Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.12.078
Karen I. Espejel-Sánchez, T. Espinosa-Solares, B. Reyes-Trejo, Guillermina Hernández-Rodríguez, J. M. Cunill-Flores, D. Guerra-Ramírez
Introduction: Nutritional potential of wild edible mushrooms and loss of their nutraceutical properties during cooking have been little examined. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional content and effect of heat treatment on nutraceutical properties in the wild species Lactarius indigo (Schwein.) Fr. (blue mushroom), Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél. (changle) and Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul. (lobster mushroom), collected in temperate pine and oak forests of the Sierra Norte de Puebla. Materials and methods: The mushrooms were collected in the company of “traditional mushroom collectors”. Proximal composition was quantified according to AOAC methods. The effect of heat treatment was evaluated at 50 and 92 °C at 10 to 60 min intervals. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and FRAP assays. Results and discussion: R. flava and L. indigo had the highest percentages of protein (24.02 %) and crude fiber (14.64 %) on dry basis, respectively. R. flava had the highest phenolic content (4.40 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry basis) and the highest antioxidant capacity (23.65 µmol trolox equivalents per gram dry basis). Degradation kinetics of the compounds was first order; H. lactifluorum and R. flava had the highest loss of phenols and antioxidants, respectively. Conclusion: The mushrooms studied showed high nutritional value and retained more than 50 % of their antioxidant properties after thermal processing.
{"title":"Nutritional value and thermal degradation of bioactive compounds in wild edible mushrooms","authors":"Karen I. Espejel-Sánchez, T. Espinosa-Solares, B. Reyes-Trejo, Guillermina Hernández-Rodríguez, J. M. Cunill-Flores, D. Guerra-Ramírez","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.12.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.12.078","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nutritional potential of wild edible mushrooms and loss of their nutraceutical properties during cooking have been little examined. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional content and effect of heat treatment on nutraceutical properties in the wild species Lactarius indigo (Schwein.) Fr. (blue mushroom), Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél. (changle) and Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul. (lobster mushroom), collected in temperate pine and oak forests of the Sierra Norte de Puebla. Materials and methods: The mushrooms were collected in the company of “traditional mushroom collectors”. Proximal composition was quantified according to AOAC methods. The effect of heat treatment was evaluated at 50 and 92 °C at 10 to 60 min intervals. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and FRAP assays. Results and discussion: R. flava and L. indigo had the highest percentages of protein (24.02 %) and crude fiber (14.64 %) on dry basis, respectively. R. flava had the highest phenolic content (4.40 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry basis) and the highest antioxidant capacity (23.65 µmol trolox equivalents per gram dry basis). Degradation kinetics of the compounds was first order; H. lactifluorum and R. flava had the highest loss of phenols and antioxidants, respectively. Conclusion: The mushrooms studied showed high nutritional value and retained more than 50 % of their antioxidant properties after thermal processing.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70580593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.10.066
M. E. Frias-Zepeda, M. Rosales-Castro
Introduction: Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) leaves are marketed for use in food and for essential oil extraction. Phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties can be obtained from the residues (leaves without oil and stems) under appropriate extraction conditions. Objective: To evaluate the effect of extraction solvent and mass/volume ratio on phenolic compounds concentration and their antioxidant capacity in oregano residues. Materials and methods: Residual leaf (without oil) and stems of oregano were used to obtain extracts with 30, 50 and 80 % aqueous ethanol (ET30, ET50, ET80, respectively) and solvent mass/ volume ratios (1:10, 1:20 and 1:30). Yield in solids, total phenols concentration and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in the extracts. Similarity analysis between extracts was performed by HPLC-DAD and the main phenols were identified by UPLC-MS. Results and discussion: Extract yields, phenol concentrations and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity for leaves were higher than for stems. The maximum concentration of phenols was obtained with ET80 and 1:30 ratio, which indicates better dissolution in ethanol than in water. The extracts ET50 and ET80 had chromatographic similarity of phenols in both residues; naringenin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, caffeic acid and luteolin were the major compounds. Conclusion: Ethanol-water concentrations and mass/solvent ratios are feasible for obtaining flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenolic compounds with antioxidant capacity from oil-free leaves and stems of oregano.
