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Optimising Electric Bus Departure Interval Considering Stochastic Traffic Conditions 考虑随机交通条件的电动客车发车间隔优化
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.219
Zhenyang Qiu, Xiaowei Hu, Shuai Song, Yu Wang
Electric buses (EBs) have attracted more and more attention in recent years because of their energy-saving and pollution-free characteristics. However, very few studies have considered the impact of stochastic traffic conditions on their operations. This paper focuses on the departure interval optimisation of EBs which is a critical problem in the operations. We consider the stochastic traffic conditions in the operations and establish a departure interval optimisation model. The objective function aims at minimising passenger travel costs and enterprise operation costs, including waiting time costs, congestion costs, energy consumption costs and operational fixed costs. To solve this problem, a genetic algorithm (GA) based on fitness adjustment crossover and mutation rate is proposed. Based on the Harbin bus dataset, we find that improved GA performance is 4.481% higher, and it can solve the models more accurately and efficiently. Compared with the current situation, the optimisation model reduces passenger travel costs by 20.2% and helps improve passenger travel quality. Under stochastic traffic conditions, total cost change is small, but passenger travel costs increase significantly. This indicates the high impact degree of random traffic conditions on passenger travel. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to provide suggestions for improving the EBs operation and management.
近年来,电动公交车以其节能、无污染的特点受到越来越多的关注。然而,很少有研究考虑到随机交通条件对其运行的影响。本文重点研究了电子束的出发区间优化问题,这是电子束运行中的一个关键问题。考虑随机交通条件,建立了发车间隔优化模型。目标函数旨在使乘客出行成本和企业运营成本最小化,包括等待时间成本、拥堵成本、能源消耗成本和运营固定成本。为了解决这一问题,提出了一种基于适应度调整交叉和突变率的遗传算法。基于哈尔滨公交数据集,我们发现改进后的遗传算法性能提高了4.481%,可以更准确、更高效地求解模型。与现状相比,优化模型使旅客出行成本降低20.2%,有利于提高旅客出行质量。在随机交通条件下,总成本变化较小,但乘客出行成本明显增加。这表明随机交通状况对旅客出行的影响程度较高。此外,还进行了敏感性分析,为EBs的运营和管理提供改进建议。
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引用次数: 0
Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram Estimation Considering Traffic Flow Condition of Road Network 考虑交通流状况的路网宏观基本图估计
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.107
Xiaoli Deng, Yao Hu
A macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) is an important basis for road network research. It describes the functional relationship between the average flow and average density of the road network. We proposed an MFD estimation method based on the traffic flow condition. Firstly, according to statistical theories, the road network data are divided into three traffic flow conditions (free flow, chaotic and congested) bounded by a 95% confidence interval of the maximum traffic capacity of each intersection in the road network. Then, in each condition, we combined principal component analysis and the Jolliffe B4 method to reduce dimension for extracting critical intersections. Finally, the full-scale dataset of the road network was reconstructed to estimate the road network MFD. Through numerical simulation and empirical research, it is found that the root mean square error and absolute percentage error between estimated MFD and true MFD considering the traffic flow condition are smaller than those without considering the traffic flow condition. The MFD estimation and the division of the traffic states of the road network were completed at the same time. The proposed method effectively saves the time cost of road network research and is highly accurate.
