Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16472
Richard J. Matebr, A. Hirst
Output from a coupled atmosphere–ocean model forced by the IS92a greenhouse gas scenario was used to investigate the feedback between climate change and the oceanic uptake of CO 2 . To improve the climate simulation, we used Gent and co-workers eddy parameterization in the ocean and a prognostic equation for export production from the upper ocean. For the period of 1850 to 2100, the change in the oceanic uptake of CO 2 with climate was separated into 3 feedbacks. (i) Climate change warmed the sea-surface temperature which increased the partial pressure of CO 2 in the surface ocean and reduced the accumulated ocean uptake by 48 Gt C. (ii) Climate change reduced meridional overturning and convective mixing and increased density stratification in high latitudes which slowed the transport of anthropogenic CO 2 into the ocean interior and reduced the cumulative ocean CO 2 uptake by 41 Gt C. (iii) Climate change altered “natural” cycling of carbon in the ocean which increased the cumulative ocean CO 2 uptake by 33 Gt C. The change in natural carbon cycling with climate change was dominated by 2 opposing factors. First, the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean decreased which reduced the export of organic matter (by 15% by year 2100) and produced a net CO 2 flux out of the ocean. However, associated with the reduced nutrient supply was the reduction in the supply of dissolved inorganic carbon to the upper ocean, which produced net CO 2 flux into the ocean. For our model, the latter effect dominated. By the year 2100, the combinations of these 3 climate change feedbacks resulted in a decrease in the cumulative oceanic CO 2 uptake of 56 Gt C or 14% of the 402 Gt C of oceanic CO 2 uptake predicted by a run with no climate change. Our total reduction in oceanic CO 2 uptake with climate change for the 1850 to 2100 period was similar to the 58 Gt C reduction in oceanic CO 2 uptake predicted by Sarmiento and Le Quere. However, our consistency with this previous estimate is misleading. By including the Gent and co-workers eddy parameterization in the ocean, we reduced the positive feedback between climate change and the oceanic uptake of CO 2 from 169 to 89 Gt C (80 Gt C change). This reduction reflects a decrease in both sea surface warming and anthropogenic forcing feedbacks. By using a prognostic parameterization of export production, we reduced the negative feedback response of the natural carbon cycle to climate change from 111 to 33 Gt C (78 Gt C). These 2 large offsetting changes in the ocean response to climate change produced only a net change of 2 Gt C. This resulted in a net reduction in oceanic uptake of 2 Gt C from the previous study. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00012.x
{"title":"Climate change feedback on the future oceanic CO2 uptake","authors":"Richard J. Matebr, A. Hirst","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16472","url":null,"abstract":"Output from a coupled atmosphere–ocean model forced by the IS92a greenhouse gas scenario was used to investigate the feedback between climate change and the oceanic uptake of CO 2 . To improve the climate simulation, we used Gent and co-workers eddy parameterization in the ocean and a prognostic equation for export production from the upper ocean. For the period of 1850 to 2100, the change in the oceanic uptake of CO 2 with climate was separated into 3 feedbacks. (i) Climate change warmed the sea-surface temperature which increased the partial pressure of CO 2 in the surface ocean and reduced the accumulated ocean uptake by 48 Gt C. (ii) Climate change reduced meridional overturning and convective mixing and increased density stratification in high latitudes which slowed the transport of anthropogenic CO 2 into the ocean interior and reduced the cumulative ocean CO 2 uptake by 41 Gt C. (iii) Climate change altered “natural” cycling of carbon in the ocean which increased the cumulative ocean CO 2 uptake by 33 Gt C. The change in natural carbon cycling with climate change was dominated by 2 opposing factors. First, the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean decreased which reduced the export of organic matter (by 15% by year 2100) and produced a net CO 2 flux out of the ocean. However, associated with the reduced nutrient supply was the reduction in the supply of dissolved inorganic carbon to the upper ocean, which produced net CO 2 flux into the ocean. For our model, the latter effect dominated. By the year 2100, the combinations of these 3 climate change feedbacks resulted in a decrease in the cumulative oceanic CO 2 uptake of 56 Gt C or 14% of the 402 Gt C of oceanic CO 2 uptake predicted by a run with no climate change. Our total reduction in oceanic CO 2 uptake with climate change for the 1850 to 2100 period was