scales of months and years that affect the estimation of the growth rate of atmospheric CO 2 . DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00007.x
{"title":"MRI measurements of partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters of the Pacific during 1968–70: re‐evaluation and comparison of data with those of the 1980s and 1990s","authors":"H. Inoue, Maso Ishii, H. Matsueda, S. Saito, T. Midorikawa, Kazuhiro Nemoto","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16492","url":null,"abstract":"During 1968 to 72, scientists of the Meteorological Research Institute/Japan Meteorological Agency measured CO 2 in the surface seawater and overlying air in the Pacific Ocean quasicontinuously to examine CO 2 exchange between the sea and the atmosphere. From the data remaining in our laboratory from that time, we re-evaluated the partial pressure of CO 2 in surface seawater ( p CO s 2 ) by taking into account pressure broadening effects due to the use of CO 2 -in-N 2 standards, the use of chemical desiccant (Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 ), calibration using background air data, seawater temperature rise between the equilibrator and sea surface, the WMO CO 2 mole fraction scale, and differences in pressure during the oceanic CO 2 measurements from those of standards and background air in the nondispersive infra-red gas analyser cell. The overall uncertainty of p CO s 2 measurements for the cruises from 1968 to 1970 was estimated to be less than 3.6 μatm, which allowed us to evaluate temporal variations in the carbonate system over a few decades, but uncertainty was higher (> 10 μatm) for the cruise from 1971 to 1972 because of serious malfunctions of the system. The re-evaluated p CO s 2 data from 1968 to 1970 exhibit patterns similar to those observed at the same place and time of year (within 30 days) in 1982/83, 1988, 1995 and 1996, but compared with levels in the 1980s and 1990s the p CO s 2 level was clearly lower in the wide area of the Pacific except south of the Subtropical Front (STF; 47°S) in the Australian sector. The observed p CO s 2 increased by 34 ± 5 μatm ( n = 133) for the area 7°N to 35°N, 138°E to 147°E from February 1969 to February 1995, 29 ± 5 μatm ( n = 247) for the area 9°N to 35°N, 138°E to 165°E from February 1970 to February/March 1996, 26 ± 7 μatm ( n = 224) for the area 29°N to 51°N, 170°W from April 1970 to April 1988, and 41 ± 9 μatm ( n = 165) for the area 10°S to 45°S, 148°E to 166°E from January/February 1969 to January/February 1995. In the northern subtropics (7°N to 35°N, 138°E to 147°E), we estimated the long-term increase (35 ± 6 μatm, n = 133) after removing seasonal variations that were obtained from the p CO s 2 -sea surface temperature (SST) relationship. Observed and seasonally adjusted increases were nearly equal to those of the partial pressure of CO 2 in the air (1.4 μatm yr −1 ) over the same time intervals. South of the STF, p CO s 2 increase as found in the subtropics was not detected, mostly due to the large variability of p CO s 2 (250 to 380 μatm in 1968/69) on small spatial scales. The average p CO s 2 south of the STF showed large variations on time scales of months and years that affect the estimation of the growth rate of atmospheric CO 2 . DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00007.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"104 6 1","pages":"830-848"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87292885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00004.X
P. Zanis, E. Schuepbach, H. Gäggeler, S. Hübener, L. Tobler
7Be activity concentrations were measured at the alpine research station at Jungfraujoch (JFJ), Switzerland, (07°59'E/46°32'N/3580 m asl) from 4 April 1996 to 1 January 1997 with a time resolution of 2 days using gamma spectroscopy. The data were analysed in relation to meteorological parameters (potential temperature at tropopause level, relative humidity, potential temperature at JFJ), and total ozone at Arosa in eastern Switzerland. Composite 500 hPa geopotential height maps were computed for days with high and low 7 Be activity concentrations. It was found that downward transport associated with an upper ridge and a high tropopause is a significant controlling mechanism for high 7 Be activity concentrations at JFJ. In addition, wet scavenging is also important. A multiple linear regression model using potential temperature at tropopause level and relative humidity at JFJ as predictors explained 60% of the variability in the 7 Be activity concentrations over the investigated period. The results indicate that the indirect influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) to the 7 Be activity concentrations at JFJ may be more important than the direct one during the period under investigation. The vigorous downward transport of stratospheric air to JFJ may be considered as the direct influence from STE, whereas a multi-step transport process with a longer tropospheric age of the stratospheric air masses may be considered as the indirect one. The indirect influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange is investigated in a case study in which the highest 7 Be concentration, occurring from 16 to 23 July at JFJ, is associated with stratosphere-troposphere transport above northern Europe and strong southward advection with subsequent subsidence.