宏观基本图(MFD)是路网研究的重要基础。它描述了路网平均流量与平均密度之间的函数关系。提出了一种基于交通流状况的MFD估计方法。首先,根据统计理论,将路网数据分为三种交通流状态(自由流、混沌和拥挤),并以路网中每个交叉口的最大通行能力的95%置信区间为界。然后,在每种情况下,我们结合主成分分析和Jolliffe B4方法进行降维提取关键交叉口。最后,对路网全尺寸数据集进行重构,估算路网MFD。通过数值模拟和实证研究发现,考虑交通流条件的估计MFD与真实MFD的均方根误差和绝对百分比误差小于不考虑交通流条件的估计MFD。同时完成了MFD估计和路网交通状态划分。该方法有效地节省了路网研究的时间成本,精度高。
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引用次数: 0
Improving Traffic Efficiency in a Road Network by Adopting Decentralised Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning and Smart Navigation 采用分散式多智能体强化学习和智能导航提高路网交通效率
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.246
Hung Tuan Trinh, Sang-Hoon Bae, Quang Duy Tran
In the future, mixed traffic flow will consist of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs). Effective traffic management is a global challenge, especially in urban areas with many intersections. Much research has focused on solving this problem to increase intersection network performance. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a new approach to optimising traffic signal lights that overcomes the disadvantages of traditional methods. In this paper, we propose an integrated approach that combines the multi-agent advantage actor-critic (MA-A2C) and smart navigation (SN) to solve the congestion problem in a road network under mixed traffic conditions. The A2C algorithm combines the advantages of value-based and policy-based methods to stabilise the training by reducing the variance. It also overcomes the limitations of centralised and independent MARL. In addition, the SN technique reroutes traffic load to alternate paths to avoid congestion at intersections. To evaluate the robustness of our approach, we compare our model against independent-A2C (I-A2C) and max pressure (MP). These results show that our proposed approach performs more efficiently than others regarding average waiting time, speed and queue length. In addition, the simulation results also suggest that the model is effective as the CAV penetration rate is greater than 20%.
未来,混合交通流将由人类驾驶汽车(HDVs)和联网自动驾驶汽车(cav)组成。有效的交通管理是一个全球性的挑战,特别是在有许多十字路口的城市地区。许多研究都集中在解决这个问题,以提高交叉口网络的性能。强化学习(RL)是一种新的交通信号灯优化方法,克服了传统方法的缺点。本文提出了一种结合多智能体优势行为者批评(MA-A2C)和智能导航(SN)的集成方法来解决混合交通条件下道路网络的拥堵问题。A2C算法结合了基于值方法和基于策略方法的优点,通过减小方差来稳定训练。它还克服了集中式和独立MARL的局限性。此外,SN技术将交通负载重新路由到备用路径上,以避免交叉路口的拥堵。为了评估我们方法的稳健性,我们将我们的模型与独立a2c (I-A2C)和最大压力(MP)进行了比较。这些结果表明,我们提出的方法在平均等待时间、速度和队列长度方面比其他方法更有效。此外,仿真结果也表明,当CAV侵彻率大于20%时,该模型是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
Selecting the Flexible Last-Mile Delivery Models Using Multicriteria Decision-Making 采用多标准决策选择灵活的最后一英里交付模式
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.292
Mladenka Blagojević, Dragana Šarac, Katarina Mostarac
Postal service providers can reorganize the last-mile delivery process within the scope of universal service and apply some of the flexible models for the organization of the delivery process. In this paper, the question of the selection of Flexible Last-Mile Delivery Models (FLMDM) is treated using multicriteria decision-making. We have identified four different sustainable models of last-mile delivery with an emphasis on the number of delivery workers. One postal service provider from Europe was selected, where proposed FLMDM are tested. The proposed last-mile delivery models are ranked using Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) technique. In this context, MCDA techniques are used to make a comparative assessment of alternatives. This paper aims to find the optimal delivery costs in each variant of the delivery model - an optimal number of workers for the last-mile delivery. The obtained results suggest the AB delivery model as the optimal choice for the last-mile delivery. Also, results ensure the complete allocation of the required number of technological workers in the delivery (the number of delivery workers), by applying the originally proposed, flexible solution (models) for the organization of last-mile delivery.
