Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.04.031
Cristian Estrada-Emigdio, Beatriz S. Macario-Tovar, Estefan Miranda-Miranda, Raquel Cossio-Bayugar, Ernesto González-Gaona, Karla V. De Lira-Ramos, Alejandro Pérez-Panduro
Introducción: Las moscas sierra (Hym. Diprionidae) afectan las coníferas y otras especies forestales en el hemisferio norte, reduciendo la productividad del bosque y causando la muerte de los rodales, lo que justifica acciones de control.Objetivo: Obtener cepas baculovíricas de poblaciones de moscas sierra mexicanas y explorar su potencial para elaborar bioplaguicidas.Materiales y métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda de poblaciones de campo infectadas con baculovirus. De 12 localidades se recolectaron 23 muestras de larvas vivas o muertas. Se realizó un diagnóstico microscópico a 400X o 1000X bajo contraste de fases, una prueba de hibridación de ADN y otra de patogenicidad. Resultados y discusión: Las muestras procedentes de once localidades mostraron poliedros baculovíricos. Tres submuestras de ADN de Zadiprion ojedae de Guachochi, Chihuahua, hibridaron con una sonda sintética de la secuencia del gen Polh de Neodiprion sertifer, confirmando que albergaban la infección baculovírica. Cinco inóculos probados produjeron enfermedad y mortalidad en todas las larvas tratadas; dos de ellos indujeron proliferación de poliedros baculovíricos en ≥89 % de los cadáveres resultantes. El rictus mortem de las larvas de moscas sierra muertas por baculovirus difiere del observado en los lepidópteros: la mayoría de los cadáveres portadores de baculovirus permanecen firmes o duros, aplanados o no, obscurecidos o no y no cuelgan de las patas traseras. La licuefacción de sus tejidos internos, su aplanamiento y obscurecimiento dependen de la abundancia relativa y tipo de microbiota acompañante. En la mayoría de los cadáveres encontrados con tejidos licuados, el agente que más probablemente causó la muerte no fue el baculovirus, sino la microbiota acompañante (bacilos, cocos y hongos).Conclusiones: Las cepas baculovíricas están ampliamente presentes en las poblaciones mexicanas de moscas sierra y varias de ellas fueron patogénicas y prometedoras para el desarrollo de bioinsecticidas.
{"title":"Búsqueda de baculovirus en moscas sierra (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) en México","authors":"Cristian Estrada-Emigdio, Beatriz S. Macario-Tovar, Estefan Miranda-Miranda, Raquel Cossio-Bayugar, Ernesto González-Gaona, Karla V. De Lira-Ramos, Alejandro Pérez-Panduro","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.04.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.04.031","url":null,"abstract":"Introducción: Las moscas sierra (Hym. Diprionidae) afectan las coníferas y otras especies forestales en el hemisferio norte, reduciendo la productividad del bosque y causando la muerte de los rodales, lo que justifica acciones de control.Objetivo: Obtener cepas baculovíricas de poblaciones de moscas sierra mexicanas y explorar su potencial para elaborar bioplaguicidas.Materiales y métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda de poblaciones de campo infectadas con baculovirus. De 12 localidades se recolectaron 23 muestras de larvas vivas o muertas. Se realizó un diagnóstico microscópico a 400X o 1000X bajo contraste de fases, una prueba de hibridación de ADN y otra de patogenicidad. Resultados y discusión: Las muestras procedentes de once localidades mostraron poliedros baculovíricos. Tres submuestras de ADN de Zadiprion ojedae de Guachochi, Chihuahua, hibridaron con una sonda sintética de la secuencia del gen Polh de Neodiprion sertifer, confirmando que albergaban la infección baculovírica. Cinco inóculos probados produjeron enfermedad y mortalidad en todas las larvas tratadas; dos de ellos indujeron proliferación de poliedros baculovíricos en ≥89 % de los cadáveres resultantes. El rictus mortem de las larvas de moscas sierra muertas por baculovirus difiere del observado en los lepidópteros: la mayoría de los cadáveres portadores de baculovirus permanecen firmes o duros, aplanados o no, obscurecidos o no y no cuelgan de las patas traseras. La licuefacción de sus tejidos internos, su aplanamiento y obscurecimiento dependen de la abundancia relativa y tipo de microbiota acompañante. En la mayoría de los cadáveres encontrados con tejidos licuados, el agente que más probablemente causó la muerte no fue el baculovirus, sino la microbiota acompañante (bacilos, cocos y hongos).Conclusiones: Las cepas baculovíricas están ampliamente presentes en las poblaciones mexicanas de moscas sierra y varias de ellas fueron patogénicas y prometedoras para el desarrollo de bioinsecticidas.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45099026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.08.057
Mayela Rodríguez-González, J. G. Arreola-Ávila, V. Ávila-Rodríguez, Fabian García-González, Jesús J. Quezada-Rivera, María del S. Mota-Ituarte, Amparo Borja-de la Rosa
