The effect of users on the efficiency of mobile terminal antennas at 15GHz, 28GHz and 60GHz is studied in this paper. It is performed using three four-element planar arrays. The first operates at 15GHz with a bandwidth of 0.74 GHz, the second at 28GHz with a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz and finally the third antenna at 60GHz with bandwidth of 12.5 GHz. The effect of a user’s finger is studied when being placed on four different locations over each antenna element, with six distances between the antenna and user’s index finger. The losses due to the increased shadowing are studied in terms of radiation efficiency (RE), matching efficiency (ME) and two additional multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) parameters, i.e., envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) and multiplexing efficiency (MUX). For antennas operating at 28 and 60 GHz, the minimum frequency shift is observed when the finger is placed at 1.5 mm distance from the antenna, whereas for 15 GHz, the minimum resonance shift is observed when the finger is at 2 mm distance. Losses of up to 80% and 70% are observed for RE and MUX, respectively, when the finger is placed at 0 mm for all antennas compared to the case without user (WU). Finally, it is observed that the ME and ECC losses are insignificant regardless of the antenna and finger variation.
{"title":"Efficiency of Millimeter Wave Mobile Terminal Antennas with the Influence of Users","authors":"Rizwan Khan, A. A. Al-Hadi, P. Soh","doi":"10.2528/PIER18012409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER18012409","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of users on the efficiency of mobile terminal antennas at 15GHz, 28GHz and 60GHz is studied in this paper. It is performed using three four-element planar arrays. The first operates at 15GHz with a bandwidth of 0.74 GHz, the second at 28GHz with a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz and finally the third antenna at 60GHz with bandwidth of 12.5 GHz. The effect of a user’s finger is studied when being placed on four different locations over each antenna element, with six distances between the antenna and user’s index finger. The losses due to the increased shadowing are studied in terms of radiation efficiency (RE), matching efficiency (ME) and two additional multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) parameters, i.e., envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) and multiplexing efficiency (MUX). For antennas operating at 28 and 60 GHz, the minimum frequency shift is observed when the finger is placed at 1.5 mm distance from the antenna, whereas for 15 GHz, the minimum resonance shift is observed when the finger is at 2 mm distance. Losses of up to 80% and 70% are observed for RE and MUX, respectively, when the finger is placed at 0 mm for all antennas compared to the case without user (WU). Finally, it is observed that the ME and ECC losses are insignificant regardless of the antenna and finger variation.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"87 1","pages":"113-123"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80550198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Zhao, Haiyan Chen, Linbo Zhang, Fengxia Li, P. Zhou, Jianliang Xie, Longjiang Deng
In this paper, the design and implementation of a three-layer linear polarization converter having broadband and asymmetric transmission (AT) properties is demonstrated. A 3.2 mm thick transmission-type polarization converter with two separate operating frequency bands is obtained with a cut-wire sandwiched by two layers of diagonal split-ring resonator (DSRR). The asymmetric transmission property can be realized by rotating the upper and lower DSRR dislocation, and its physical mechanism can be explicated by the Fabry-Pérot-like interference effect. Experimental results are presented and compared to numerical simulations, and they demonstrate that the proposed polarization converter has a significantly polarization conversion ratio over 0.8 in frequency bandwidths 8–11 GHz and 17–21 GHz for the forward and backward incidences. The proposed polarization converter has a great potential to be used as an asymmetric transmission radome or diode-like device in microwave domain.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of High Efficiency and Broadband Transmission-Type Polarization Converter Based on Diagonal Split-Ring Resonator","authors":"Rui Zhao, Haiyan Chen, Linbo Zhang, Fengxia Li, P. Zhou, Jianliang Xie, Longjiang Deng","doi":"10.2528/PIER17110604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER17110604","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the design and implementation of a three-layer linear polarization converter having broadband and asymmetric transmission (AT) properties is demonstrated. A 3.2 mm thick transmission-type polarization converter with two separate operating frequency bands is obtained with a cut-wire sandwiched by two layers of diagonal split-ring resonator (DSRR). The asymmetric transmission property can be realized by rotating the upper and lower DSRR dislocation, and its physical mechanism can be explicated by the Fabry-Pérot-like interference effect. Experimental results are presented and compared to numerical simulations, and they demonstrate that the proposed polarization converter has a significantly polarization conversion ratio over 0.8 in frequency bandwidths 8–11 GHz and 17–21 GHz for the forward and backward incidences. The proposed polarization converter has a great potential to be used as an asymmetric transmission radome or diode-like device in microwave domain.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"90 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80408581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work presents a design for a metasurface that provides near-unity electromagnetic energy harvesting and RF channeling to a single load. A metasurface and a feeding network were designed to operate at 2.72 GHz to deliver the maximum power to a single load. Numerical simulations show that the metasurface can be highly efficient delivering the maximum captured power to one load using a corporate feed network reaching Radiation-to-RF conversion efficiency as high as 99%. A prototype was fabricated incorporating a rectification circuit. Measurements demonstrated that the proposed metasurface harvester provides Radiation-to-DC conversion efficiency of more than 55%, which is significantly higher than earlier designs reported in the literature.