{"title":"Effect of extraction conditions on the concentration of phenolic compounds in Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) residues","authors":"M. E. Frias-Zepeda, M. Rosales-Castro","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.10.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.10.066","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) leaves are marketed for use in food and for essential oil extraction. Phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties can be obtained from the residues (leaves without oil and stems) under appropriate extraction conditions. Objective: To evaluate the effect of extraction solvent and mass/volume ratio on phenolic compounds concentration and their antioxidant capacity in oregano residues. Materials and methods: Residual leaf (without oil) and stems of oregano were used to obtain extracts with 30, 50 and 80 % aqueous ethanol (ET30, ET50, ET80, respectively) and solvent mass/ volume ratios (1:10, 1:20 and 1:30). Yield in solids, total phenols concentration and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in the extracts. Similarity analysis between extracts was performed by HPLC-DAD and the main phenols were identified by UPLC-MS. Results and discussion: Extract yields, phenol concentrations and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity for leaves were higher than for stems. The maximum concentration of phenols was obtained with ET80 and 1:30 ratio, which indicates better dissolution in ethanol than in water. The extracts ET50 and ET80 had chromatographic similarity of phenols in both residues; naringenin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, caffeic acid and luteolin were the major compounds. Conclusion: Ethanol-water concentrations and mass/solvent ratios are feasible for obtaining flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenolic compounds with antioxidant capacity from oil-free leaves and stems of oregano.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70580216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.06.041
D. Rodríguez-Trejo
Introduction: Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnst, P. glandulosa Torr., Vachellia schaffneri (S. Watson) Seigler & Eibinger, V. pennatula (S. Watson) Seigler & Eibinger and V. farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. are characteristic species of semi-arid areas. Their seeds show physical dormancy and are naturally scarified by chewing, trampling, digestive tract of fauna, fire, or washing away during rains. Objective: To describe the morphology of the seed coat of three species of Vachellia and two of Prosopis, and to assess the chemical, mechanical and thermal scarification of seeds. Materials and methods: Chemical (HCl for 30, 120, 150 and 180 min), thermal (80, 100, 120 and 140 °C for 3 min) and mechanical (sanding) scarification were applied. Resistance to breaking by compression was measured. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks per species. Results and discussion: Seeds showed a layer of lignified and impermeable macrosclereids, but the aleurone layer could not be detected. Sanding allowed germination from 81.2 to 100 %. Chemical and thermal treatments showed no differences, only in the case of P. laevigata, chemical scarification for 180 min caused higher germination (72.5 %) compared to the control. Vachellia schaffneri seeds were more resistant to compression (669 N) and had more intense dormancy (0.83), while P. glandulosa had the lowest dormancy (0.42). Conclusions: Mechanical scarification was the best method to eliminate dormancy in Vachellia and Prosopis seeds.
导读:青豆(Humb.)& Bonpl。Willd交货)。m.c.约翰，p.g andullosa Torr。， Vachellia schaffneri (S. Watson) Seigler & Eibinger, V. pennatula (S. Watson) Seigler & Eibinger和V. farnesiana (L.)wright & Arn。是半干旱地区的特有物种。它们的种子处于生理休眠状态，通过咀嚼、践踏、动物消化道、火或雨水冲走而自然受损。目的:描述三种花楸属植物和两种豆属植物种皮的形态，并对种子的化学、机械和热刻蚀作用进行评价。材料和方法:化学(HCl为30、120、150和180分钟)，热(80、100、120和140°C为3分钟)和机械(砂磨)切割。测定了其抗压缩断裂性能。实验设计为每个物种随机完整区。结果与讨论:种子表面有一层木质化的不透水大胶质，但未见糊粉层。砂处理使发芽率从81.2%提高到100%。化学和热处理没有显著差异，只有化学刻蚀180 min的发芽率高于对照(72.5%)。沙夫纳种子抗压能力最强(669 N)，休眠强度最高(0.83 N)，而甘花种子休眠强度最低(0.42 N)。结论:机械划伤是消除水珠属和豆属种子休眠的最佳方法。
{"title":"Factors influencing physical dormancy and its elimination in two legumes","authors":"D. Rodríguez-Trejo","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.06.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.06.041","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnst, P. glandulosa Torr., Vachellia schaffneri (S. Watson) Seigler & Eibinger, V. pennatula (S. Watson) Seigler & Eibinger and V. farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. are characteristic species of semi-arid areas. Their seeds show physical dormancy and are naturally scarified by chewing, trampling, digestive tract of fauna, fire, or washing away during rains. Objective: To describe the morphology of the seed coat of three species of Vachellia and two of Prosopis, and to assess the chemical, mechanical and thermal scarification of seeds. Materials and methods: Chemical (HCl for 30, 120, 150 and 180 min), thermal (80, 100, 120 and 140 °C for 3 min) and mechanical (sanding) scarification were applied. Resistance to breaking by compression was measured. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks per species. Results and discussion: Seeds showed a layer of lignified and impermeable macrosclereids, but the aleurone layer could not be detected. Sanding allowed germination from 81.2 to 100 %. Chemical and thermal treatments showed no differences, only in the case of P. laevigata, chemical scarification for 180 min caused higher germination (72.5 %) compared to the control. Vachellia schaffneri seeds were more resistant to compression (669 N) and had more intense dormancy (0.83), while P. glandulosa had the lowest dormancy (0.42). Conclusions: Mechanical scarification was the best method to eliminate dormancy in Vachellia and Prosopis seeds.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70580181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.03.012