Introducción: Los estudios de expresión génica requieren protocolos de extracción que permitan la obtención de ARN de alta calidad, especialmente cuando se trabaja con tejidos ricos en polisacáridos, lípidos y polifenoles como el tejido embrionario de nuez pecanera (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch).Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia de ocho métodos de extracción de ARN total a partir de tejido embrionario de nuez pecanera. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron ocho protocolos de extracción de ARN total basados en el reactivo TRI Reagent®, buffer CTAB (bromuro de hexadeciltrimetilamonio) y un kit comercial. El rendimiento y calidad de ARN total se determinaron por espectrofotometría (UV/visible). La viabilidad e integridad del ARN se analizó mediante RT-PCR utilizando actina como gen de referencia. Resultados y discusión: Los protocolos de extracción basados en el reactivo TRI Reagent® permitieron la obtención de concentraciones altas de ARN total, pero con grado elevado de contaminación. Mediante el uso del kit comercial fue posible la extracción de ARN total, pero sin la pureza óptima esperada. Finalmente, los protocolos basados en el buffer CTAB consiguieron rendimientos de ARN total de calidad óptima. Conclusiones: La calidad del ARN total varía de acuerdo con la eficiencia del método utilizado. El protocolo CTAB 4 representa una alternativa eficaz para el aislamiento de ARN de tejidos embrionarios de C. illinoinensis.
{"title":"Protocolos de extracción de ARN total a partir del tejido embrionario de nuez pecanera (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch)","authors":"Mayela Rodríguez-González, J. G. Arreola-Ávila, V. Ávila-Rodríguez, Fabian García-González, Jesús J. Quezada-Rivera, María del S. Mota-Ituarte, Amparo Borja-de la Rosa","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.08.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.08.057","url":null,"abstract":"Introducción: Los estudios de expresión génica requieren protocolos de extracción que permitan la obtención de ARN de alta calidad, especialmente cuando se trabaja con tejidos ricos en polisacáridos, lípidos y polifenoles como el tejido embrionario de nuez pecanera (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch).Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia de ocho métodos de extracción de ARN total a partir de tejido embrionario de nuez pecanera. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron ocho protocolos de extracción de ARN total basados en el reactivo TRI Reagent®, buffer CTAB (bromuro de hexadeciltrimetilamonio) y un kit comercial. El rendimiento y calidad de ARN total se determinaron por espectrofotometría (UV/visible). La viabilidad e integridad del ARN se analizó mediante RT-PCR utilizando actina como gen de referencia. Resultados y discusión: Los protocolos de extracción basados en el reactivo TRI Reagent® permitieron la obtención de concentraciones altas de ARN total, pero con grado elevado de contaminación. Mediante el uso del kit comercial fue posible la extracción de ARN total, pero sin la pureza óptima esperada. Finalmente, los protocolos basados en el buffer CTAB consiguieron rendimientos de ARN total de calidad óptima. Conclusiones: La calidad del ARN total varía de acuerdo con la eficiencia del método utilizado. El protocolo CTAB 4 representa una alternativa eficaz para el aislamiento de ARN de tejidos embrionarios de C. illinoinensis.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44401250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.06.046
Emilio E. Vergara-Sanhueza, Víctor M. Rosales-Garcés, Rodrigo Vallejos-Urrea, Marcela A. Vidal-Vega, Claudio A. Montero-Nahuelcura
Introducción: La producción de tableros de partículas se sustenta en el uso de residuos de aserraderos y remanufactura; no obstante, la disponibilidad de materia prima se ha reducido debido a su uso como biomasa para combustibles.Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del nivel de reemplazo de partículas de rastrojo de maíz (Zea mays L.) y Pinus radiata D. Don sobre las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de tableros.Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron proporciones de rastrojo de maíz y pino radiata entre 0 % (control) y 30 %. Se empleó adhesivo urea-formaldehído en proporción 7.5 % y 9.5 % para partículas finas y gruesas, respectivamente; el prensado se basó en parámetros industriales con un espesor de 10 mm y 0.77 g∙cm-3 de densidad. Las propiedades físico-mecánicas se determinaron según la normativa de tableros de partículas. Resultados: El espesor, densidad, humedad y los módulos de elasticidad y de ruptura fueron similares entre las proporciones de rastrojo de maíz y cumplieron con el requerimiento industrial. A las 2 y 24 h, la absorción e hinchamiento cumplieron con el requerimiento industrial y normativo, exceptuando el hinchamiento a 2 h cuando se utilizó la proporción 30 %. La tracción perpendicular cumplió el requerimiento industrial con todas las proporciones, pero a partir del 20 % hubo reducción significativa (P < 0.05). Conclusiones: Las proporciones de rastrojo maíz entre 0 y 10 % tuvieron desempeño similar. Una proporción de hasta 20 % de maíz aseguró el cumplimiento normativo e industrial, por lo que esta tiene potencial para la industria de tableros de partículas.