邮政服务提供者可以在普遍服务范围内重新组织最后一英里的投递过程,并应用一些灵活的模式来组织投递过程。本文采用多准则决策的方法研究了柔性最后一英里配送模式的选择问题。我们已经确定了四种不同的可持续的最后一英里配送模式,重点是配送工人的数量。选择了欧洲的一家邮政服务提供商,在那里对拟议的FLMDM进行了测试。使用多标准决策分析(MCDA)技术对提出的最后一英里交付模式进行排名。在这种情况下,MCDA技术用于对备选方案进行比较评估。本文的目的是找出每种配送模式下的最优配送成本——最后一英里配送的最优工人数量。结果表明,AB配送模式是最后一英里配送的最优选择。此外,通过应用最初提出的组织最后一英里交付的灵活解决方案(模型),结果确保了交付中所需技术工人数量(交付工人数量)的完整分配。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring Scheme for Safety Hazard Status of Urban Rail Transit Operation Equipment and Facilities Based on Blockchain Technology 基于区块链技术的城市轨道交通运营设备设施安全危害状态监测方案
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.187
Meng Li, Qi Lin
Urban rail transit plays a very important role in cities’ social and economic development. To ensure the safe and stable operation of urban rail transit operation equipment and facilities, it is necessary to monitor a large number of safety hazard statuses and data and improve the over-centralisation of traditional monitoring. This paper designs a scheme for storing, validating and monitoring the safety hazard status of urban rail transit operation equipment and facilities based on blockchain technology. The safety hazards of equipment and facilities during the operation stage of urban rail transit are listed using the literature analysis method and the case study method. The European RAMS (reliability, availability, maintainability and safety) standard method is used to determine the safety hazard status of equipment and facilities by availability index. Based on the features of the consensus mechanism, smart contract and other features of blockchain technology, this paper designs an overall scheme for storing, verifying and monitoring the safety hazard status of equipment and facilities. This scheme provides a practical operation method for evaluating the safety hazard status of rail transit equipment and facilities, which is conducive to the safety rectification of the entire urban rail transit.
城市轨道交通在城市社会经济发展中起着非常重要的作用。为了保证城市轨道交通运营设备设施的安全稳定运行,需要对大量的安全隐患状态和数据进行监测,改善传统监测过于集中的问题。本文设计了一种基于区块链技术的城市轨道交通运营设备设施安全隐患状态存储、验证和监控方案。采用文献分析法和案例分析法,列举了城市轨道交通运行阶段设备设施的安全隐患。采用欧洲RAMS(可靠性、可用性、可维护性和安全性)标准方法,通过可用性指标确定设备设施的安全危害状态。本文基于区块链技术的共识机制、智能合约等特点,设计了设备设施安全隐患状态存储、验证和监控的总体方案。该方案为轨道交通设备设施的安全隐患状态评估提供了一种实用的操作方法,有利于整个城市轨道交通的安全整改。
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引用次数: 0
Use of Structural Equation Modelling and Neural Network to Analyse Shared Parking Choice Behaviour 基于结构方程模型和神经网络的共享停车选择行为分析
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.209
Yi Zhu, Shuyan Chen, Ying Wu, Fengxiang Qiao, Yongfeng Ma
The shared parking mode represents a feasible solution to the persistent problem of parking scarcity in urban areas. This paper aims to examine the shared parking choice behaviours using a combination of structural equation modelling (SEM) and neural network, taking into account both the parking location characteristics and the travellers’ characteristics. Data were collected from a commercial district in Nanjing, China, through an online questionnaire survey covering 11 factors affecting shared parking choice. The method involved two steps: firstly, SEM was applied to examine the influence of these factors on shared parking choice. Following this, the seven factors with the strongest correlation to shared parking choice were used to train a neural network model for shared parking prediction. This SEM-informed model was found to outperform a neural network model trained on all eleven factors across precision, recall, accuracy, F1 and AUC metrics. The research concluded that the selected factors significantly influence shared parking choice, reinforcing the hypothesis regarding the importance of parking location and traveller characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights to support the effective implementation and promotion of shared parking.