{"title":"E Fficient Metasurface Rectenna for Electromagnetic Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting","authors":"M. E. Badawe, O. Ramahi","doi":"10.2528/PIER18011003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER18011003","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a design for a metasurface that provides near-unity electromagnetic energy harvesting and RF channeling to a single load. A metasurface and a feeding network were designed to operate at 2.72 GHz to deliver the maximum power to a single load. Numerical simulations show that the metasurface can be highly efficient delivering the maximum captured power to one load using a corporate feed network reaching Radiation-to-RF conversion efficiency as high as 99%. A prototype was fabricated incorporating a rectification circuit. Measurements demonstrated that the proposed metasurface harvester provides Radiation-to-DC conversion efficiency of more than 55%, which is significantly higher than earlier designs reported in the literature.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"89 1","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85658084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Fiser, M. Helbig, J. Sachs, S. Ley, I. Merunka, J. Vrba
Objective: In this paper we present a study of a novel method to noninvasively monitor temperature during thermotherapy for instance in cancer treatment using M-sequence radar technology. The main objective is to investigate the temperature dependence of reflectivity in UWB radar signal in gelatine phantoms using electrically small antennas. Methods: The phantom was locally heated up, and consequently changes of signal reflectivity were observed. Results: An approximate linear relationship between temperature change and reflectivity variations was formulated. To show the potential of this approach we used an M-sequence MIMO radar system. The system was tested on breast-shape phantom with local heating by circulating water of controlled temperature. Delay and Sum algorithm was implemented for two-dimensional imaging. Significance: The article is a study of temperature measurement using UWB radar system for possible usage in thermotherapy.
{"title":"Microwave Non-Invasive Temperature Monitoring Using UWB Radar for Cancer Treatment by Hyperthermia","authors":"O. Fiser, M. Helbig, J. Sachs, S. Ley, I. Merunka, J. Vrba","doi":"10.2528/PIER17111609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER17111609","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: In this paper we present a study of a novel method to noninvasively monitor temperature during thermotherapy for instance in cancer treatment using M-sequence radar technology. The main objective is to investigate the temperature dependence of reflectivity in UWB radar signal in gelatine phantoms using electrically small antennas. Methods: The phantom was locally heated up, and consequently changes of signal reflectivity were observed. Results: An approximate linear relationship between temperature change and reflectivity variations was formulated. To show the potential of this approach we used an M-sequence MIMO radar system. The system was tested on breast-shape phantom with local heating by circulating water of controlled temperature. Delay and Sum algorithm was implemented for two-dimensional imaging. Significance: The article is a study of temperature measurement using UWB radar system for possible usage in thermotherapy.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"64 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89228889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer is an adaptive beamforming technique that provides a method for separating the desired signal from interfering signals. Unfortunately, the MVDR beamformer may have unacceptably low nulling level and high sidelobes, which may lead to significant performance degradation in the case of unexpected interfering signals such as the rapidly moving jammer environments. Via support vector machine regression (SVR), a novel beamforming algorithm (named as SVR-CMT algorithm) is presented for controlling the sidelobes and the nullling level. In the proposed method, firstly, the covariance matrix is tapered based on Mailloux covariance matrix taper (CMT) procedure to broaden the width of nulls for interference signals. Secondly, the equality constraints are modified into inequality constraints to control the sidelobe level. By the ε-insensitive loss function for the sidelobe controller, the modified beamforming optimization problem is formulated as a standard SVR problem so that the weight vector can be obtained effectively. Compared with the previous works, the proposed SVR-CMT method provides better beamforming performance. For instance, (1) it can effectively control the sidelobe and nullling level, (2) it can improve the output signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) performance even if the direction-of-arrival (DOA) errors exist. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the presented approach.