{"title":"Propiedades físicas y mecánicas de tableros de partículas de Pinus radiata D. Don y residuos de maíz","authors":"Emilio E. Vergara-Sanhueza, Víctor M. Rosales-Garcés, Rodrigo Vallejos-Urrea, Marcela A. Vidal-Vega, Claudio A. Montero-Nahuelcura","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.06.046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.06.046","url":null,"abstract":"Introducción: La producción de tableros de partículas se sustenta en el uso de residuos de aserraderos y remanufactura; no obstante, la disponibilidad de materia prima se ha reducido debido a su uso como biomasa para combustibles.Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del nivel de reemplazo de partículas de rastrojo de maíz (Zea mays L.) y Pinus radiata D. Don sobre las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de tableros.Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron proporciones de rastrojo de maíz y pino radiata entre 0 % (control) y 30 %. Se empleó adhesivo urea-formaldehído en proporción 7.5 % y 9.5 % para partículas finas y gruesas, respectivamente; el prensado se basó en parámetros industriales con un espesor de 10 mm y 0.77 g∙cm-3 de densidad. Las propiedades físico-mecánicas se determinaron según la normativa de tableros de partículas. Resultados: El espesor, densidad, humedad y los módulos de elasticidad y de ruptura fueron similares entre las proporciones de rastrojo de maíz y cumplieron con el requerimiento industrial. A las 2 y 24 h, la absorción e hinchamiento cumplieron con el requerimiento industrial y normativo, exceptuando el hinchamiento a 2 h cuando se utilizó la proporción 30 %. La tracción perpendicular cumplió el requerimiento industrial con todas las proporciones, pero a partir del 20 % hubo reducción significativa (P < 0.05). Conclusiones: Las proporciones de rastrojo maíz entre 0 y 10 % tuvieron desempeño similar. Una proporción de hasta 20 % de maíz aseguró el cumplimiento normativo e industrial, por lo que esta tiene potencial para la industria de tableros de partículas.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45078539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Tree rings play a significant role for the reconstruction of climate variables on century scales. Objective: To reconstruct the variability of precipitation for the western part of the state of Chihuahua, based on tree rings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Pinus arizonica Engelm.and Pinus strobiformis Engelm. Materials and methods: Samples were extracted with a Pressler drill, dated and growth indexes were generated based on dendrochronological techniques. A correlation analysis was run between regional chronology and observed precipitation data. A regression model was used to reconstruct precipitation. A spectral analysis determined the recurrence of droughts and the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on precipitation variability. Results and discussion: The relationship between the chronologies was statistically significant and a regional series of 359 years was developed. October-June precipitation had the highest impact on growth (r = 0.73, P < 0.01), so the variability of precipitation for that period was reconstructed for the last 359 years. Severe droughts were detected in the periods 1751-1768, 1807-1810 and 1945-1956 and a recurrence of droughts every 50 years was identified. The reconstructed precipitation variability is significantly modulated by ENSO at different time scales and frequencies. Conclusion: Paleoclimatic series help us to spread the knowledge of climate in specific geographic regions and to analyze the recurrence of extreme events (droughts).