{"title":"Factors controlling beryllium‐7 at Jungfraujoch in Switzerland","authors":"P. Zanis, E. Schuepbach, H. Gäggeler, S. Hübener, L. Tobler","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00004.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-3-00004.X","url":null,"abstract":"7Be activity concentrations were measured at the alpine research station at Jungfraujoch (JFJ), Switzerland, (07°59'E/46°32'N/3580 m asl) from 4 April 1996 to 1 January 1997 with a time resolution of 2 days using gamma spectroscopy. The data were analysed in relation to meteorological parameters (potential temperature at tropopause level, relative humidity, potential temperature at JFJ), and total ozone at Arosa in eastern Switzerland. Composite 500 hPa geopotential height maps were computed for days with high and low 7 Be activity concentrations. It was found that downward transport associated with an upper ridge and a high tropopause is a significant controlling mechanism for high 7 Be activity concentrations at JFJ. In addition, wet scavenging is also important. A multiple linear regression model using potential temperature at tropopause level and relative humidity at JFJ as predictors explained 60% of the variability in the 7 Be activity concentrations over the investigated period. The results indicate that the indirect influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) to the 7 Be activity concentrations at JFJ may be more important than the direct one during the period under investigation. The vigorous downward transport of stratospheric air to JFJ may be considered as the direct influence from STE, whereas a multi-step transport process with a longer tropospheric age of the stratospheric air masses may be considered as the indirect one. The indirect influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange is investigated in a case study in which the highest 7 Be concentration, occurring from 16 to 23 July at JFJ, is associated with stratosphere-troposphere transport above northern Europe and strong southward advection with subsequent subsidence.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"40 1","pages":"789-805"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91060719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16489
S. Harding
A central debate in community ecology concerns the relationship between the complexity of communities and their stability. How does the richness of food web structures affect their resistance and resilience to perturbation? Most mathematical models of communities have shown that stability declines as complexity increases but so far, modellers have not included the material environment in their calculations. Here an otherwise conventional community ecology model is described, which includes feedback between the biota and their climate. This “geophysiological” model is stable in the sense that it resists perturbation. The more complex the community included in the model, the greater its stability in terms of both resistance to perturbation and rate of response to perturbation. This is a realistic way to model the naturalworld because organisms cannot avoid feedback to and from their material environment. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00006.x
群落生态学的一个核心争论是关于群落的复杂性和稳定性之间的关系。食物网结构的丰富性如何影响它们对扰动的抵抗力和恢复力?大多数关于群落的数学模型表明，稳定性随着复杂性的增加而下降，但到目前为止，建模者还没有将物质环境纳入他们的计算中。这里描述了一个传统的群落生态学模型，它包括生物群和气候之间的反馈。这个“地球生理学”模型是稳定的，因为它能抵抗扰动。模型中包含的群落越复杂，其对扰动的抵抗力和对扰动的响应率就越稳定。这是一种模拟自然世界的现实方法，因为生物体无法避免来自其物质环境的反馈。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 3 - 00006. x
{"title":"Food web complexity enhances community stability and climate regulation in a geophysiological model","authors":"S. Harding","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16489","url":null,"abstract":"A central debate in community ecology concerns the relationship between the complexity of communities and their stability. How does the richness of food web structures affect their resistance and resilience to perturbation? Most mathematical models of communities have shown that stability declines as complexity increases but so far, modellers have not included the material environment in their calculations. Here an otherwise conventional community ecology model is described, which includes feedback between the biota and their climate. This “geophysiological” model is stable in the sense that it resists perturbation. The more complex the community included in the model, the greater its stability in terms of both resistance to perturbation and rate of response to perturbation. This is a realistic way to model the naturalworld because organisms cannot avoid feedback to and from their material environment. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00006.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"38 1","pages":"815-829"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74015417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16483
R. Andres, D. Fielding, G. Marland, T. Boden, N. Kumar
Newly compiled energy statistics allow for an estimation of the complete time series of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil-fuel use for the years 1751 to the present. The time series begins with 3 × 10 6 metric tonnes carbon (C). This initial flux represents the early stages of the fossil-fuel era. The CO 2 flux increased exponentially until World War I. The time series derived here seamlessly joins the modern 1950 to present time series. Total cumulative CO 2 emissions through 1949 were 61.0 × 10 9 tonnes C from fossil-fuel use, virtually all since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution around 1860. The rate of growth continues to grow during present times, generating debate on the probability of enhanced greenhouse warming. In addition to global totals, national totals and 1° global distributions of the data have been calculated. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00002.x
