Environmental Science and Pollution Research最新文献

Thermal radiation blockage to the pool surface plays a major role in assessing the fire growth and heat feedback to the pool surface and thereby intensity of pollution to the environment. In this work, large eddy fire simulations are performed to quantify the thermal radiation blockage to the pool surface of 0.6 m n-heptane double pool fires (DPF). The interspace between the two pools is varied from 0 to 0.6 m. The results of the air entrainment show that the considered double pool configuration is radiation dominated irrespective of the separation distances between the pools. The predicted heat feedbacks are in good agreement with the experimental results. A radiation influencing zone (RIZ) is introduced based on the percentage of the radiation contribution from the flame. RIZ is directly proportional to the flame height. Based on the opacity through the RIZ, the thermal radiation blockage is calculated. The blockage of radiation from standalone fire to double fire increased to 20%. The calculated radiative heat flux to the pool surface is in good agreement with the reported measurements. In addition, the maximum deviation between calculated and measured heat fluxes of the studied DPF is 6.8%. Further, the accuracy of the present methodology is shown better than the reported literature estimations.

Temperature-dependent kinetics of Criegee intermediate (CH₂OO) with 2-pentanone were performed at 258-318 K and 50 Torr using pulsed laser photolysis-cavity ring-down spectroscopy (PLP-CRDS) technique. The measured room temperature rate coefficient was (3.84 ± 0.24) × 10^-13 cm³ molecule^-1 s^-1. The reaction follows a negative temperature dependency, and the corresponding Arrhenius equation is k₄ = (1.76 ± 0.36) × 10^-15exp{(3.18 ± 0.11) kcal mol^-1/RT}. The high-P limit rate coefficients obtained using CVT/SCT at CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311 + G(2df,2p) level of theory deviate from the experimental results, especially in the low-temperature region. At 258 K, the computed high-P limit rate coefficient exceeded the experimental value by more than a factor of four. Comparing all the reaction pathways, HCOOH was the major product formed in the title reaction. The atmospheric lifetime of 2-pentanone due to its reaction with CH₂OO was calculated to be ~ 3000 days, rendering the reaction insignificant for inclusion in models of atmospheric 2-pentanone.

The escalation of the global population has accelerated the demand for sustainable energy sources such as bioethanol. Traditionally, bioethanol was obtained by the fermentation of sugar from agricultural crops and grains. However, this technique creates serious threats on the global food supplies, thus hindering the commercial production of bioethanol. Therefore, there is a need to develop new technologies and low-cost raw materials in order to ensure that bioethanol is economically comparable to the first generation of bioethanol. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been in the limelight within the scientific community because of its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and promising technology to produce bioethanol. SSF involves the cultivation of microorganisms on a solid substrate in the absence of free-flowing water, which eliminates the need for sugar extraction and reduces wastewater production. This systematic review provides an overview of the applications of SSF in bioethanol production while presenting recent studies and advancements of this technology for producing sustainable and cost-effective bioethanol.

This study evaluates the potential impacts of climate change on Bangladesh by analyzing 19 bioclimatic indicators based on temperature and precipitation. Data from 18 bias-corrected CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) were used, covering four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)-SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585-across three future timeframes: near-term (2015-2044), mid-term (2045-2074), and long-term (2075-2100). Under the high-emission SSP585 scenario, average temperatures are projected to rise by up to 3.76 °C, and annual precipitation could increase by 52.6%, reaching up to 3446.38 mm by the end of the century. The maximum temperature (Bio5) could reach 32.91 °C, while the minimum temperature (Bio6) might rise by 4.43 °C, particularly during winter. Precipitation seasonality (Bio15) is projected to increase by as much as 7.9% in the northwest, indicating heightened variability between wet and dry seasons. The diurnal temperature range (Bio2) is expected to decrease by up to - 1.3 °C, signifying reduced nighttime cooling, which could exacerbate heat stress. Significant reductions in temperature seasonality (Bio4) are forecast for the northeast, with notable declines in isothermality (Bio3) under SSP585, pointing to increased climatic extremes. These climatic shifts pose severe risks to agricultural productivity, water resource availability, and biodiversity, particularly in flood-prone regions. The findings highlight the need for urgent adaptation measures, including improved flood management systems, efficient water resource use, and climate-resilient agricultural practices. By providing robust region-specific projections, this study offers critical insights for policymakers and stakeholders to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and safeguard environmental and economic sustainability in Bangladesh.

