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Damage in a saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) population in the El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, Sonora, Mexico 在El Pinacate和Gran Desierto de Altar生物圈保护区,墨西哥索诺拉,美洲鳄(Carnegiea gigantea)种群的损害
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12434
C. Jiménez-Sierra, Erika Arroyo‐Pérez, M. L. Matias-Palafox, D. Jiménez, A. B. Solorio, Alejandra Quintanar-Isaías, María de los Ángeles González‐Adán, Benito Quesada
The saguaro is an endemic and emblematic columnar cactus of the Sonoran Desert that offers refuge and food to different species. Climate change and increased ultraviolet exposure are threatening this species. Although reports of an increase in “epidermal browning” in saguaro populations in the United States have been published, to the best of our knowledge, no studies of this or other types of damage to Mexican saguaro populations are available. The present research is the first report of its kind performed in a saguaro population in the El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve (Sonora, Mexico). Seven types of damage were evaluated and classified in saguaro stems: cactus cortical scaling (CCS = epidermal browning), girdling, shell, exposed root, eyelet, termite tubes, and topping cuts. In addition, an anatomical comparison of healthy and CCS‐damaged tissues is presented. Shell was the most frequent type of damage (91% of individuals), followed by CCS (73%). Girdling occurred mainly in small organisms. Shell, exposed root, eyelet, and termite tubes tended to occur more frequently in larger organisms, whereas CCS tended to be more evenly distributed among differently sized individuals. Of all individuals, 3.3% were undamaged, 89.2% were moderately damaged, and 7.5% were highly damaged. CCS damage causes differences in the composition of the tissues, as well as in stomata distribution, thus compromising the photosynthetic function of the stem. The snapshot of the state of the individuals provided in the present study highlights the need for longer‐term studies considering the long life cycle of the saguaro to develop conservation strategies.
仙人掌是索诺兰沙漠特有的象征性柱状仙人掌,为不同物种提供庇护和食物。气候变化和紫外线暴露的增加正在威胁着这个物种。尽管已经发表了关于美国仙人掌种群“表皮褐变”增加的报告,但据我们所知,还没有关于墨西哥仙人掌种群遭受这种或其他类型损害的研究。本研究是首次在El Pinacate和Gran Desierto de Altar生物圈保护区(墨西哥索诺拉)的仙人掌种群中进行此类研究。对仙人掌茎中的七种损伤类型进行了评估和分类:仙人掌皮层剥落(CCS = 表皮褐变)、环剥、外壳、露根、孔眼、白蚁管和顶部切口。此外,还对健康组织和CCS损伤组织进行了解剖学比较。贝壳是最常见的损伤类型(91%的个体),其次是CCS(73%)。围带现象主要发生在小生物体中。外壳、裸露的根部、眼孔和白蚁管往往更频繁地出现在较大的生物体中,而CCS往往更均匀地分布在不同大小的个体中。在所有个体中,3.3%未受损,89.2%中度受损,7.5%高度受损。CCS损伤导致组织组成和气孔分布的差异,从而损害茎的光合功能。本研究中提供的个体状态快照强调了考虑到仙人掌的长生命周期进行长期研究的必要性,以制定保护策略。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of osmotic stress and salinity on germination and mucilage expansion of seeds of Plantago albicans L. (Plantaginaceae): Inter‐population variation 渗透胁迫和盐度对白车前草种子萌发和粘液扩张的影响:群体间变异
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12430
S. Mira, L. Veiga-Barbosa, J. Martínez-Laborde, F. Pérez‐García, M. E. González-Benito
Plantago albicans L. (Plantaginaceae) grows in wastelands, slopes, and stony pastures, with dry and sun‐exposed soils. Its seeds produce a mucilaginous coat. The main aim of this study was to evaluate intraspecific variation of osmotic and salinity stress response and mucilage production in P. albicans seeds. The relationships between osmotic and salinity stress, germination characteristics, and mucilage expansion were studied in eight populations of P. albicans. Seeds were germinated in distilled water, 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG), or 100 mM NaCl solutions. In most populations, PEG and NaCl reduced final germination. Also, germination was slowed more significantly under osmotic stress than under salinity, while mucilage expansion was more affected by salinity. Therefore, there was an inverse correlation between mucilage expansion and germination under salinity and osmotic stress. Seed populations with similar climatic parameters showed different germination response; however, a correlation was found between mucilage expansion and some climatic parameters. Seeds from drier habitats germinated faster under water stress and produced more mucilage under control and water stress than populations from more humid areas.