共享停车模式是解决城市长期存在的停车稀缺问题的一种可行方案。本文将结构方程模型与神经网络相结合,在考虑停车区位特征和出行者特征的情况下,对共享停车选择行为进行研究。数据来自中国南京的一个商业区,通过在线问卷调查收集了11个影响共享停车选择的因素。该方法分为两个步骤:首先,利用扫描电镜分析这些因素对共享停车选择的影响;在此基础上,利用与共享车位选择相关性最强的7个因素,训练神经网络模型进行共享车位预测。研究发现,这种基于sem的模型优于在精度、召回率、准确性、F1和AUC指标等所有11个因素上训练的神经网络模型。研究结果表明,选择的因素显著影响共享停车选择,强化了停车位置和出行者特征重要性的假设。这些研究结果为有效推行和推广共享泊车服务提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Passenger Queuing Analysis Method of Security Inspection and Ticket-Checking Area without Archway Metal Detector in Metro Stations 地铁无牌楼金属探测器安检检票区域乘客排队分析方法
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.266
Bin He, Yaping Liu, Xiaocheng Gao, Fei An, Xikui Lv
In order to avoid the congestion in front of the entrance gate units, it is necessary to analyse and optimise the queuing situation at the planning and design stage. The security inspection area and the ticket-checking area were jointly considered, and a queuing congestion analysis method was proposed. Firstly, the research problem was stated. Then, the problem of calculating the number of passengers in each subarea at any time was transformed into the problem of calculating the transit time of each passenger in each subarea. The transit time was divided into basic transit time and additional transit time. Based on the velocity-density relationship, a quantisation method for basic transit time was proposed related to passenger arrival time. The additional transit time was determined by the moment when the passengers left the subarea according to the sequence of arrival of passengers, the number of queuing passengers in the subarea and the congestion of the subarea to be entered. Finally, the queuing situation of passengers in each subarea at any moment was obtained through passenger flow recursion. Examples showed that the proposed method can deal with multiple working conditions and avoid the tedious and time-consuming scene construction process of the microsimulation software.
为了避免入口单元前的拥堵,有必要在规划设计阶段对排队情况进行分析和优化。综合考虑安检区域和检票区域,提出了一种排队拥堵分析方法。首先,阐述了研究问题。然后,将计算任意时刻每个子区域的乘客数量问题转化为计算每个子区域中每个乘客的通行时间问题。过境时间分为基本过境时间和附加过境时间。基于速度-密度关系,提出了一种与旅客到达时间相关的基本通行时间的量化方法。根据乘客到达的先后顺序、该分区排队的乘客数量以及该分区要进入的拥堵情况,确定乘客离开分区的时刻为额外通行时间。最后,通过客流递归得到各子区域任意时刻的乘客排队情况。实例表明,该方法可以处理多种工况,避免了微仿真软件繁琐、耗时的场景构建过程。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Stated Preference Surveys with Statistical Methods 用统计方法评价国家偏好调查
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.259
Tibor Sipos
In this paper, the author investigated the stated preference survey in transport modelling. The research was conducted to ensure that the best fractional orthogonal design of stated preference paired comparison survey would not increase the error or uncertainty in transport-related decision modelling. The research was conducted based on artificial Monte Carlo simulated respondents, and the results were assessed with standard mathematical-statistical tools. Although the assessment should have resulted in 0% errors, according to our 2,000 sample, a minor 5% of errors occurred. The problem to be investigated in this paper is that the best-designed survey could have some errors.
本文对交通建模中的陈述偏好调查进行了研究。本研究旨在确保陈述偏好配对比较调查的最佳分数正交设计不会增加运输相关决策模型的误差或不确定性。该研究基于人工蒙特卡罗模拟受访者,并使用标准数理统计工具对结果进行评估。虽然评估应该导致0%的错误,但根据我们的2,000个样本,发生了5%的小错误。本文要研究的问题是,设计最好的调查可能会有一些误差。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental Sustainability and Freight Transport Performance in the EU – An Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) Model Analysis 欧盟环境可持续性与货运绩效——自回归条件异方差(ARCH)模型分析
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.293
Sebastian Kot, Stephen Ojinji
Transportation, which is a significant facilitator of global trade and development, faces a serious problem with respect to sustainability. Firstly, there is the need to minimise greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining profitability and social responsibility. Transportation will be totally decarbonised by consistently moving towards a more sustainable, diverse and resilient range of transportation modes with advanced vehicle technologies. However, what impact this will have on the economic performance of transport service providers remains a big question. The aim of this study is to examine the short-run relationship between environmental sustainability in road freight transportation and the economic performance of the road freight transport sector in the European Union using an autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model. The analysis was conducted using annual data spanning from 2008 to 2021. The results indicate that energy taxes on transport and storage, biodiesel consumption and vehicle capacity utilisation have a positive and significant impact on freight transport performance (FTP). The findings suggest that policymakers could use energy taxes and incentives to promote the use of biodiesel in the transportation sector to increase FTP. Additionally, efforts to improve vehicle capacity utilisation could significantly increase FTP and have positive environmental implications such as reducing traffic congestion and emissions.