similar to the 58 Gt C reduction in oceanic CO 2 uptake predicted by Sarmiento and Le Quere. However, our consistency with this previous estimate is misleading. By including the Gent and co-workers eddy parameterization in the ocean, we reduced the positive feedback between climate change and the oceanic uptake of CO 2 from 169 to 89 Gt C (80 Gt C change). This reduction reflects a decrease in both sea surface warming and anthropogenic forcing feedbacks. By using a prognostic parameterization of export production, we reduced the negative feedback response of the natural carbon cycle to climate change from 111 to 33 Gt C (78 Gt C). These 2 large offsetting changes in the ocean response to climate change produced only a net change of 2 Gt C. This resulted in a net reduction in oceanic uptake of 2 Gt C from the previous study. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00012.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"68 1","pages":"722-733"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89343111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16465
S. Yonemura, S. Kawashima, H. Tsuruta
Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) net deposition velocities from the atmosphere onto soil and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) effluxes to the atmosphere have been measured in an andisol field in Tsukuba, Japan by the open-flow chamber method. The deposition velocities of CO and H 2 were closely correlated ( R = 0.87), with a ratio of 1.55, which was attributed to the difference in molecular diffusivities. However, the deposition velocities did not exhibit a direct relationship with the CO 2 efflux. Deposition velocities of CO and H 2 ranged from 0.00 to 0.06 cm s −1 and from 0.00 to 0.10 cm s −1 , respectively, and were closely related to the level of the surface soil moisture (0–5 cm) and were higher in plowed plots than in compacted plots. CO deposition velocity was slightly lower in the daytime due to higher production rates affected by the soil temperature. These findings indicate that microbial CO and H 2 consumption was limited by transport resistance in the soil and that the in situ CO and H 2 uptake rates may be limited by a higher soil moisture level. CO and H 2 deposition was estimated to be restricted to the surface soil (possibly only the top 2–3 cm). CH 4 and CO 2 gas profiles were also related to the variation of the soil moisture level. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00009.x
在日本筑波的一个油田，用开流室法测量了一氧化碳(CO)和氢气(h2)从大气到土壤的净沉降速度和二氧化碳(CO 2)向大气的流出量。CO和h2的沉积速度密切相关(R = 0.87)，比值为1.55，这是由于分子扩散系数的差异造成的。然而，沉积速度与CO 2的流出没有直接的关系。CO和h2的沉降速度分别在0.00 ~ 0.06 cm s - 1和0.00 ~ 0.10 cm s - 1之间，且与表层土壤水分水平(0 ~ 5 cm)密切相关，耕地的沉降速度高于压实地。由于受土壤温度的影响，CO沉积速度在白天略低。这些结果表明，微生物CO和H 2的消耗受到土壤中运输阻力的限制，而原位CO和H 2的吸收速率可能受到较高土壤水分水平的限制。据估计，CO和h2的沉积仅限于表层土壤(可能仅在表层2 - 3厘米)。ch4和CO 2气体分布也与土壤湿度变化有关。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 2 - 00009. x
{"title":"Continuous measurements of CO and H2 deposition velocities onto an andisol: uptake control by soil moisture","authors":"S. Yonemura, S. Kawashima, H. Tsuruta","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16465","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) net deposition velocities from the atmosphere onto soil and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) effluxes to the atmosphere have been measured in an andisol field in Tsukuba, Japan by the open-flow chamber method. The deposition velocities of CO and H 2 were closely correlated ( R = 0.87), with a ratio of 1.55, which was attributed to the difference in molecular diffusivities. However, the deposition velocities did not exhibit a direct relationship with the CO 2 efflux. Deposition velocities of CO and H 2 ranged from 0.00 to 0.06 cm s −1 and from 0.00 to 0.10 cm s −1 , respectively, and were closely related to the level of the surface soil moisture (0–5 cm) and were higher in plowed plots than in compacted plots. CO deposition velocity was slightly lower in the daytime due to higher production rates affected by the soil temperature. These findings indicate that microbial CO and H 2 consumption was limited by transport resistance in the soil and that the in situ CO and H 2 uptake rates may be limited by a higher soil moisture level. CO and H 2 deposition was estimated to be restricted to the surface soil (possibly only the top 2–3 cm). CH 4 and CO 2 gas profiles were also related to the variation of the soil moisture level. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00009.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"86 10 1","pages":"688-700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87678284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16452
P. Peylin, P. Ciais, A. Denning, P. Tans, Joseph A. Berry, James W. C. White