{"title":"SVR-CMT Algorithm for Null Broadening and Sidelobe Control","authors":"Fulai Liu, Yifan Wu, Hanjun Duan, Ruiyan Du","doi":"10.2528/PIER18061106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER18061106","url":null,"abstract":"Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer is an adaptive beamforming technique that provides a method for separating the desired signal from interfering signals. Unfortunately, the MVDR beamformer may have unacceptably low nulling level and high sidelobes, which may lead to significant performance degradation in the case of unexpected interfering signals such as the rapidly moving jammer environments. Via support vector machine regression (SVR), a novel beamforming algorithm (named as SVR-CMT algorithm) is presented for controlling the sidelobes and the nullling level. In the proposed method, firstly, the covariance matrix is tapered based on Mailloux covariance matrix taper (CMT) procedure to broaden the width of nulls for interference signals. Secondly, the equality constraints are modified into inequality constraints to control the sidelobe level. By the ε-insensitive loss function for the sidelobe controller, the modified beamforming optimization problem is formulated as a standard SVR problem so that the weight vector can be obtained effectively. Compared with the previous works, the proposed SVR-CMT method provides better beamforming performance. For instance, (1) it can effectively control the sidelobe and nullling level, (2) it can improve the output signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) performance even if the direction-of-arrival (DOA) errors exist. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the presented approach.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"61 1","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74108203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper a flexible compact antenna array operating in the 3.213 GHz which covers the standard UltraWide Band (UWB) frequency range is presented. The design is aimed at integration within Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based flexible electronics for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed antenna is printed on a single side of a 50.8 μm Kapton Polyimide substrate and consists of two half-elliptical shaped radiating elements fed by two Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) structures. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna array achieves a broad impedance bandwidth with reasonable isolation performance (S12 < −23 dB) across the operating bandwidth. Furthermore, the proposed antenna exhibits a low susceptibility to performance degradation caused by the effect of bending. The system’s isolation performance along with its flexible and thin profile suggests that the proposed antenna is suitable for integration within flexible Internet of Things (IoT) wireless systems.
{"title":"An UWB Antenna Array for Flexible IoT Wireless Systems","authors":"H. Raad","doi":"10.2528/PIER18060804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER18060804","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a flexible compact antenna array operating in the 3.213 GHz which covers the standard UltraWide Band (UWB) frequency range is presented. The design is aimed at integration within Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based flexible electronics for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed antenna is printed on a single side of a 50.8 μm Kapton Polyimide substrate and consists of two half-elliptical shaped radiating elements fed by two Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) structures. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna array achieves a broad impedance bandwidth with reasonable isolation performance (S12 < −23 dB) across the operating bandwidth. Furthermore, the proposed antenna exhibits a low susceptibility to performance degradation caused by the effect of bending. The system’s isolation performance along with its flexible and thin profile suggests that the proposed antenna is suitable for integration within flexible Internet of Things (IoT) wireless systems.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"15 1","pages":"109-121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80805521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, three viable multilayer rectangular coil structures, namely the spiral, concentrated and uneven compound types, are proposed and analyzed. In the multiple-receiver multiplefrequency wireless power transfer system, the compact coil topologies are particularly preferable and should fulfill the required performance of magnetic field with the compact size design. In order to minimize the variation of magnetic fields that can be picked up by multiple receivers, the uneven compound type is newly derived by combining the merits of both the spiral and concentrated types. Because of providing more uniform magnetic flux density distribution, the uneven compound type can achieve better tolerance of misalignment. Without any misalignment, its transmission efficiency can reach up to 92%. Moreover, their electric potential distributions are analyzed to provide guidance for the maximum input current at the desired operation frequency. Both finite element analysis and experimental results are given to verify the validity of the proposed coil structures.