Otoniel Cortés-Cortés, Eladio H. Cornejo-Oviedo, Julián Cerano-Paredes, Rosalinda Cervantes-Martínez, C. Flores-López, Salvador Valencia-Manzo
Introduction: Understanding the dendroclimatic potential of a species allows us to reconstruct the climate variability in the latitudes and altitudes of its distribution. Objective: To determine the potential of Pinus montezumae Lamb. to reconstruct climatic variables. Materials and methods: A total of 80 samples were extracted with a Pressler increment borer and dated, allowing growth rates to be generated. Average monthly rainfall and minimum and maximum temperature were obtained, and a response function analysis between growth rates and climate data was conducted. Results and discussion: Dated samples represented 75 % of the total. The COFECHA program indicated a correlation between series of r = 0.57 (P < 0.01) and a mean sensitivity of 0.31; P. montezumae is sufficiently sensitive to record climate variability. Three chronologies (standard, residual and arstan) covering 228 years (1790-2017) were generated for each of the three growth rates (total ring, early and latewood). The response function analysis showed that it is possible to reconstruct the spring rainfall and the May-July maximum temperature based on the total ring (r = 0.66; P Conclusion: Statistical parameters indicate that P. montezumae is an adequate proxy source for climate variability reconstruction studies.
{"title":"Relationship between climate variability and radial growth of Pinus montezumae Lamb. in Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero","authors":"Otoniel Cortés-Cortés, Eladio H. Cornejo-Oviedo, Julián Cerano-Paredes, Rosalinda Cervantes-Martínez, C. Flores-López, Salvador Valencia-Manzo","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.03.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Understanding the dendroclimatic potential of a species allows us to \u0000reconstruct the climate variability in the latitudes and altitudes of its distribution. Objective: To determine the potential of Pinus montezumae Lamb. to reconstruct \u0000climatic variables. Materials and methods: A total of 80 samples were extracted with a Pressler \u0000increment borer and dated, allowing growth rates to be generated. Average monthly \u0000rainfall and minimum and maximum temperature were obtained, and a response \u0000function analysis between growth rates and climate data was conducted. Results and discussion: Dated samples represented 75 % of the total. The \u0000COFECHA program indicated a correlation between series of r = 0.57 (P < 0.01) and \u0000a mean sensitivity of 0.31; P. montezumae is sufficiently sensitive to record climate \u0000variability. Three chronologies (standard, residual and arstan) covering 228 years \u0000(1790-2017) were generated for each of the three growth rates (total ring, early and \u0000latewood). The response function analysis showed that it is possible to reconstruct \u0000the spring rainfall and the May-July maximum temperature based on the total ring (r = \u00000.66; P Conclusion: Statistical parameters indicate that P. montezumae is an adequate \u0000proxy source for climate variability reconstruction studies.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"27 1","pages":"109-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45367337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.04.031
J. M. Villela-Suárez, O. Aguirre-Calderón, E. Treviño-Garza, M. González-Tagle, Israel Yerena-Yamallel, Benedicto Vargas-Larreta, Tecnológico Nacional de México
Introduction: The choice of sample size is an important decision in the development of volume models and taper functions. Objective: To calculate the minimum sample size required for fitting compatible taper-volume functions for Pinus arizonica Engelm., P. durangensis Martinez and P. engelmannii Carr. in Chihuahua. Materials and methods: The methodology was divided into three phases: (i) fitting of a linear regression model to the diameter-height data of 50 trees of each species in the three forest regions; (ii) calculation of the minimum sample size required, and (iii) comparison of the goodness of fit of the taper-volume function using both sample sizes. Results and discussion: The minimum number of trees calculated ranged from 53 (Pinus durangensis) to 88 (P. engelmannii) and it is located in the interval reported in studies carried out to estimate the optimal sample size for the development of taper functions. No significant differences were observed in the goodness of fit (α = 0.05) in terms of the R 2 and the root mean square error, using the full sample size and the calculated minimum sample size; no significant effect was observed in the stem volume estimates. Conclusion: The use of small samples in the fit of taper-volume models generates accurate estimates if adequate representation of the study population is ensured.