Land biospheric carbon exchange associated with respiration and photosynthesis exerts a major control on the oxygen isotope composition (δ 18 O) of atmospheric CO 2 especially with respect to the seasonal cycle. In particular, an important feature that requires our attention is the phase of the seasonal cycle of δ 18 O which lags CO 2 by one month in the Arctic. We have developed a global parameterization of the land biotic exchange of 180 in CO 2 , which has been prescribed in an atmospheric 3-D transport model in order to simulate the global atmospheric distribution of δ 18 O. Furthermore, we have separated in the model the specific contribution of different regions of the globe to the seasonal and latitudinal variation of δ 18 O. The model simulated values are compared in detail with atmospheric observations made at 22 different remote stations. The respective role of respiration vs. photosynthesis in determining the phase and amplitude of the δ 18 O seasonal cycle is also analysed. Based on a good agreement between our model simulation and the atmospheric observations, we observe that the large seasonal cycle of δ 18 O at high latitudes is mainly due to the respiratory fluxes of all extra-tropical ecosystems while for CO 2 the relative contributions of photosynthesis and respiration to the overall seasonal cycle are similar. Geographically, the CO 2 exchanges with the northern Siberian ecosystem dominate the δ 18 O seasonality at all remote stations of the northern hemisphere, reflecting the strongly continental climate of that region. OI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00006.x
与呼吸和光合作用相关的陆地生物圈碳交换对大气co2的氧同位素组成(δ 18o)具有重要的控制作用，特别是在季节循环方面。特别是，需要我们注意的一个重要特征是δ 18o的季节循环阶段，它比北极的CO 2晚一个月。我们已经开发出一个全球参数化生物的土地交换180年的CO 2,已规定的大气三维交通模型以模拟的全球大气分布δ18 o .此外,我们在模型中分离的具体贡献全球不同地区的季节和纬度变化δ18 o .详细比较模型模拟值与大气观测了22个不同的远程站。还分析了呼吸作用和光合作用在决定δ 18o季节周期的相位和幅度方面的作用。基于模式模拟与大气观测的良好一致性，我们发现高纬度地区δ 18o的大季节循环主要是由所有热带外生态系统的呼吸通量引起的，而光合作用和呼吸作用对整个季节循环的相对贡献是相似的。在地理上，与北西伯利亚生态系统的CO 2交换主导了北半球所有偏远站的δ 18 O季节性，反映了该地区强烈的大陆性气候。OI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 2 - 00006. x
{"title":"A 3‐dimensional study of δ18O in atmospheric CO2: contribution of different land ecosystems","authors":"P. Peylin, P. Ciais, A. Denning, P. Tans, Joseph A. Berry, James W. C. White","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16452","url":null,"abstract":"Land biospheric carbon exchange associated with respiration and photosynthesis exerts a major control on the oxygen isotope composition (δ 18 O) of atmospheric CO 2 especially with respect to the seasonal cycle. In particular, an important feature that requires our attention is the phase of the seasonal cycle of δ 18 O which lags CO 2 by one month in the Arctic. We have developed a global parameterization of the land biotic exchange of 180 in CO 2 , which has been prescribed in an atmospheric 3-D transport model in order to simulate the global atmospheric distribution of δ 18 O. Furthermore, we have separated in the model the specific contribution of different regions of the globe to the seasonal and latitudinal variation of δ 18 O. The model simulated values are compared in detail with atmospheric observations made at 22 different remote stations. The respective role of respiration vs. photosynthesis in determining the phase and amplitude of the δ 18 O seasonal cycle is also analysed. Based on a good agreement between our model simulation and the atmospheric observations, we observe that the large seasonal cycle of δ 18 O at high latitudes is mainly due to the respiratory fluxes of all extra-tropical ecosystems while for CO 2 the relative contributions of photosynthesis and respiration to the overall seasonal cycle are similar. Geographically, the CO 2 exchanges with the northern Siberian ecosystem dominate the δ 18 O seasonality at all remote stations of the northern hemisphere, reflecting the strongly continental climate of that region. OI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00006.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"115 1","pages":"642-667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78960051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16468
S. Tsunogai, S. Watanabe, Tetsuro Sato