{"title":"Development of Multilayer Rectangular Coils for Multiple-Receiver Multiple-Frequency Wireless Power Transfer","authors":"C. Jiang, K. Chau, W. Han, Wei Liu","doi":"10.2528/PIER18060206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER18060206","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, three viable multilayer rectangular coil structures, namely the spiral, concentrated and uneven compound types, are proposed and analyzed. In the multiple-receiver multiplefrequency wireless power transfer system, the compact coil topologies are particularly preferable and should fulfill the required performance of magnetic field with the compact size design. In order to minimize the variation of magnetic fields that can be picked up by multiple receivers, the uneven compound type is newly derived by combining the merits of both the spiral and concentrated types. Because of providing more uniform magnetic flux density distribution, the uneven compound type can achieve better tolerance of misalignment. Without any misalignment, its transmission efficiency can reach up to 92%. Moreover, their electric potential distributions are analyzed to provide guidance for the maximum input current at the desired operation frequency. Both finite element analysis and experimental results are given to verify the validity of the proposed coil structures.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"18 1","pages":"15-24"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81783563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Kurniawan, J. Sumantyo, K. Ito, H. Kuze, S. Gao
In this paper, a circularly polarized antenna for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) application is presented. The antenna is proposed to be implemented for the airborne SAR and the spaceborne SAR. To enhance the bandwidth of the antenna, the Circular-Ring-Slot (CRS) technique is implemented on the ground plane and in a square slot in the centre of the patch. In this antenna’s design, the model of the slot on the radiator is also investigated. The antenna is printed on NPC-H220A substrates with the dielectric constant of 2.17 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The resonant frequency of the antenna design sets at 9.4 GHz with the minimum requirement of the bandwidth of 800 MHz. The antenna design is produced under the −10 dB bandwidth of reflection coefficient, S11 of approximately 27% (8.2 GHz–10.76 GHz) and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP). The gain of the antenna is 6.5 dBic and 12.7% (8.8 GHz–9.84 GHz) for the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). This paper includes the description and presentation of the completed discussion.
{"title":"Patch Antenna Using Rectangular Centre Slot and Circular Ground Slot for Circularly Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar (CP-SAR) Application","authors":"F. Kurniawan, J. Sumantyo, K. Ito, H. Kuze, S. Gao","doi":"10.2528/PIER17082903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER17082903","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a circularly polarized antenna for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) application is presented. The antenna is proposed to be implemented for the airborne SAR and the spaceborne SAR. To enhance the bandwidth of the antenna, the Circular-Ring-Slot (CRS) technique is implemented on the ground plane and in a square slot in the centre of the patch. In this antenna’s design, the model of the slot on the radiator is also investigated. The antenna is printed on NPC-H220A substrates with the dielectric constant of 2.17 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The resonant frequency of the antenna design sets at 9.4 GHz with the minimum requirement of the bandwidth of 800 MHz. The antenna design is produced under the −10 dB bandwidth of reflection coefficient, S11 of approximately 27% (8.2 GHz–10.76 GHz) and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP). The gain of the antenna is 6.5 dBic and 12.7% (8.8 GHz–9.84 GHz) for the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). This paper includes the description and presentation of the completed discussion.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"52 1","pages":"51-61"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86696605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth’s crust, and it is considered one of the most important materials for the world. Crystalline silicon has continued to serve as the foundational building block for the microelectronic industry, and new forms of silicon materials have promised an even brighter future with emerging applications from optoelectronic devices, energy and environment technologies and new therapeutics [1–3]. Many of these promises are often associated with reduction of the physical size of the material to the micro/nano scale which yields novel physical properties. For this reason, understanding and learning how to control these features is of high importance, and unsurprisingly, low dimension silicon structures have drawn broad research interests from physicists, chemists, materials engineers and medical scientists. At the new frontiers of nanostructure silicon research, biomedical applications are very appealing because silicon is highly biocompatible [4]. With the small sized silicon materials suitable for these applications, two distinct structures are porous silicon, and silicon nanocrystals which are also called quantum dots. Porous silicon is a form of crystalline silicon where the surface is embedded with nanometer sized pores [5], while silicon quantum dots are ultrasmall crystals of only a few nanometers in size [6]. They both exhibit unique optical features suitable for sensing and imaging, which can be tuned via comparable surface engineering methods. For this reason, this review combines the two subjects in one article, with the scope of advancing th fields through a comparative approach. Since both porous silicon and silicon quantum dots have been actively researched in the past two decades and multiple excellent reviews have been published [3, 5, 7], this paper will only highlight recent progresses in the past several years.