{"title":"Precipitation variability (1660-2018) for the western part of Chihuahua induced with tree rings","authors":"Ricardo Miranda-Briones, Julián Cerano-Paredes, Gerardo Esquivel-Arriaga, Jordi Morató-Farreras, Rosalinda Cervantes-Martínez, I. Sánchez-Cohen, Alejandro Gómez-Nísino","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.08.052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.08.052","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Tree rings play a significant role for the reconstruction of climate variables on century scales. Objective: To reconstruct the variability of precipitation for the western part of the state of Chihuahua, based on tree rings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Pinus arizonica Engelm.and Pinus strobiformis Engelm. Materials and methods: Samples were extracted with a Pressler drill, dated and growth indexes were generated based on dendrochronological techniques. A correlation analysis was run between regional chronology and observed precipitation data. A regression model was used to reconstruct precipitation. A spectral analysis determined the recurrence of droughts and the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on precipitation variability. Results and discussion: The relationship between the chronologies was statistically significant and a regional series of 359 years was developed. October-June precipitation had the highest impact on growth (r = 0.73, P < 0.01), so the variability of precipitation for that period was reconstructed for the last 359 years. Severe droughts were detected in the periods 1751-1768, 1807-1810 and 1945-1956 and a recurrence of droughts every 50 years was identified. The reconstructed precipitation variability is significantly modulated by ENSO at different time scales and frequencies. Conclusion: Paleoclimatic series help us to spread the knowledge of climate in specific geographic regions and to analyze the recurrence of extreme events (droughts).","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41793138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.05.030
J. C. TAMARIT-URIAS, Melchor RODRÍGUEZ-ACOSTA, Gerónimo Quiñónez-Barraza, Wenceslao Santiago-García
Introduction: Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen lacks in many areas of site index (SI) models to classify timber productivity. Objective: To develop a dynamic SI equation, using the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to describe the dominant height growth pattern and classify the productivity of natural stands of P. chiapensis in Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods: Four theoretical growth models were used to derive six equations in GADA, fitted to dominant height-age observations from stem analyses of 31 trees. Fitting was performed using the Dummy variable method, which is invariant to the base age; autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity were corrected. Results and discussion: Quantitative evaluation, graphical analysis of residuals and growth trends of equations allowed the selection of an equation derived from the Levakovic II model with higher predictive capacity. With this equation and a base age of 50 years, polymorphic SI curves with variable asymptotes were constructed to classify productivity into low, medium and high, corresponding to SI of 25, 32 and 39 m, respectively. The maximum mean annual increase for the SI of 32 m was 1.07 m∙yr-1 and occurred at 11.08 years. The equation exhibited better performance relative to a previously reported polymorphic equation. Conclusions: It is recommended to use the developed equation to predict dominant height growth and SI of P. chiapensis stands in Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico.
{"title":"New dynamic equation of dominant height and site index for Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen in Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico","authors":"J. C. TAMARIT-URIAS, Melchor RODRÍGUEZ-ACOSTA, Gerónimo Quiñónez-Barraza, Wenceslao Santiago-García","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.05.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.05.030","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen lacks in many areas of site index (SI) models to classify timber productivity. Objective: To develop a dynamic SI equation, using the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to describe the dominant height growth pattern and classify the productivity of natural stands of P. chiapensis in Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods: Four theoretical growth models were used to derive six equations in GADA, fitted to dominant height-age observations from stem analyses of 31 trees. Fitting was performed using the Dummy variable method, which is invariant to the base age; autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity were corrected. Results and discussion: Quantitative evaluation, graphical analysis of residuals and growth trends of equations allowed the selection of an equation derived from the Levakovic II model with higher predictive capacity. With this equation and a base age of 50 years, polymorphic SI curves with variable asymptotes were constructed to classify productivity into low, medium and high, corresponding to SI of 25, 32 and 39 m, respectively. The maximum mean annual increase for the SI of 32 m was 1.07 m∙yr-1 and occurred at 11.08 years. The equation exhibited better performance relative to a previously reported polymorphic equation. Conclusions: It is recommended to use the developed equation to predict dominant height growth and SI of P. chiapensis stands in Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47310257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.01.001
Alex R. Ramírez-García, J. Zavala-Cruz, J. Rincón-Ramírez, A. Guerrero-Peña, E. García-López, Rufo Sánchez-Hernández, O. Castillo-Acosta, Gloria Alfaro-Sánchez, M. Ortiz-Pérez
Introduction: The spread of agricultural use leads to changes in vegetation cover, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Objective: To analyze land use change and its effect on natural vegetation in the region of Los Ríos, Tabasco, Mexico, during the period 1947-2019. Materials and methods: A total of 14 land use and vegetation classes were identified using aerial photographs from 1947 and supervised classification of satellite images, verifying those from 1947 to 2000 with published cartography and those from 2019 (Landsat 8) in the field. Land use and vegetation cover change was analyzed by overlaying and comparing the maps with the Land Change Modeler module integrated in the TerrSet program. Results and discussion: In 72 years, natural vegetation was mostly replaced by crops, grassland and forest plantations, followed by human settlements. These uses, together, represented 14.2 % of the region’s surface and increased to 61.8 %; that is, an increase of 435 %. These uses replaced areas of rainforest, secondary vegetation and hydrophytes, which went from 82.3 % to 29.7 %, representing a loss of 64 % of these coverages. Between 1947 and 1984, natural vegetation suffered the greatest loss of area (53.7 %). Conclusions: The loss of natural vegetation in the region occurred because of the increase in agricultural land and human settlements. The increase in agricultural land was driven by government programs without considering the environmental factor.