{"title":"Minimum sample size for fitting compatible taper-volume functions for three pine species in Chihuahua","authors":"J. M. Villela-Suárez, O. Aguirre-Calderón, E. Treviño-Garza, M. González-Tagle, Israel Yerena-Yamallel, Benedicto Vargas-Larreta, Tecnológico Nacional de México","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.04.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.04.031","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The choice of sample size is an important decision in the development \u0000of volume models and taper functions. Objective: To calculate the minimum sample size required for fitting compatible \u0000taper-volume functions for Pinus arizonica Engelm., P. durangensis Martinez and P. \u0000engelmannii Carr. in Chihuahua. Materials and methods: The methodology was divided into three phases: (i) fitting of \u0000a linear regression model to the diameter-height data of 50 trees of each species in \u0000the three forest regions; (ii) calculation of the minimum sample size required, and (iii) \u0000comparison of the goodness of fit of the taper-volume function using both sample \u0000sizes. Results and discussion: The minimum number of trees calculated ranged from 53 \u0000(Pinus durangensis) to 88 (P. engelmannii) and it is located in the interval reported in \u0000studies carried out to estimate the optimal sample size for the development of taper \u0000functions. No significant differences were observed in the goodness of fit (α = 0.05) in \u0000terms of the R 2 and the root mean square error, using the full sample size and the \u0000calculated minimum sample size; no significant effect was observed in the stem \u0000volume estimates. Conclusion: The use of small samples in the fit of taper-volume models generates \u0000accurate estimates if adequate representation of the study population is ensured.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"27 1","pages":"143-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43831064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.11.088
Karla Valladares-Samperio, México D. F. México, L. Galicia-Sarmiento
Introduction: The increase in the intensity of wood harvesting has a negative influence on ecosystem functions of soils in temperate and boreal forests. Objective: To understand the impacts of intensive and extensive forest management methods on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils, and consequences on nutrient availability and stabilization processes in temperate and boreal forests. Results and discussion: Intensive forest management methods can generate greater imbalance in the processes of availability and stabilization of nutrients, compared to selective methods. The impact is reflected in the deterioration of soil structure and the decrease of nutrient reserves and microbial communities. These damages affect fertility and functionality of soil, decreasing long-term productivity. Affectations depend on the intensity of biomass extracted, environmental conditions and site preparation. This makes evident the need to monitor forest management and its impact on soil ecology in temperate forests, which maintains long-term productivity and ensures the availability of wood volumes. Conclusion: In Mexico, the impact of forest management has been scarcely analyzed and it is indispensable to understand the functional changes in the processes that determine soil fertility and forest productivity.