Based on the results obtained in the East China Sea, we propose a new term, Continental Shelf Pump , as a mechanism for the absorption of atmospheric CO 2 . We investigated the carbonate system of the East China Sea along a single observation line traversing its central part on 5 cruises in various seasons. The directly observed fugacity of CO 2 dissolved in the surface water decreased with decreasing salinity and temperature as well as nutrient content. The relation has been expressed as a simple equation of these 3 parameters. Putting the observed data on the parameters in the various parts of the East China Sea in various months into this equation, we have obtained 55 ± 5 ppm as an annual mean fugacity deficit of CO 2 in the surface water of the East China Sea, which nearly equals the directly measured mean fugacity along the observation line. The net absorption flux estimated from the fugacity deficit has agreed with the amount of carbonate transported out of the East China Sea calculated for the distributions of total dissolved carbonate and alkalinity. The distributions of density and total dissolved carbonate reveal the cause of this large deficiency, described as follows. The shallower shelf zone is more cooled than the open sea when heat is lost from the surface. This cooling produces denser water, which together with photosynthetic activity, accelerates the absorption of CO 2 in the shelf zone. The absorbed CO 2 is transformed to organic carbon and regenerated especially at the shallow bottom. Isopycnal mixing (advection and diffusion) transports the denser coastal water, especially the bottom water enriched in dissolved and particulate carbon, into the subsurface layer of the open oceans. The transport continues in the layer below the pycnocline even in the warm season and maintains the low fugacity of CO 2 in the surface water of the shelf zone. This is the continental shelf pump. The pump would account for a net oceanic uptake of CO 2 of 1 GtC/ yr, if the world continental shelf zone would absorb the atmospheric CO 2 at the rate observed in the East China Sea. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00010.x
{"title":"Is there a “continental shelf pump” for the absorption of atmospheric CO2?","authors":"S. Tsunogai, S. Watanabe, Tetsuro Sato","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16468","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the results obtained in the East China Sea, we propose a new term, Continental Shelf Pump , as a mechanism for the absorption of atmospheric CO 2 . We investigated the carbonate system of the East China Sea along a single observation line traversing its central part on 5 cruises in various seasons. The directly observed fugacity of CO 2 dissolved in the surface water decreased with decreasing salinity and temperature as well as nutrient content. The relation has been expressed as a simple equation of these 3 parameters. Putting the observed data on the parameters in the various parts of the East China Sea in various months into this equation, we have obtained 55 ± 5 ppm as an annual mean fugacity deficit of CO 2 in the surface water of the East China Sea, which nearly equals the directly measured mean fugacity along the observation line. The net absorption flux estimated from the fugacity deficit has agreed with the amount of carbonate transported out of the East China Sea calculated for the distributions of total dissolved carbonate and alkalinity. The distributions of density and total dissolved carbonate reveal the cause of this large deficiency, described as follows. The shallower shelf zone is more cooled than the open sea when heat is lost from the surface. This cooling produces denser water, which together with photosynthetic activity, accelerates the absorption of CO 2 in the shelf zone. The absorbed CO 2 is transformed to organic carbon and regenerated especially at the shallow bottom. Isopycnal mixing (advection and diffusion) transports the denser coastal water, especially the bottom water enriched in dissolved and particulate carbon, into the subsurface layer of the open oceans. The transport continues in the layer below the pycnocline even in the warm season and maintains the low fugacity of CO 2 in the surface water of the shelf zone. This is the continental shelf pump. The pump would account for a net oceanic uptake of CO 2 of 1 GtC/ yr, if the world continental shelf zone would absorb the atmospheric CO 2 at the rate observed in the East China Sea. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00010.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"5 1","pages":"701-712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87231744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-2-00008.X
M. Stoll, H. Baar, M. Hoppema, E. Fahrbach
The Antarctic Ocean has been thought to be unimportant for the uptake of CO 2 since upwelling of CO 2 -enriched deep waters would favour outgassing. Here we present the first direct f CO2 measurements obtained in early winter under the ice which, combined with estimated entrainment rates, show that the Weddell Sea, an area of intense upwelling manifested by the doming structure of the cyclonic gyre, has the capability to be almost continuously a sink for atmospheric CO 2 . A flux, effective after the ice cover disappears, is estimated to be – 0.74 + 0.7 mmol/m −2 d −1 . Combined with a flux estimate in late autumn (− 2.0 mmol/m 2 d −1 ) integrated over the area of the central Weddell Gyre, a carbon uptake of 0.24 × 10 13 gC y −1 (≈ 2.4 × 10 −3 GtC y −1 being ≈ 1‰ of global uptake) is computed, which is about a third of the strength of the biological pump of the Weddell Sea. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00008.x