{"title":"Optical Biosensing and Bioimaging with Porous Silicon and Silicon Quantum Dots ( Invited Review )","authors":"Xiaoyu Cheng, B. Guan","doi":"10.2528/PIER17120504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER17120504","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth’s crust, and it is considered one of the most important materials for the world. Crystalline silicon has continued to serve as the foundational building block for the microelectronic industry, and new forms of silicon materials have promised an even brighter future with emerging applications from optoelectronic devices, energy and environment technologies and new therapeutics [1–3]. Many of these promises are often associated with reduction of the physical size of the material to the micro/nano scale which yields novel physical properties. For this reason, understanding and learning how to control these features is of high importance, and unsurprisingly, low dimension silicon structures have drawn broad research interests from physicists, chemists, materials engineers and medical scientists. At the new frontiers of nanostructure silicon research, biomedical applications are very appealing because silicon is highly biocompatible [4]. With the small sized silicon materials suitable for these applications, two distinct structures are porous silicon, and silicon nanocrystals which are also called quantum dots. Porous silicon is a form of crystalline silicon where the surface is embedded with nanometer sized pores [5], while silicon quantum dots are ultrasmall crystals of only a few nanometers in size [6]. They both exhibit unique optical features suitable for sensing and imaging, which can be tuned via comparable surface engineering methods. For this reason, this review combines the two subjects in one article, with the scope of advancing th fields through a comparative approach. Since both porous silicon and silicon quantum dots have been actively researched in the past two decades and multiple excellent reviews have been published [3, 5, 7], this paper will only highlight recent progresses in the past several years.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"68 1","pages":"103-121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76993243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The radiation characteristics of a cylindrical array antenna for Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR) and terminal MPAR (TMPAR) applications are presented. A probe-fed stacked microstrip patch antenna is used for array elements. In calculations, the embedded element pattern of the patch antenna is obtained by simulation of a 5×5 element planar array. The radiation pattern of the TMPARand MPAR-sized cylindrical array antenna is calculated using the coherent addition method which is verified with full-wave simulation. For cross-polarization suppression, the array elements are arranged with identical 2 × 2 element subarrays. The radiation patterns of MPAR and TMPAR cylindrical array antennas with and without image configuration are calculated and compared. It is shown that the low cross-polarization level and azimuthally scan invariant beam characteristics can be achieved by the cylindrical array with image arrangement.
{"title":"CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CYLINDRICAL POLARIMETRIC ARRAY ANTENNA PATTERNS FOR MULTI-MISSION APPLICATIONS","authors":"H. Saeidi-Manesh, Guifu Zhang","doi":"10.2528/PIER16122804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER16122804","url":null,"abstract":"The radiation characteristics of a cylindrical array antenna for Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR) and terminal MPAR (TMPAR) applications are presented. A probe-fed stacked microstrip patch antenna is used for array elements. In calculations, the embedded element pattern of the patch antenna is obtained by simulation of a 5×5 element planar array. The radiation pattern of the TMPARand MPAR-sized cylindrical array antenna is calculated using the coherent addition method which is verified with full-wave simulation. For cross-polarization suppression, the array elements are arranged with identical 2 × 2 element subarrays. The radiation patterns of MPAR and TMPAR cylindrical array antennas with and without image configuration are calculated and compared. It is shown that the low cross-polarization level and azimuthally scan invariant beam characteristics can be achieved by the cylindrical array with image arrangement.","PeriodicalId":54551,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research-Pier","volume":"151 1","pages":"49-61"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75690409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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