An extensive study on ²¹⁰Po was conducted at Castillos Lagoon, a shallow brackish lagoon on the east coast of Uruguay, aiming to determine the activity concentrations of ²¹⁰Po in various compartments and to derive the activity fluxes among them. The activity concentration of ²¹⁰Po was determined in water, sediments, six different species of fishes, crabs, shrimps, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. ²¹⁰Po was determined using alpha spectrometry, performing radiochemical separation and self-deposition on silver disc. The activity concentrations of ²¹⁰Po obtained in the water samples ranged from 0.5 ± 0.1 to 30.5 ± 0.7 mBq/L, while in the sediment samples varied between 24 ± 1 and 129 ± 5 Bq/kg. In the case of biota, the ranges obtained were 15 ± 1 to 33 ± 2 Bq/kg in phytoplankton, 33 ± 2 to 200 ± 6 Bq/kg in mixed zooplankton, 125 ± 4 to 183 ± 6 Bq/kg in the soft tissue of razor clam (Tagelus aff. plebeius), 94 ± 2 Bq/kg in the soft tissue of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), 10 ± 1 to 28 ± 2 Bq/kg in shrimp muscle, and 232 ± 6 to 422 ± 10 Bq/kg in shrimp hepatopancreas (Penaeus paulensis). In the case of fish, the ranges were 1.8 ± 0.2 to 497 ± 10 Bq/kg in muscle tissue and 47 ± 2 to 1750 ± 32 Bq/kg in stomach and intestine tissue. The transfer coefficient (CR) values vary between 10¹ and 10⁵ depending on the aquatic organism and the tissue considered. The results obtained in this work are consistent with the theory that ²¹⁰Po is primarily absorbed from water and concentrated by phytoplankton and zooplankton, then transferred to the next trophic levels along food chains. This theory has also been observed by F.P. Carvalho (2018a) and IAEA (2017). These data contribute to increase the limited CR ²¹⁰Po datasets in fresh and brackish waters and in the Southern Hemisphere.

This comparative study investigates the modification of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with different nanoparticles (TiO₂ or TiO₂-based composites containing BiVO₄ and/or CNT), using three distinct methods (blending, coating, and grafting) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The objective was to enhance the photocatalytic and filtration performance for the separation of oil-in-water emulsions. Regarding the UV activity, the PVDF-TiO₂/CNT/PVP-coated membrane presented the best performance. Overall, the addition of 2 wt.% CNT to the TiO₂ notably enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the membranes for both UV and visible irradiations. Meanwhile, the presence of 2 wt.% BiVO₄ was beneficial only for photocatalysis under visible light irradiation. Regarding the filtration of the oil-in-water emulsions, 2 wt.% CNT or BiVO₄ addition resulted in the highest fluxes in the series of the PVDF-TiO₂-grafted membranes. The presence of pore former PVP led to relatively high fluxes and photocatalytic activities for all series. Regarding the modification methods, coated membranes showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency and lowest fluxes. Grafted membranes showed relatively high photocatalytic efficiencies and the best filtration performances.

