Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport最新文献

Purpose: This study aimed to extend understanding of goal setting in physical activity (PA) by exploring qualitatively active and insufficiently active individuals' experiences of pursuing specific and non-specific goals. Methods: Twelve active (M_age = 25.00 years) and nine insufficiently active (M_age = 24.33 years) adults were interviewed after participating in three 6-minute walking tests, during which they pursued specific and non-specific (open and DYB) goals and completed a no-goal control condition. Content analysis was used to examine each subgroup independently, before a between-group comparison to explore similarities and differences in experiences was undertaken. Results: Several strategies were employed to enhance trustworthiness. Our analysis was organised into seven categories: (1) perception of challenge; (2) perceived control; (3) performance satisfaction; (4) motivational intensity; (5) enjoyment; (6) self-efficacy; and (7) strategies for pursuing goals. Our findings suggest that active participants responded more positively to specific goals, with differences in the cognitions experienced before, during, and after the goal conditions. Conversely, insufficiently active participants responded more positively to non-specific goals, with differences in the cognitions experienced before, during, and after the goal conditions and more negatively to specific goals. Conclusion: Findings extend understanding of specific and non-specific goals in PA and underline the need to consider goal specificity in the prescription of PA for certain population groups most in need of intervention.

Purpose: We determined whether cadet and junior Judo World Championship participation and medal achievement would predict senior performance at World Championship (WC) and Olympic Games (OG). Methods: We analyzed retrospectively a total of 7780 athletes who competed at the OG and WC in the cadet, junior, and senior between 2009 and 2021. Results: There was an increase in the probability of winning a medal in the senior category (WC and OG, and only WC) ranged from 4.3 to 4.5 for medal-winning cadets compared to non-medalists and this probability remained around 3.3-3.8 for medalists in the male and 5.3-5.4 for the female medalists in cadet WC. Moreover, the chance of winning a medal in the senior category (WC and OG) was 8.1-8.5 times greater for medalists when compared to non-medalists in the junior WC. In turn, the probability of winning a medal in the senior (WC) was 1.5-1.7 times greater for athletes who did not compete in the junior WC. In the OG, the probability of winning a medal was 3.5 greater times for medalists when compared to non-medalists at cadet and junior WC. Conclusion: Thus, being a cadet or junior WC medalist increases the probability of winning a senior WC or an Olympic medal.

Background and aims: Muscle strength (MS) has been associated with better cardiometabolic health prognosis. However, the result for the beneficial relationship seems to be dependent on the influence of body size in determining MS levels. We investigate the association between allometric MS indexes and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study comprising 351 adolescents (male: 44.4%; age range 14-19 years) from Southern Brazil. MS was assessed by handgrip strength and three different allometric approaches were adopted: 1) MS index based on theoretical allometric exponent; 2) MS index including body mass and height; 3) MS index including fat-free mass and height. Obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose imbalance and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were investigated as individual factors or as combinations (either as combinations of components - presence of two adverse conditions, or number of components present in an individual - 0, 1, 2, 3+ cardiometabolic risk factors). Logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors were used. The statistical significance adopted was 5%. Results: MS index based on theoretical allometric exponent was associated with lower likelihood (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.28 - 0.89) for the presence of three or more cardiometabolic risk factors in the same individual. Conclusion: This study suggests that MS index based on the theoretical allometric exponent can be superior to allometric MS indexes that included body mass and height, or fat-free mass and height in representing the presence of high number of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents.

Purpose: Albeit being a major determinant of exercise-related energy expenditure (EE), there is a lack of research on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after different exercise modalities in older adults. This study compared the EPOC after isocaloric bouts of resistance (RE) and aerobic (AE) exercise. Methods: The EE during exercise was determined through telemetric indirect calorimetry in ten physically active participants aged 63 to 82 years (5 women, 73 ± 6 years, 70.5 ± 9.9 kg, 161 ± 8 cm). The target EE in AE corresponded to values achieved during RE, and the EPOC was assessed for 30 min in the supine position. Results: The EE during AE and RE were 126.0 ± 30.7 kcal and 123.9 ± 30.6 kcal, respectively. The time to achieve the target EE was 2.3 times shorter in AE vs. RE. The EPOC magnitude was greater after AE (7.9 ± 2.4 L, 40.1 ± 11.1 kcal) than RE (5.9 ± 1.8 L, 26.9 ± 11.5 kcal). Conclusion: Older adults showed greater EPOC after isocaloric sessions of AE vs. RE. Additionally, AE had better temporal efficiency than RE to elicit a given EE.

Purpose: In the last decades we have seen an increase in sedentary behaviors and a decrease in physical activity in children when compared to past generations. This lifestyle is commonly associated with the development of clustering risk factors that define metabolic syndrome (MetS). Knowing that motor competence (MC) development can influence lifelong physical activity habits, it is reasonable to assume that children's MC will directly link to clustered cardiometabolic health outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of MC in MetS risk factors. Methods: Seventy children with a mean age of 7.49 (SD = 1.28) years were evaluated on motor competence (MCA-Motor Competence Assessment instrument), cardiovascular fitness (PACER test), upper body strength (UBS; handgrip), and the components of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, low concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high fasting blood glucose. The composite value of MetS was calculated according to Burns et al. (2017). Multiple standard regressions were performed to explore the effect of different variables on MetS. Motor competence and health-related fitness (cardiovascular fitness and relative upper body strength) were used as independent variables (predictors) and MetS as dependent variable. Results: Overall, the results showed that motor competence (β = -.072; p < .05) is a significant predictor and this model explained 7,1% of the variance in MetS. Conclusion: Although more studies are needed, our results indicate that MC seems to have a positive role in children's health markers.