{"title":"Vegetation cover and land use change (1947-2019) in the region of Los Ríos, Tabasco, México","authors":"Alex R. Ramírez-García, J. Zavala-Cruz, J. Rincón-Ramírez, A. Guerrero-Peña, E. García-López, Rufo Sánchez-Hernández, O. Castillo-Acosta, Gloria Alfaro-Sánchez, M. Ortiz-Pérez","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The spread of agricultural use leads to changes in vegetation cover, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Objective: To analyze land use change and its effect on natural vegetation in the region of Los Ríos, Tabasco, Mexico, during the period 1947-2019. Materials and methods: A total of 14 land use and vegetation classes were identified using aerial photographs from 1947 and supervised classification of satellite images, verifying those from 1947 to 2000 with published cartography and those from 2019 (Landsat 8) in the field. Land use and vegetation cover change was analyzed by overlaying and comparing the maps with the Land Change Modeler module integrated in the TerrSet program. Results and discussion: In 72 years, natural vegetation was mostly replaced by crops, grassland and forest plantations, followed by human settlements. These uses, together, represented 14.2 % of the region’s surface and increased to 61.8 %; that is, an increase of 435 %. These uses replaced areas of rainforest, secondary vegetation and hydrophytes, which went from 82.3 % to 29.7 %, representing a loss of 64 % of these coverages. Between 1947 and 1984, natural vegetation suffered the greatest loss of area (53.7 %). Conclusions: The loss of natural vegetation in the region occurred because of the increase in agricultural land and human settlements. The increase in agricultural land was driven by government programs without considering the environmental factor.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47136395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.02.009
Noé Ronquillo-Gorgúa, Ramón Razo-Zárate, R. Rodriguez-Laguna, O. Acevedo-Sandoval, J. Hernandez-Ortiz, Nancy Manzur-Chávez
Introduction: Forests provide environmental goods and services associated with the forest ecosystem, such as carbon sequestration, which has market potential to contribute to profitability and sustainability of forestry activities. Objective: To estimate biomass and aboveground carbon during the development stages of a Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. forest, cultivated in the ejido Atopixco, Zacualtipán, Hidalgo, to know the potential of the species for climate change mitigation. Materials and methods: Aerial biomass was estimated by non-destructive method, using direct measurement of height and diameter at breast height. The volume estimated for the trees sampled, at each stage of development, was multiplied by the basic wood density and the carbon coefficient of 50 % was used. Results and discussion: The average biomass of mature trees was 294.8 kg. Estimates of aboveground carbon at the developmental stages of P. patula were as follows: brinzal (0.94 Mg C·ha-1), monte bravo (3.73 Mg C·ha-1), vardascal (5.05 Mg C·ha-1), latizal (18.18 Mg C·ha-1) and fustal (81.40 Mg C·ha-1). The non-destructive method allowed reliable estimates of carbon content of this species. Conclusion: Carbon storage quantification by stages of development of P. patula is useful marketing strategies of environmental services for carbon sequestration, which has imminent market potential to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
{"title":"Carbon storage during the development stages of Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. in the Sierra Alta of Hidalgo","authors":"Noé Ronquillo-Gorgúa, Ramón Razo-Zárate, R. Rodriguez-Laguna, O. Acevedo-Sandoval, J. Hernandez-Ortiz, Nancy Manzur-Chávez","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Forests provide environmental goods and services associated with the forest ecosystem, such as carbon sequestration, which has market potential to contribute to profitability and sustainability of forestry activities. Objective: To estimate biomass and aboveground carbon during the development stages of a Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. forest, cultivated in the ejido Atopixco, Zacualtipán, Hidalgo, to know the potential of the species for climate change mitigation. Materials and methods: Aerial biomass was estimated by non-destructive method, using