{"title":"New early winter fCO2 data reveal continuous uptake of CO2 by the Weddell Sea","authors":"M. Stoll, H. Baar, M. Hoppema, E. Fahrbach","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-2-00008.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-2-00008.X","url":null,"abstract":"The Antarctic Ocean has been thought to be unimportant for the uptake of CO 2 since upwelling of CO 2 -enriched deep waters would favour outgassing. Here we present the first direct f CO2 measurements obtained in early winter under the ice which, combined with estimated entrainment rates, show that the Weddell Sea, an area of intense upwelling manifested by the doming structure of the cyclonic gyre, has the capability to be almost continuously a sink for atmospheric CO 2 . A flux, effective after the ice cover disappears, is estimated to be – 0.74 + 0.7 mmol/m −2 d −1 . Combined with a flux estimate in late autumn (− 2.0 mmol/m 2 d −1 ) integrated over the area of the central Weddell Gyre, a carbon uptake of 0.24 × 10 13 gC y −1 (≈ 2.4 × 10 −3 GtC y −1 being ≈ 1‰ of global uptake) is computed, which is about a third of the strength of the biological pump of the Weddell Sea. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00008.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"53 1","pages":"679-687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88298412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00011.X
L. Ciattaglia, T. Colombo, K. Masarie
The first 4 years (1994 1997) of continuous atmospheric CO 2 measurements from Jubany station located on the Antarctic peninsula are presented. Details are given on the station environment, meteorological conditions, instrumentation, and data selection strategy. The average seasonal cycle and annual growth rate are characterized and compared with other independent Antarctic CO 2 measurement records. An analysis of diurnal behaviour and local meteorology and statistical variability in the measurements suggests that Jubany is a suitable site for making systematic observations of CO 2 that are representative of large well-mixed air masses.
{"title":"Continuous measurements of atmospheric CO2 at Jubany station, Antarctica","authors":"L. Ciattaglia, T. Colombo, K. Masarie","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00011.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00011.X","url":null,"abstract":"The first 4 years (1994 1997) of continuous atmospheric CO 2 measurements from Jubany station located on the Antarctic peninsula are presented. Details are given on the station environment, meteorological conditions, instrumentation, and data selection strategy. The average seasonal cycle and annual growth rate are characterized and compared with other independent Antarctic CO 2 measurement records. An analysis of diurnal behaviour and local meteorology and statistical variability in the measurements suggests that Jubany is a suitable site for making systematic observations of CO 2 that are representative of large well-mixed air masses.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"3 1","pages":"713-721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88595209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16447
C. Jacobs, W. Kohsiek, W. Oost
The paper presents an analysis, performed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), of data obtained at a research platform 9 km off the Dutch coast within the framework of the air–sea gas exchange program ASGAMAGE†. The air–sea transfer velocity of CO 2 was determined directly, that is, by observing CO 2 fluxes and air–sea concentration differences simultaneously. CO 2 fluxes were determined by means of the eddy correlation technique. Special care was taken to avoid the effects water vapour on the CO 2 flux measurements. The air and water near the air–sea interface were treated as well-mixed with respect to CO 2 . The combination of flux and concentration data allowed the computation of the transfer velocity for CO 2 without recourse to other gases. Results for two observation periods, one with downward CO 2 fluxes (May) and one with upward CO 2 fluxes (October), are consistent. A relation with U N ,10 , the wind speed adjusted to a height of 10 m and neutral stratification, was determined for the pooled data from the two experimental phases. The relation found was: k 660 = 0.54U N,10 2 cm h −1 , with k 660 the CO 2 transfer velocity normalized to salt water (35‰) at a temperature of 20 °C, and U N ,10 in m s −1 . The 95% confidence interval of the coefficient extends from 0.46 to 0.63. No relations with other geophysical parameters could be found from the present data set. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00005.x