Purpose: To determine whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia acutely reduces performance and increases markers of fatigue, and whether these responses are exaggerated if exercising at high versus low work rates (i.e., exercising to failure or volume matched non-failure). Methods: Following a within-subject design, 20 men completed two trials in hypoxia (13% oxygen) and two in normoxia (21% oxygen). The first session for hypoxic and normoxic conditions comprised six sets of bench press and shoulder press to failure (high work rate), while subsequent sessions involved the same volume distributed over 12 sets (low work rate). Physical performance (concentric velocity) and perceptual responses were measured during exercise and for 72 hr post-exercise. Neuromuscular performance (bench throw velocity) was assessed pre- and post-session. Results: Hypoxia did not affect physical performance, neuromuscular performance, and perceptual recovery when exercising at high or low work rates. Higher work rate exercise caused greater acute decrements in physical performance and post-exercise neuromuscular performance and increased perceived exertion and muscle soreness (p ≤ 0.006), irrespective of hypoxia. Conclusions: Hypoxia does not impact on resistance exercise performance or increase markers of physical and perceptual fatigue. Higher exercise work rates may impair physical performance, and exaggerate fatigue compared to low work rate exercise, irrespective of environmental condition. Practitioners can prescribe hypoxic resistance exercise without compromising physical performance or inducing greater levels of fatigue. For athletes who are required to train with high frequency, decreasing exercise work rate may reduce post-exercise markers of fatigue for the same training volume.

Purpose: Previous studies have shown that penalty-takers' body language affects the impressions that goalkeepers form about them and their anticipation performance. This research aimed to replicate these results and test the mediating effect of threat/challenge responses on the relationship between impression formation and the quality of goalkeeper decision-making. Methods and Results: We report 2 experiments. The first showed that participants (goalkeepers) form more positive impressions and have a lower expectation of success from dominant penalty-takers than submissive penalty-takers, and the second showed under pressure conditions that goalkeepers' decision-making was significantly less accurate against dominant players than against submissive players. In addition, we found that the more goalkeepers perceived the penalty-taker as competent, the more threatened they felt; conversely, the less they perceived the penalty-taker as competent, the more challenged they felt. Conclusion: Finally, our analysis showed that participants' cognitive appraisal (challenge vs. threat) influenced the quality of their decision-making and played a partial mediating role in the relationship between impression formation and decision-making.

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) and motor competence development are vital for young children, yet many early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers struggle to successfully implement PA programs, particularly those organized and led by educators. This review aimed to synthesize qualitative literature to (1) identify educator-perceived barriers and facilitators to structured-PA in ECEC centers, and (2) map these to the COM-B model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of five databases was conducted in April 2021 and updated in August 2022. Records were screened in Covidence software using predefined eligibility criteria. Using the framework synthesis method, data extraction and synthesis were conducted in coding forms in Excel and NVivo. Results: Of 2382 records identified, 35 studies were included, representing 2,365 educators across 268 ECEC centers in 10 countries. Using the COM-B model and TDF, an evidence-informed framework was developed. Findings revealed the greatest barriers concerned educator "opportunity" (e.g. competing time and priorities, policy tensions, indoor/outdoor space constraints) and "capability" (e.g. lack of PA knowledge and practical, hands-on skills) to implement structured-PA. Although fewer studies reported factors that influenced educator "motivation", several themes intersected across the three COM-B components illustrating the complexity of behavioral determinants in this setting. Conclusions: Interventions grounded in theory that utilize a systems approach to target multiple levels of influence on educator behavior, and are flexible and adaptable locally, are recommended. Future work should seek to address societal barriers, structural challenges in the sector, and the PA educational needs of educators. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42021247977.

Purpose: Physical fitness has shown to be positively related with young people's general mental health, mainly due to the changes in body composition derived from a regular sportive practice. Thus, the aim of this study was three-fold: 1) to analyze the relationship between physical fitness with the mental health status assessed as physical self-concept and self-esteem, 2) to study whether self-esteem offers longitudinal relationships with physical fitness three months after the first assessment, and 3) to know the most implicated variables of physical fitness in mental health variables. Method: A total of 1441 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (mean=14.52; standard deviation=1.96 years), being the 49.5 % of them girls, from 4 high schools in Andalusia, Spain, participated in the study. The EUROFIT battery test was administered to the participants, as well as some questionaries to assess the physical self-concept and the self-steem. Physical tests and self-concept were assessed in an only temporal point, while self-esteem was analyzed longitudinally. Results: The results obtained indicated that physical self-concept was related to physical fitness, while self-esteem was especially related to the Course Navette test. Conclusions: These results suggest that having great levels of physical fitness, especially related to aerobic endurance, may help to have higher levels of physical self-concept and self-esteem as components of mental health in Spanish adolescents.

There are growing levels of abuse toward match officials in sport as well as general problems of their recruitment and retention. Purpose: This study analyzes the role that physical and nonphysical abuse has on association football referees' intentions to quit and their personal well-being. Methods: Drawing on pooled survey data of association football referees from the UK and Canada, this paper employs probit, ordinary least squares, and treatment effects regression analyses to explore the casual relationship between the physical and nonphysical abuse faced by referees, their intention to quit and their well-being. Results: Although physical abuse is less common than nonphysical abuse both affect the intention to quit and well-being of officials. Moreover, those that do not contemplate quitting also face reductions in their well-being. Conclusion: The research recommends a zero-tolerance approach to all forms of abuse of officials in sport and identifies that organizations have a duty of care for the well-being of their officials.