direct measurement of height and diameter at breast height. The volume estimated for the trees sampled, at each stage of development, was multiplied by the basic wood density and the carbon coefficient of 50 % was used. Results and discussion: The average biomass of mature trees was 294.8 kg. Estimates of aboveground carbon at the developmental stages of P. patula were as follows: brinzal (0.94 Mg C·ha-1), monte bravo (3.73 Mg C·ha-1), vardascal (5.05 Mg C·ha-1), latizal (18.18 Mg C·ha-1) and fustal (81.40 Mg C·ha-1). The non-destructive method allowed reliable estimates of carbon content of this species. Conclusion: Carbon storage quantification by stages of development of P. patula is useful marketing strategies of environmental services for carbon sequestration, which has imminent market potential to mitigate the impacts of climate change.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42171204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.10.060
C. Mejía-Morales, R. Rodríguez-Macías, Eduardo Salcedo-Pérez, F. Zamora-Natera, J. Molina-Torres, Julia Zañudo-Hernández
Introduction: Triglycerides (TG) represent 98 % of the vegetable oils composition. The evaluation of TG in pumpkin seed extracts is valuable to perceive effects caused by domestication. Objective: To compare the triglyceride profile of wild versus domesticated pumpkins by reversed-phase HPTLC. Materials and methods: Wild pumpkins (Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth and C. radicans Naudin) seeds were collected at mature stage at three sites of the Mexican Plateau and seeds of domesticated pumpkins (C. pepo L., C. moschata Duchesne, C. argyrosperma K. Koch) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were acquired. Ground seeds were Soxhlet extracted with hexane to obtain the lipids. From the neutral lipid extract, TG were separated on 20 x 10 HPTLC Silica Gel 60 glass plates. Unsaturated TG were used as reference. The bands, in different tracks, were analyzed with the free-to-use GelAnalyzer software. Results and discussion: The TG profile of both wild and domesticated pumpkin seed extract shows similarity among their most abundant bands. In both samples, TG 18:2/18:2/18:2 predominates. In wild pumpkins, TG 18:3/18:3/18:3 bands stand out. Domesticated pumpkins have lower TG with higher unsaturation chain, than wild species, which gives them a greater nutritional value. Conclusions: Wild pumpkin seeds show a characteristic profile of unsaturated TG. Chromatographic profiling and image analysis with GelAnalyzer led to the sample’s differentiation based on the bands found.
甘油三酯(TG)占植物油成分的98%。评价南瓜籽提取物中TG的含量对了解驯化效应具有重要意义。目的:用反相HPTLC法比较野生南瓜和驯化南瓜的甘油三酯谱。材料与方法:在墨西哥高原的三个地点采集了野生南瓜(Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth和C. radicans Naudin)成熟期的种子，并获得了驯化南瓜(C. pepo L.， C. moschata Duchesne, C. argyrosperma K. Koch)和向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)的种子。磨碎的种子用己烷索氏提取得到脂质。从中性脂提取物中，TG在20 × 10 HPTLC硅胶60玻璃板上分离。以不饱和TG为参照。使用免费的GelAnalyzer软件分析不同轨道的波段。结果与讨论:野生南瓜籽提取物和驯化南瓜籽提取物的热重谱在其最丰富的谱带中表现出相似性。在这两个样品中，TG 18:2/18:2/18:2占主导地位。在野生南瓜中，TG 18:3/18:3/18:3波段尤为突出。驯化南瓜的TG较低，不饱和链较高，营养价值较高。结论:野生南瓜籽具有不饱和TG的特征。用GelAnalyzer进行色谱分析和图像分析，根据发现的波段对样品进行区分。
{"title":"Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) seeds; wild versus domesticated triglycerides chromatographic profiling analysis","authors":"C. Mejía-Morales, R. Rodríguez-Macías, Eduardo Salcedo-Pérez, F. Zamora-Natera, J. Molina-Torres, Julia Zañudo-Hernández","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.10.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.10.060","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Triglycerides (TG) represent 98 % of the vegetable oils composition. The evaluation of TG in pumpkin seed extracts is valuable to perceive effects caused by domestication. Objective: To compare the triglyceride profile of wild versus domesticated pumpkins by reversed-phase HPTLC. Materials and methods: Wild pumpkins (Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth and C. radicans Naudin) seeds were collected at mature stage at three sites of the Mexican Plateau and seeds of domesticated pumpkins (C. pepo L., C. moschata Duchesne, C. argyrosperma K. Koch) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were acquired. Ground seeds were Soxhlet extracted with hexane to obtain the lipids. From the neutral lipid extract, TG were separated