本文介绍了荷兰皇家气象研究所(KNMI)对在荷兰海岸9公里外的一个研究平台上获得的数据进行的分析，该平台是在海气交换计划ASGAMAGE†的框架内获得的。通过同时观测co2通量和海气浓度差，直接测定了co2的海气输送速度。利用涡流相关技术测定了co2通量。特别注意避免水蒸气对CO 2通量测量的影响。靠近海气界面的空气和水在二氧化碳方面被视为混合良好。通量和浓度数据的结合可以计算co2的传递速度，而无需求助于其他气体。co2通量下降期(5月)和上升期(10月)的观测结果是一致的。对两个实验阶段的合并数据，确定了风速调整到10 m高度和中性分层与unn,10的关系。结果表明:k660 = 0.54U N,10 2 cm h−1，其中k660在20°C时将co2传递速度归一化为盐水(35‰)，U N为10 μ m s−1。该系数的95%置信区间为0.46 ~ 0.63。从目前的数据集中找不到与其他地球物理参数的关系。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 2 - 00005. x
{"title":"Air–sea fluxes and transfer velocity of CO2 over the North Sea: results from ASGAMAGE","authors":"C. Jacobs, W. Kohsiek, W. Oost","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16447","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an analysis, performed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), of data obtained at a research platform 9 km off the Dutch coast within the framework of the air–sea gas exchange program ASGAMAGE†. The air–sea transfer velocity of CO 2 was determined directly, that is, by observing CO 2 fluxes and air–sea concentration differences simultaneously. CO 2 fluxes were determined by means of the eddy correlation technique. Special care was taken to avoid the effects water vapour on the CO 2 flux measurements. The air and water near the air–sea interface were treated as well-mixed with respect to CO 2 . The combination of flux and concentration data allowed the computation of the transfer velocity for CO 2 without recourse to other gases. Results for two observation periods, one with downward CO 2 fluxes (May) and one with upward CO 2 fluxes (October), are consistent. A relation with U N ,10 , the wind speed adjusted to a height of 10 m and neutral stratification, was determined for the pooled data from the two experimental phases. The relation found was: k 660 = 0.54U N,10 2 cm h −1 , with k 660 the CO 2 transfer velocity normalized to salt water (35‰) at a temperature of 20 °C, and U N ,10 in m s −1 . The 95% confidence interval of the coefficient extends from 0.46 to 0.63. No relations with other geophysical parameters could be found from the present data set. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00005.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"60 1","pages":"629-641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79481174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16474
J. Etcheto, J. Boutin, Y. Dandonneau, D. Bakker, R. Feely, R. Ling, P. Nightingale, R. Wanninkhof
The interannual variability of the CO 2 partial pressure ( p CO 2oc ) in the surface layer of the east equatorial Pacific Ocean near 100°W is studied and compared with the sea surface temperature (SST) monitored from satellites. This variability is shown to be correlated with the SST anomaly rather than with the temperature itself. The p CO 2oc variability is related to the variability of the upwelling systems (the equatorial upwelling and the upwelling along the American coast), the main influence being from the coastal upwelling via the surface water advected from the east. A method is derived to interpolate the p CO 2oc measurements using the SST satellite measurements. By combining the result with the exchange coefficient ( K ) deduced from the wind speed provided by satellite borne instruments we deduce the air–sea CO 2 flux and for the 1st time we monitor continuously its temporal evolution. The variability of this flux is mainly due to the variability of K , with a clear seasonal variation. The flux obtained using the Liss and Merlivat (1986) relationship averaged from April 1985 to June 1997 in the region 97.5°−107.5°W 0–5°S is 1.67 mole m −2 yr −1 of CO 2 leaving the ocean with an estimated accuracy of 30%. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00013.x
本文研究了赤道东太平洋近100°W表层co2分压(p CO 2oc)的年际变化，并与卫星监测的海表温度(SST)进行了比较。这种变率与海温异常有关，而与温度本身无关。pco2oc的变率与上升流系统(赤道上升流和美洲沿岸上升流)的变率有关，主要受沿海上升流通过东部平流的地表水的影响。推导了一种利用海温卫星测量值对pco2oc测量值进行插值的方法。结合星载仪器提供的风速交换系数(K)，我们推导出了海气CO 2通量，并首次连续监测了其时间演变。该通量的变异性主要是由于K的变异性，具有明显的季节变化。利用Liss和Merlivat(1986)关系得到的通量从1985年4月到1997年6月在97.5°- 107.5°W 0-5°S区域平均为1.67摩尔m - 2年- 1 co2离开海洋，估计精度为30%。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600 0889.1999.t01 - 1 - 00013. x