运输作为全球贸易和发展的重要促进者,在可持续性方面面临着严重的问题。首先,在保持盈利能力和社会责任的同时,需要尽量减少温室气体排放。通过使用先进的车辆技术,不断向更可持续、更多样化和更有弹性的运输模式发展,交通运输将完全脱碳。然而,这将对运输服务提供商的经济表现产生什么影响仍然是一个大问题。本研究的目的是使用自回归条件异方差(ARCH)模型来检验欧盟道路货运环境可持续性与道路货运部门经济绩效之间的短期关系。该分析是使用2008年至2021年的年度数据进行的。结果表明,运输和储存能源税、生物柴油消费和车辆容量利用率对货运绩效(FTP)有显著的正向影响。研究结果表明,决策者可以利用能源税和激励措施来促进生物柴油在运输部门的使用,以增加FTP。此外,努力提高车辆容量利用率可以显著提高FTP,并具有积极的环境影响,如减少交通拥堵和排放。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption in an Intelligent and Connected Environment 智能互联环境下电动汽车能耗预测
4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v35i5.202
Qingchao Liu, Fenxia Gao, Jingya Zhao, Weiqi Zhou
Accurate energy consumption prediction is essential for improving the driving experience. In the urban road scenario, we discussed the influencing factors of energy consumption and divided the modes from various perspectives. The differences in energy consumption characteristics and distribution laws for electric vehicles using the IDM and CACC car-following models under different traffic flows are compared. An energy consumption prediction framework based on the LightGBM model is proposed. According to the study, driving range, acceleration, accelerating time, decelerating time and cruising time all significantly impact the overall energy consumption of electric vehicles. There are apparent differences in energy consumption characteristics and distribution laws under different traffic flows: average energy consumption is lower under low flow and increased under high flow. The CACC-electric vehicles consume more energy in low flow than IDM-electric vehicles. Under high flow, the opposite is true. The results show that the proposed framework has a high accuracy: the MAPE based on IDM datasets is 3.45% and the RMSE is 0.039 kWh; the MAPE based on CACC datasets is 5.57% and the RMSE is 0.042 kWh. The MAPE and RMSE are reduced by 33.7% and 50.6% (maximum extent) compared to the best comparison algorithm.
准确的能耗预测对于改善驾驶体验至关重要。在城市道路场景中,我们讨论了能源消耗的影响因素,并从不同角度进行了模式划分。比较了不同交通流下IDM和ccc随车模型下电动汽车能耗特性和分布规律的差异。提出了一种基于LightGBM模型的能耗预测框架。研究表明,续驶里程、加速度、加速时间、减速时间和巡航时间都对电动汽车的整体能耗有显著影响。不同交通流量下的能耗特征和分布规律存在明显差异:低流量时平均能耗较低,高流量时平均能耗增加。ccc -电动汽车低流量能耗高于idm -电动汽车。在高流量下,情况正好相反。结果表明,该框架具有较高的精度:基于IDM数据集的MAPE为3.45%,RMSE为0.039 kWh;基于CACC数据集的MAPE为5.57%,RMSE为0.042 kWh。与最佳比较算法相比,MAPE和RMSE分别降低了33.7%和50.6%(最大程度)。
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引用次数: 0
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Promet-Traffic & Transportation
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