{"title":"Impacts of forest management on soil properties: a fundamental research topic for Mexico","authors":"Karla Valladares-Samperio, México D. F. México, L. Galicia-Sarmiento","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.11.088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.11.088","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The increase in the intensity of wood harvesting has a negative influence \u0000on ecosystem functions of soils in temperate and boreal forests. Objective: To understand the impacts of intensive and extensive forest management \u0000methods on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils, and consequences \u0000on nutrient availability and stabilization processes in temperate and boreal forests. Results and discussion: Intensive forest management methods can generate greater \u0000imbalance in the processes of availability and stabilization of nutrients, compared to \u0000selective methods. The impact is reflected in the deterioration of soil structure and the \u0000decrease of nutrient reserves and microbial communities. These damages affect fertility \u0000and functionality of soil, decreasing long-term productivity. Affectations depend on the \u0000intensity of biomass extracted, environmental conditions and site preparation. This \u0000makes evident the need to monitor forest management and its impact on soil ecology in \u0000temperate forests, which maintains long-term productivity and ensures the availability of \u0000wood volumes. Conclusion: In Mexico, the impact of forest management has been scarcely analyzed \u0000and it is indispensable to understand the functional changes in the processes that \u0000determine soil fertility and forest productivity.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"27 1","pages":"33-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43054489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.07.060
Pedro Meza-López, E. n, Mayra K. Trujillo-Delgado, Alan U. Burciaga-Álvarez, Ricardo de la Cruz-Carrera, J. A. Nájera-Luna
Introduction: The primary wood processing industry releases greenhouse gases (GHGs); their mitigation involves measuring the carbon footprint. Objective: To estimate the carbon footprint of two forestry companies dedicated to the primary transformation of wood. Materials and methods: Companies established as organizational boundaries L1 and L2 have two (Q1 and Q2) and one (D) sawmill, respectively. The operational limits were A1 (direct emissions from fossil fuel consumption), A2 (indirect emissions from electricity consumption) and A3 (emission sources not owned by L1 and L2). GHG emissions were calculated in two annuities with the method of using documented activity data and emission factors level 1. The annuities were compared with the Student’ t-test and Wilcoxon test, and the sawmills with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results and discussion: The estimated carbon footprint for L1 was 480.06 tCO 2 e·year - 1 , where A1, A2 and A3 represented 29.32 %, 14.59 % and 56.09 %, respectively. L2 had a footprint of 230.56 tCO 2 e·year -1 of which 9.39 %, 11.78 % and 78.83 % corresponded to the categories A1, A2 and A3, respectively. The cumulative uncertainty was within a fair range of accuracy (±25 %). Only the direct GHG emissions between L1 annuities were statistically different (P < 0.05). Mechanical technology made the difference in GHG emissions among sawmills (P Conclusions: The carbon footprint is inherent to the energy used; energy management ensures the mitigation of GHG emissions.
{"title":"Carbon footprint estimate in the primary wood processing industry in El Salto, Durango","authors":"Pedro Meza-López, E. n, Mayra K. Trujillo-Delgado, Alan U. Burciaga-Álvarez, Ricardo de la Cruz-Carrera, J. A. Nájera-Luna","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.07.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.07.060","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The primary wood processing industry releases greenhouse gases \u0000(GHGs); their mitigation involves measuring the carbon footprint. \u0000Objective: To estimate the carbon footprint of two forestry companies dedicated to the \u0000primary transformation of wood. Materials and methods: Companies established as organizational boundaries L1 and \u0000L2 have two (Q1 and Q2) and one (D) sawmill, respectively. The operational limits were \u0000A1 (direct emissions from fossil fuel consumption), A2 (indirect emissions from electricity \u0000consumption) and A3 (emission sources not owned by L1 and L2). GHG emissions were \u0000calculated in two annuities with the method of using documented activity data and \u0000emission factors level 1. The annuities were compared with the Student’ t-test and \u0000Wilcoxon test, and the sawmills with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results and discussion: The estimated carbon footprint for L1 was 480.06 tCO 2 e·year - \u00001 , where A1, A2 and A3 represented 29.32 %, 14.59 % and 56.09 %, respectively. L2 \u0000had a footprint of 230.56 tCO 2 e·year -1 of which 9.39 %, 11.78 % and 78.83 % \u0000corresponded to the categories A1, A2 and A3, respectively. The cumulative uncertainty \u0000was within a fair range of accuracy (±25 %). Only the direct GHG emissions between L1 \u0000annuities were statistically different (P < 0.05). Mechanical technology made the \u0000difference in GHG emissions among sawmills (P Conclusions: The carbon footprint is inherent to the energy used; energy management \u0000ensures the mitigation of GHG emissions.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"27 1","pages":"127-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43086719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.01.002
G. Vergara-Díaz, M. A. Herrera-Machuca
Introduction: Native forest reserves in southern Chile are the largest carbon sinks in the country, but the amount and level of grouping of the polygons that form these coverages is unknown. Objective: to estimate aerial biomass (AB) and carbon content in native forests in the county of Valdivia, Los Rios region, as well as the degree of grouping of polygons containing carbon in aerial biomass. Materials and methods: 21 land plots of 50 x 10 m were installed. Tree species were identified, and their diameter and height were measured. The AB was calculated using allometric equations, and the carbon content was calculated relating the AB to the factor 0.5. The degree of grouping of polygons with carbon content was calculated using the Getis-Ord G statistic. Results and discussion: The total carbon content in AB was estimated at 599.6 Mg C·ha -1 . Carbon is concentrated in three forest types, Evergreen being the most important (63.3 %). The most abundant species was Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst. (18.34 %). There is a clustered spatial dependence on carbon-containing polygons in areas with forest reserves; the rest of the territory showed random distribution. Spatial dependence is related to the physiographic characteristics of the study area. Conclusions: The use of allometric functions for the estimation of aerial biomass and factors to obtain the carbon content is a valid methodology. The carbon polygons of the native forests in Valdivia have grouped spatial distribution.