{"title":"Air–sea CO2 flux variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean near 100°W","authors":"J. Etcheto, J. Boutin, Y. Dandonneau, D. Bakker, R. Feely, R. Ling, P. Nightingale, R. Wanninkhof","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16474","url":null,"abstract":"The interannual variability of the CO 2 partial pressure ( p CO 2oc ) in the surface layer of the east equatorial Pacific Ocean near 100°W is studied and compared with the sea surface temperature (SST) monitored from satellites. This variability is shown to be correlated with the SST anomaly rather than with the temperature itself. The p CO 2oc variability is related to the variability of the upwelling systems (the equatorial upwelling and the upwelling along the American coast), the main influence being from the coastal upwelling via the surface water advected from the east. A method is derived to interpolate the p CO 2oc measurements using the SST satellite measurements. By combining the result with the exchange coefficient ( K ) deduced from the wind speed provided by satellite borne instruments we deduce the air–sea CO 2 flux and for the 1st time we monitor continuously its temporal evolution. The variability of this flux is mainly due to the variability of K , with a clear seasonal variation. The flux obtained using the Liss and Merlivat (1986) relationship averaged from April 1985 to June 1997 in the region 97.5°−107.5°W 0–5°S is 1.67 mole m −2 yr −1 of CO 2 leaving the ocean with an estimated accuracy of 30%. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00013.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"46 1","pages":"734-747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89922157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16457
J. Randerson, M. V. Thompson, C. Field
The residence times of carbon in plants, litter, and soils are required for partitioning land and ocean sinks using measurements of atmospheric δ 13 C and also for estimating terrestrial carbon storage in response to net primary production (NPP) stimulation by elevated levels of atmospheric CO 2 . While 13 C-based calculations of the land sink decline with increasing estimates of terrestrial carbon residence times (through the fossil fuel-induced isotopic disequilibrium term in equations describing the global atmospheric budgets of 13 CO 2 and CO 2 ), estimates of land sinks based on CO 2 fertilization of plant growth are directly proportional to carbon residence times. Here we used a single model of terrestrial carbon turnover, the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, to simultaneously estimate 1984–1990 terrestrial carbon storage using both approaches. Our goal was to identify the fraction of the 13 CO 2 -based land sink attributable to CO 2 fertilization. Uptake from CO 2 fertilization was calculated using a β factor of 0.46 to describe the response of NPP to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 from 1765 to 1990. Given commonly used parameters in the 13 C-based sink calculation and assuming a deforestation flux of 0.8 Pg C/y, CO 2 fertilization accounts for 54% of the missing terrestrial carbon sink from 1984 to 1990. CO 2 fertilization can account for all of the missing terrestrial sink only when the terrestrial mean residence time (MRT) and the land isodisequilibrium forcing are greater than many recent estimates. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00007.x
{"title":"Linking 13C‐based estimates of land and ocean sinks with predictions of carbon storage from CO2 fertilization of plant growth","authors":"J. Randerson, M. V. Thompson, C. Field","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16457","url":null,"abstract":"The residence times of carbon in plants, litter, and soils are required for partitioning land and ocean sinks using measurements of atmospheric δ 13 C and also for estimating terrestrial carbon storage in response to net primary production (NPP) stimulation by elevated levels of atmospheric CO 2 . While 13 C-based calculations of the land sink decline with increasing estimates of terrestrial carbon residence times (through the fossil fuel-induced isotopic disequilibrium term in equations describing the global atmospheric budgets of 13 CO 2 and CO 2 ), estimates of land sinks based on CO 2 fertilization of plant growth are directly proportional to carbon residence times. Here we used a single model of terrestrial carbon turnover, the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, to simultaneously estimate 1984–1990 terrestrial carbon storage using both approaches. Our goal was to identify the fraction of the 13 CO 2 -based land sink attributable to CO 2 fertilization. Uptake from CO 2 fertilization was calculated using a β factor of 0.46 to describe the response of NPP to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 from 1765 to 1990. Given commonly used parameters in the 13 C-based sink calculation and assuming a deforestation flux of 0.8 Pg C/y, CO 2 fertilization accounts for 54% of the missing terrestrial carbon sink from 1984 to 1990. CO 2 fertilization can account for all of the missing terrestrial sink only when the terrestrial mean residence time (MRT) and the land isodisequilibrium forcing are greater than many recent estimates. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00007.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"11 1","pages":"668-678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79017483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16440
F. Dentener, J. Feichter, A. Jeuken