{"title":"Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil‐fuel use, 1751–1950","authors":"R. Andres, D. Fielding, G. Marland, T. Boden, N. Kumar","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I4.16483","url":null,"abstract":"Newly compiled energy statistics allow for an estimation of the complete time series of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil-fuel use for the years 1751 to the present. The time series begins with 3 × 10 6 metric tonnes carbon (C). This initial flux represents the early stages of the fossil-fuel era. The CO 2 flux increased exponentially until World War I. The time series derived here seamlessly joins the modern 1950 to present time series. Total cumulative CO 2 emissions through 1949 were 61.0 × 10 9 tonnes C from fossil-fuel use, virtually all since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution around 1860. The rate of growth continues to grow during present times, generating debate on the probability of enhanced greenhouse warming. In addition to global totals, national totals and 1° global distributions of the data have been calculated. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00002.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"7 1","pages":"759-765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85815553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16445
J. Saylor
Recent experiments have demonstrated that millimeter-scale capillary waves can enhance the transport of CO 2 by almost 2 orders of magnitude for moderate wave slopes. These results are used to create a model for the relative contribution of capillary waves to the gas exchange coefficient. The model input is wind speed u , and the output is K f the fractional contribution of a specific range of capillary waves to the total gas exchange coefficient. Wind speed data, obtained via satellite, are used as the model input to obtain globally averaged values for K f . In spite of the enhancing effect which capillary waves provide in the laboratory, the maximum value of K f predicted by the model is less than 10%, and global averages are less than 4%. The small values of K f are primarily due to the small wave energies predicted by existing wave height spectra in the high wave number regime. The uncertainty in existing wave height spectra, and the importance of experimental validation of the high wave number regime is discussed. Some interesting aspects of capillary wave gas exchange are also expanded upon. Among these are the demonstration of a linear relationship between the capillary wave gas exchange coefficient and wavelength, and a peak in the contribution of capillary waves to gas exchange at a wavelength around λ = 3.6 mm. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00004.x
{"title":"The rôle of capillary waves in oceanic air/water gas exchange","authors":"J. Saylor","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16445","url":null,"abstract":"Recent experiments have demonstrated that millimeter-scale capillary waves can enhance the transport of CO 2 by almost 2 orders of magnitude for moderate wave slopes. These results are used to create a model for the relative contribution of capillary waves to the gas exchange coefficient. The model input is wind speed u , and the output is K f the fractional contribution of a specific range of capillary waves to the total gas exchange coefficient. Wind speed data, obtained via satellite, are used as the model input to obtain globally averaged values for K f . In spite of the enhancing effect which capillary waves provide in the laboratory, the maximum value of K f predicted by the model is less than 10%, and global averages are less than 4%. The small values of K f are primarily due to the small wave energies predicted by existing wave height spectra in the high wave number regime. The uncertainty in existing wave height spectra, and the importance of experimental validation of the high wave number regime is discussed. Some interesting aspects of capillary wave gas exchange are also expanded upon. Among these are the demonstration of a linear relationship between the capillary wave gas exchange coefficient and wavelength, and a peak in the contribution of capillary waves to gas exchange at a wavelength around λ = 3.6 mm. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00004.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"104 1","pages":"616-628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79633181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16444
C. K. Varshney, A. K. Attri
The source of carbon in biogenic methane comes from the active carbon pool. Transformation of carbon into methane, through biogenic cycling of carbon implies that the global warming (GW) contributed by biogenic methane inherits the GW of CO 2 . For a precise and realistic assessment of GWP of biogenic methane and its' contribution to GW, the instantaneous radiative forcing of CO 2 should be subtracted from the instantaneous radiative forcing of biogenic methane. The correction suggested on this account will decrease the GWP of biogenic methane by 5%. The proposed correction is significant, since 80% of the global emission of methane involve biospheric carbon belonging to the active carbon pool. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00003.x
生物甲烷的碳源主要来自于活性碳库。碳通过生物源性循环转化为甲烷意味着生物源性甲烷导致的全球变暖(GW)继承了co2的GW。为了准确、真实地评估生物甲烷的全球变暖潜能值及其对全球变暖的贡献，应从生物甲烷的瞬时辐射强迫中减去co2的瞬时辐射强迫。在此基础上提出的修正将使生物甲烷的全球升温潜能值降低5%。拟议的修正意义重大，因为全球80%的甲烷排放涉及属于活性碳库的生物圈碳。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 2 - 00003. x
{"title":"Global warming potential of biogenic methane","authors":"C. K. Varshney, A. K. Attri","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16444","url":null,"abstract":"The source of carbon in biogenic methane comes from the active carbon pool. Transformation of carbon into methane, through biogenic cycling of carbon implies that the global warming (GW) contributed by biogenic methane inherits the GW of CO 2 . For a precise and realistic assessment of GWP of biogenic methane and its' contribution to GW, the instantaneous radiative forcing of CO 2 should be subtracted from the instantaneous radiative forcing of biogenic methane. The correction suggested on this account will decrease the GWP of biogenic methane by 5%. The proposed correction is significant, since 80% of the global emission of methane involve biospheric carbon belonging to the active carbon pool. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00003.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"30 1","pages":"612-615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81025286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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