on 20 x 10 HPTLC Silica Gel 60 glass plates. Unsaturated TG were used as reference. The bands, in different tracks, were analyzed with the free-to-use GelAnalyzer software. Results and discussion: The TG profile of both wild and domesticated pumpkin seed extract shows similarity among their most abundant bands. In both samples, TG 18:2/18:2/18:2 predominates. In wild pumpkins, TG 18:3/18:3/18:3 bands stand out. Domesticated pumpkins have lower TG with higher unsaturation chain, than wild species, which gives them a greater nutritional value. Conclusions: Wild pumpkin seeds show a characteristic profile of unsaturated TG. Chromatographic profiling and image analysis with GelAnalyzer led to the sample’s differentiation based on the bands found.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42516330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.01.003
A. L. Cruzado-Vargas, Yolanda M García-Rodríguez, M. A. Ortiz-Bibian, F. Espinosa-García, Pedro Antonio-López, C. Sáenz-Romero, R. Lindig-Cisneros
Introduction: A species’ populations differ across its distribution due to selection pressure from the climate gradient. Objective: To describe the phytochemical variation among 14 tree provenances in an altitudinal gradient of Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. to determine if there are associations of chemical profiles among populations, expressed under a single environment. Materials and methods: Seeds were collected from 165 trees from an altitudinal transect from 2 850 to 3 540 m in Cerro San Andrés, Municipio Libre de Hidalgo, Michoacán, Mexico. The plant was grown in a common garden trial; at 28 months, mature needles were collected per tree and analyzed by gas-mass chromatography. Data were analyzed with diversity indices, ANOVA and multivariate analysis (principal components, correspondences and cluster). Results and discussion: Thirty-two compounds were identified, most of them terpenes. The populations showed differences in presence/absence of terpenes and in their concentration; above 3 350 m, diversity was lower, but with higher concentration. Three altitude groups were found based on the chemical profile of the populations: low = 2 850 to 3 300 m and 3 400 m; moderate = 3 350, 3 450 and 3 500 m; and high= 3 540 m. Conclusions: The diversity and concentration of terpenes in A. religiosa varied depending on the altitude of populations. There are three chemical profiles that should be considered in the implementation of germplasm collection programs for reforestation and restoration
简介：由于气候梯度的选择压力，一个物种的种群在分布上有所不同。目的：描述宗教冷杉（Kunth）Schltdl海拔梯度14个种源间的植物化学变化Cham。以确定在单一环境下表达的种群之间是否存在化学特征的关联。材料和方法：从墨西哥米却肯州伊达尔戈自由市Cerro San Andrés海拔2 850至3 540米的165棵树上采集种子。这种植物是在普通的花园试验中种植的；在28个月时，每棵树收集成熟的针叶，并用气相色谱法进行分析。采用多样性指数、方差分析和多变量分析（主成分、对应关系和聚类）对数据进行分析。结果与讨论：共鉴定出32个化合物，大部分为萜类化合物。种群在萜烯的存在/不存在及其浓度方面表现出差异；在3350m以上，多样性较低，但浓度较高。根据种群的化学特征，发现了三个海拔组：低=2 850至3 300米和3 400米；中等=3350、3450和3500m；高=3540m。结论：宗教A.religiosa中萜烯的多样性和浓度随种群海拔高度的不同而变化。在实施重新造林和恢复的种质收集计划时，应考虑三种化学特征
{"title":"Phytochemical variation among sacred fir (Abies religiosa [Kunth] Schltdl. & Cham.) provenances in an altitudinal gradient","authors":"A. L. Cruzado-Vargas, Yolanda M García-Rodríguez, M. A. Ortiz-Bibian, F. Espinosa-García, Pedro Antonio-López, C. Sáenz-Romero, R. Lindig-Cisneros","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: A species’ populations differ across its distribution due to selection pressure from the climate gradient. Objective: To describe the phytochemical variation among 14 tree provenances in an altitudinal gradient of Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. to determine if there are associations of chemical profiles among populations, expressed under a single environment. Materials and methods: Seeds were collected from 165 trees from an altitudinal transect from 2 850 to 3 540 m in Cerro San Andrés, Municipio Libre de Hidalgo, Michoacán, Mexico. The plant was grown in a common garden trial; at 28 months, mature needles were collected per tree and analyzed by gas-mass chromatography. Data were analyzed with diversity indices, ANOVA and multivariate analysis (principal components, correspondences and cluster). Results and discussion: Thirty-two compounds were identified, most of them terpenes. The populations showed differences in presence/absence of terpenes and in their concentration; above 3 350 m, diversity was lower, but with higher concentration. Three altitude groups were found based on the chemical profile of the populations: low = 2 850 to 3 300 m and 3 400 m; moderate = 3 350, 3 450 and 3 500 m; and high= 3 540 m. Conclusions: The diversity and concentration of terpenes in A. religiosa varied depending on the altitude of populations. There are three chemical profiles that should be considered in the implementation of germplasm collection programs for reforestation and restoration","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41687914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.02.010