The short-lived radionuclide Rn 222 is emitted at a fairly constant rate from the continents and is a good surrogate for studying the transport of “air pollution” from polluted continental areas to clean, remote regions. The large concentration gradients of 2–3 orders of magnitude which exist between the continents and the remote atmosphere present a major challenge to the modelling of horizontal and vertical atmospheric transport. We use the global off-line tracer transport model TM3 at 3 different resolutions. Input to the model consists of meteorological data for the year 1993 obtained from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The same meteorological data is used to constrain the climate model ECHAM4-T42-L19. Using these meteorological data, Rn 222 simulations are used to evaluate and document model performance and associated uncertainties. High time-resolution measurements made at 2 continental stations, 2 stations under continental influence and 4 remote sites, and aircraft measurements obtained during the NARE aircraft campaign are used for a detailed comparison. Although in specific regions there are inter-model differences of up to a factor of 2 in the calculated boundary layer concentrations, these differences are not translated into a better performance of either model for the stations used for comparison. We generally obtain high correlations of model results and measurements; these range from r = 0.6–0.8 for the continental and coastal stations and 0.5–0.6 for the remote sites. Calculated mean concentrations and corresponding standard deviations generally agree favourably with observations, lending credibility to the usefulness of our models for evaluating transport of air pollutants from continental sources to remote regions. The main cause of model deviations is probably related to uncertainties in the meteorological input data set provided by the ECMWF model and to a lesser extent by our knowledge of the spatial distribution of Rn 222 emissions and uncertainties involving sub-grid scale parameterization of vertical transport, e.g., diffusion and convection. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00001.x
{"title":"Simulation of the transport of Rn222 using on‐line and off‐line global models at different horizontal resolutions: a detailed comparison with measurements,","authors":"F. Dentener, J. Feichter, A. Jeuken","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16440","url":null,"abstract":"The short-lived radionuclide Rn 222 is emitted at a fairly constant rate from the continents and is a good surrogate for studying the transport of “air pollution” from polluted continental areas to clean, remote regions. The large concentration gradients of 2–3 orders of magnitude which exist between the continents and the remote atmosphere present a major challenge to the modelling of horizontal and vertical atmospheric transport. We use the global off-line tracer transport model TM3 at 3 different resolutions. Input to the model consists of meteorological data for the year 1993 obtained from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The same meteorological data is used to constrain the climate model ECHAM4-T42-L19. Using these meteorological data, Rn 222 simulations are used to evaluate and document model performance and associated uncertainties. High time-resolution measurements made at 2 continental stations, 2 stations under continental influence and 4 remote sites, and aircraft measurements obtained during the NARE aircraft campaign are used for a detailed comparison. Although in specific regions there are inter-model differences of up to a factor of 2 in the calculated boundary layer concentrations, these differences are not translated into a better performance of either model for the stations used for comparison. We generally obtain high correlations of model results and measurements; these range from r = 0.6–0.8 for the continental and coastal stations and 0.5–0.6 for the remote sites. Calculated mean concentrations and corresponding standard deviations generally agree favourably with observations, lending credibility to the usefulness of our models for evaluating transport of air pollutants from continental sources to remote regions. The main cause of model deviations is probably related to uncertainties in the meteorological input data set provided by the ECMWF model and to a lesser extent by our knowledge of the spatial distribution of Rn 222 emissions and uncertainties involving sub-grid scale parameterization of vertical transport, e.g., diffusion and convection. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00001.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"60 1","pages":"573-602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84885075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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