{"title":"Estimation and spatial analysis of aerial biomass and carbon capture in native forests in the south of Chile: county of Valdivia","authors":"G. Vergara-Díaz, M. A. Herrera-Machuca","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Native forest reserves in southern Chile are the largest carbon sinks \u0000in the country, but the amount and level of grouping of the polygons that form these \u0000coverages is unknown. Objective: to estimate aerial biomass (AB) and carbon content in native forests in \u0000the county of Valdivia, Los Rios region, as well as the degree of grouping of \u0000polygons containing carbon in aerial biomass. Materials and methods: 21 land plots of 50 x 10 m were installed. Tree species \u0000were identified, and their diameter and height were measured. The AB was \u0000calculated using allometric equations, and the carbon content was calculated \u0000relating the AB to the factor 0.5. The degree of grouping of polygons with carbon \u0000content was calculated using the Getis-Ord G statistic. Results and discussion: The total carbon content in AB was estimated at 599.6 \u0000Mg C·ha -1 . Carbon is concentrated in three forest types, Evergreen being the most \u0000important (63.3 %). The most abundant species was Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) \u0000Oerst. (18.34 %). There is a clustered spatial dependence on carbon-containing \u0000polygons in areas with forest reserves; the rest of the territory showed random \u0000distribution. Spatial dependence is related to the physiographic characteristics of \u0000the study area. Conclusions: The use of allometric functions for the estimation of aerial biomass \u0000and factors to obtain the carbon content is a valid methodology. The carbon \u0000polygons of the native forests in Valdivia have grouped spatial distribution.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"27 1","pages":"53-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43872742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.11.085
Erik O. Luna-Robles, I. Cantú-Silva, H. González-Rodríguez, José G. Marmolejo-Monsiváis, María I. Yáñez‐Díaz, F. Hernández, Silvia J. Béjar-Pulido, Pueblo Nuevo Durango México. n. C. P. . El Salto
Introduction: Land uses associated with anthropogenic activities affect soil quality negatively. Objective: To determine the effect of regeneration cuts on the physical and hydrological properties of an Umbrisol. Materials and methods: In each stand (parent trees [PT], clear cutting, selection, regenerated area [post-fire] and reference [R]), in situ tests were performed and four samples composed of soil by depth (0 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm) were collected. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests. The physical variables (apparent density [AD], porosity, silt, leaf litter and humus, mechanical resistance to penetration [MRP], sand and clay) and hydrological variables (infiltration, field capacity, permanent wilt point, available water and permeability) were related by means of the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results and discussion: Differences were significant (P ≤ 0.01) in MRP, sand and clay in the forest stand factor. For the depth factor, all the variables were similar, except for the MRP; its increase in clear cutting was higher than 100 %, with respect to R. The interaction was only significant (P ≤ 0.01) for the sand percentage. The Kruskal-Wallis test (P ≤ 0.05) indicated that infiltration, humus and litter were lower in clear cutting. There is a significant negative correlation (P ≤ 0.01) of AD with permeability, porosity, clay and sand. PT and clear cuttings increased AD (24.28 and 37.58 %) and MRP (32.59 and 222.22 %), with respect to R. Conclusion: PT and selection cuts did not cause significant variations in properties such as those of a total cut (clear cutting).