J. G. de la Mora-Castañeda, W. Chan-Cupul, Noé Durán-Puga, D. González-Eguiarte, J. A. Ruiz-Corral, A. Muñoz-Urias
Introduction: Rhynchophorus palmarum L. is the most destructive pest in Cocos nucifera plantations in Mexico. Objective: To estimate the cost-benefit of collecting R. palmarum by trapping in two coconut genotypes and to determine the correlation of trapping with environmental factors. Materials and methods: R. palmarum insects were captured on the genotypes ‘Alto Pacífico ecotipo 2’ (AP) and ‘Enano-Verde de Brasil’ (EVB) for one year. Five types of traps were used (BT = bucket type, TCT = trash can type, GT = gallon type, CSAT = Colegio Superior de Agricultura Tropical, BT = bottle type). Trapping was counted weekly, and the cost-benefit of trapping was determined. Trapping was analyzed with quasi-Poisson distribution, deviancy analysis and least significant difference. Trapping correlation with climate variables was determined with the Spearman’s coefficient. Results and discussion: A total of 3 414 insects were captured in AP. TCT and CSAT were the most effective (P < 0.014) with 40.3 % and 32.7 % of the total adults, respectively; they also had the best cost-benefit, 4.3 MXN and 5.5 MXN per insect, respectively. In EVB, 3.56 times more insects were captured (4 799) compared to AP with a 29.6:6.4 ratio, using GT. In both orchards, the correlations of climate variables with trapping were weak (less than 50 %); relative humidity was the most highly correlated, but negative. Conclusions: The efficiency of traps and their cost-benefit will allow growers to determine which trap to use for mechanical and ethological (aggregation pheromone) control of R. palmarum
{"title":"Cost-benefit of trapping and population fluctuation of Rhynchophorus palmarum L. in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) genotypes","authors":"J. G. de la Mora-Castañeda, W. Chan-Cupul, Noé Durán-Puga, D. González-Eguiarte, J. A. Ruiz-Corral, A. Muñoz-Urias","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.02.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Rhynchophorus palmarum L. is the most destructive pest in Cocos nucifera plantations in Mexico. Objective: To estimate the cost-benefit of collecting R. palmarum by trapping in two coconut genotypes and to determine the correlation of trapping with environmental factors. Materials and methods: R. palmarum insects were captured on the genotypes ‘Alto Pacífico ecotipo 2’ (AP) and ‘Enano-Verde de Brasil’ (EVB) for one year. Five types of traps were used (BT = bucket type, TCT = trash can type, GT = gallon type, CSAT = Colegio Superior de Agricultura Tropical, BT = bottle type). Trapping was counted weekly, and the cost-benefit of trapping was determined. Trapping was analyzed with quasi-Poisson distribution, deviancy analysis and least significant difference. Trapping correlation with climate variables was determined with the Spearman’s coefficient. Results and discussion: A total of 3 414 insects were captured in AP. TCT and CSAT were the most effective (P < 0.014) with 40.3 % and 32.7 % of the total adults, respectively; they also had the best cost-benefit, 4.3 MXN and 5.5 MXN per insect, respectively. In EVB, 3.56 times more insects were captured (4 799) compared to AP with a 29.6:6.4 ratio, using GT. In both orchards, the correlations of climate variables with trapping were weak (less than 50 %); relative humidity was the most highly correlated, but negative. Conclusions: The efficiency of traps and their cost-benefit will allow growers to determine which trap to use for mechanical and ethological (aggregation pheromone) control of R. palmarum","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44951457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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