Bandung, Indonesia, represents the complex interactions between climate variability, basin topography, and deposition processes. This study conducted a long-term spatiotemporal analysis, including pH distribution and pollutant accumulation monitoring, to observe the chemical composition of wet deposition in Bandung as part of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). The results revealed that ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ and ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$ were the predominant ions, followed by ${\text{SO}}_4^{2-}$ , with their distribution varying across different sites due to local emissions and atmospheric processes. The interactions between these ions, particularly the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, were closely linked to the basin's localized sources and topographical features. Areas experiencing high traffic congestion were classified as acidic regions due to their low pH levels. In contrast, a rural site exhibited a basic pH due to the high concentration of ion ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ . Variations in pH and conductivity, along with the impacts of climatic events such as El Niño and La Niña, emphasized the role of weather patterns in shaping wet deposition dynamics. Seasonal trends indicated elevated total ion concentrations during the dry season, driven by sea salt contributions, as supported by strong correlations between Na⁺ and ${\text{Cl}}^{-}$ and between Na⁺ and Mg²⁺. Additionally, geological materials and atmospheric reactions contributed to the strong correlations observed between soil-derived cations and acidic species. The increasing trend in ${\text{nss}-\text{SO}}_4^{2-}$ and the contrasting decrease in ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$ concentrations in rural areas suggest evolving emission sources and environmental conditions.

Microplastics are ubiquitous in the world's oceans and pose serious environmental concerns, including their ingestion and the release of potentially toxic mixtures of intrinsic and extrinsic chemical compounds (i.e. leachates; MPLs). Mussels, as key intertidal bioengineers and filter-feeders are particularly susceptible to both exposure pathways. While the effects of microplastic ingestion have been widely investigated, research on the impacts of MPLs has only recently begun. This study examined the influence of MPLs derived from beached pellets collected in two separate regions, namely France and Portugal, on the respiration rates of two key ecosystem engineers, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Possibly due to distinct mixtures of leached chemicals, unlike Portuguese-MPLs, exposure to French-MPLs significantly decreased the respiration rate of both mussel species. This research provides new insights into the physiological impacts of MPLs on bioengineer species, highlighting the importance of MP source and potential cascading effects at the ecosystem level. While we reported significant effects on mussel respiration after acute MPL exposure, future research should investigate long-term impacts and potential detoxification mechanisms to clarify the effects of MPs on mussel physiological performance and their potential consequences on specie fitness.

Amphibians are continuously exposed to pollutants and anthropogenic stressors in their natural habitats, representing a significant challenge to their survival. This study aimed to quantify the extent of DNA damage caused by chronic industrial and agrochemical surface water pollution in wild populations of the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus). The observed genotoxic effects on the marsh frog DNA, manifesting as abnormalities in erythrocyte nuclei, micronuclei, and DNA strand breaks, demonstrate a clear cause-and-effect relationship with surface water parameters, heavy metals, metalloids, and pesticides. The most prevalent nuclear abnormalities observed were notched and blebbed nuclei and nuclear buds, indicative of chromosomal instability. The significant correlation between cadmium, lead, and copper contamination and the increased frequency of DNA breakage in the marsh frogs from the industrial site indicates that heavy metal contamination has a higher genotoxic potential than pesticide contamination. These findings underscore the vulnerability of amphibians inhabiting heavy metal-contaminated wetlands to genotoxic stress due to their lower tolerance to environmental genotoxins. Therefore, using in situ assays to detect erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage in P. ridibundus could serve as a reliable indicator of environmental quality and provide early detection of anthropogenic pollution.

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) process synergistically combines biological treatment with membrane filtration, offering a compact design and enhanced operational flexibility. However, membrane fouling remains a critical bottleneck, limiting its widespread application, particularly in treating high-strength wastewater. Recent advances have demonstrated that integrating MBR systems with auxiliary processes such as adsorption, electrochemical treatments, algal-assisted systems, and others can significantly mitigate fouling and enhance treatment efficacy. This paper critically reviews various MBR hybrid configurations, examining their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations in terms of treatment performance and fouling control, while highlighting their potential to extend conventional MBR's applicability to challenging wastewaters and addressing operational challenges like economic viability and sustainability. Elaborated tables incorporating a wide variety of research studies within the realm of synchronization have been meticulously compiled to generate a comprehensive literature review.