{"title":"Effects of forest management on the physical and hydrological properties of an Umbrisol in the Sierra Madre Occidental","authors":"Erik O. Luna-Robles, I. Cantú-Silva, H. González-Rodríguez, José G. Marmolejo-Monsiváis, María I. Yáñez‐Díaz, F. Hernández, Silvia J. Béjar-Pulido, Pueblo Nuevo Durango México. n. C. P. . El Salto","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.11.085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.11.085","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Land uses associated with anthropogenic activities affect soil quality \u0000negatively. Objective: To determine the effect of regeneration cuts on the physical and hydrological \u0000properties of an Umbrisol. Materials and methods: In each stand (parent trees [PT], clear cutting, selection, \u0000regenerated area [post-fire] and reference [R]), in situ tests were performed and four \u0000samples composed of soil by depth (0 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm) were collected. Data \u0000were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests. The physical variables (apparent \u0000density [AD], porosity, silt, leaf litter and humus, mechanical resistance to penetration \u0000[MRP], sand and clay) and hydrological variables (infiltration, field capacity, permanent \u0000wilt point, available water and permeability) were related by means of the Spearman \u0000correlation coefficient. Results and discussion: Differences were significant (P ≤ 0.01) in MRP, sand and clay \u0000in the forest stand factor. For the depth factor, all the variables were similar, except for \u0000the MRP; its increase in clear cutting was higher than 100 %, with respect to R. The \u0000interaction was only significant (P ≤ 0.01) for the sand percentage. The Kruskal-Wallis \u0000test (P ≤ 0.05) indicated that infiltration, humus and litter were lower in clear cutting. \u0000There is a significant negative correlation (P ≤ 0.01) of AD with permeability, porosity, \u0000clay and sand. PT and clear cuttings increased AD (24.28 and 37.58 %) and MRP \u0000(32.59 and 222.22 %), with respect to R. Conclusion: PT and selection cuts did not cause significant variations in properties \u0000such as those of a total cut (clear cutting).","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"27 1","pages":"19-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42253887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.04.025
M. A. López-Ramírez
Introduction: The specific relation between ecosystem services (ES), land use systems productivity and welfare is complex and poorly understood.Objective: To analyze the relationship between natural capital and welfare in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector to assess Ecosystem Services contribution to agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (GDP [Gross Domestic Product]) and analyze policy implications.Materials and methods: Using land use allocation variables, forest transition model and land use GDP for 97 tropical countries, the production function of AFOLU sector was estimated using a linear regression model and a bootstrap method. The properties of the function were analyzed, and the optimal land allocation was calculated.Results and discussion: There is a direct contribution and an indirect contribution from forest ecosystems to GDP. The direct effect is manifested through the partial elasticity of forestland (P < 0.05). The indirect effect is reflected through the production scale (P < 0.05). Partial elasticity of agriculture is significantly higher than partial elasticity of forestland (P < 0.05) and production scale increases as forestland is depleted (P < 0.05). In addition, optimal land use indicates that 75 countries have forest surplus (13.2 Mkm2) and 22 forest deficit (1.5 Mkm2).Conclusions: Forest ecosystems in the AFOLU sector in the tropics produce ecosystem services for society. However, these contributions are dwarfed by agricultural land productivity.
{"title":"Forest ecosystem services in the tropics: an imperfect assessment of their contribution to welfare, and environmental policy implications","authors":"M. A. López-Ramírez","doi":"10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.04.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.04.025","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The specific relation between ecosystem services (ES), land use systems productivity and welfare is complex and poorly understood.Objective: To analyze the relationship between natural capital and welfare in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector to assess Ecosystem Services contribution to agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (GDP [Gross Domestic Product]) and analyze policy implications.Materials and methods: Using land use allocation variables, forest transition model and land use GDP for 97 tropical countries, the production function of AFOLU sector was estimated using a linear regression model and a bootstrap method. The properties of the function were analyzed, and the optimal land allocation was calculated.Results and discussion: There is a direct contribution and an indirect contribution from forest ecosystems to GDP. The direct effect is manifested through the partial elasticity of forestland (P < 0.05). The indirect effect is reflected through the production scale (P < 0.05). Partial elasticity of agriculture is significantly higher than partial elasticity of forestland (P < 0.05) and production scale increases as forestland is depleted (P < 0.05). In addition, optimal land use indicates that 75 countries have forest surplus (13.2 Mkm2) and 22 forest deficit (1.5 Mkm2).Conclusions: Forest ecosystems in the AFOLU sector in the tropics produce ecosystem services for society. However, these contributions are dwarfed by agricultural land productivity.","PeriodicalId":54479,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente","volume":"27 1","pages":"89-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43333025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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