白色车前草(车前草科)生长在荒地、斜坡和多石的牧场上,土壤干燥且暴露在阳光下。它的种子产生一层黏糊糊的外壳。本研究的主要目的是评估白色念珠菌种子的渗透和盐度胁迫反应以及粘液产生的种内变异。研究了8个白色念珠菌种群的渗透胁迫和盐度胁迫、发芽特性和粘液膨胀之间的关系。种子在蒸馏水、20%(w/v)聚乙二醇6000(PEG)或100 mM NaCl溶液。在大多数群体中,PEG和NaCl降低了最终发芽率。此外,在渗透胁迫下比在盐度下发芽更显著,而粘液膨胀更受盐度的影响。因此,在盐度和渗透胁迫下,粘液膨胀与发芽呈负相关。气候参数相似的种子群体表现出不同的发芽反应;然而,发现粘液膨胀与一些气候参数之间存在相关性。与来自更潮湿地区的种群相比,来自更干燥栖息地的种子在水分胁迫下发芽更快,在控制和水分胁迫下产生更多的粘液。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in reproductive function between terminal and lateral flowers in the capitulum of Albizia julibrissin (Fabaceae) based on female fertility, ovule number, and pistil and polyad size 枣科合欢头状花序顶侧花生殖功能的差异——基于雌性生殖力、胚珠数、雌蕊和多聚体大小
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12431
Leiko Mizusawa, Saori Kato, T. Kurosawa
The division of labor between florets responsible for reproduction and special functions occurs widely in condensed inflorescences. The capitulum of Albizia julibrissin consists of approximately 10–20 lateral flowers and usually one nectar‐secreting terminal flower; the two flower types are morphologically distinct, but the differences in reproductive function have not been revealed. To determine the differences in reproductive function between terminal and lateral flowers, we compared the ratio of terminal and lateral flowers at the flowering and young pod stages. Additionally, ovule number, stigma size, polyad size, and the ratio of flower abscission were compared between the two flower types. Significant differences were detected only in female fertility between the two flower types. At the flowering stage, 6.8% of flowers were terminal flowers, whereas at the young pod stage, all young fruits were obtained from lateral flowers. At the final stage of blooming, based on the generalized linear model analysis, the ratio of surviving terminal flowers was lower than that of the lateral flowers in a capitulum. These results suggest that the terminal flowers of A. julibrissin had female sterility or, at least, female fertility was lower than in lateral flowers. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine some previous studies that assumed A. julibrissin to be andromonoecious with hermaphroditic terminal flowers and male lateral flowers. Further comparisons of the quality of ovules and polyads are necessary to clarify whether there is a division of labor between the terminal and lateral flowers in A. julibrissin.
负责繁殖和特殊功能的小花之间的分工广泛发生在凝聚的花序中。合欢的头状花序由大约10-20朵侧花组成,通常有一朵分泌花蜜的顶生花;这两种花在形态上是不同的,但在生殖功能上的差异尚未揭示。为了确定顶花和侧花在生殖功能上的差异,我们比较了花期和幼荚期顶花和侧花的比例。此外,还比较了两种花型的胚珠数、柱头大小、多聚体大小和花脱落率。两种花型间仅在雌性育性方面存在显著差异。在花期,6.8%的花是顶生花,而在幼荚期,所有的幼果都来自侧生花。在开花后期,根据广义线性模型分析,头状花序顶生花的存活率低于侧生花的存活率。这些结果表明,合欢顶花具有雌性不育性,或者至少雌性不育性低于侧花。因此,有必要重新审视以往认为合欢属雄花雌雄同体、顶花雌雄同体、侧花雄性同体的研究。为了阐明合欢的顶生花和侧生花之间是否存在分工,有必要进一步比较合欢的胚珠和多囊的质量。
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引用次数: 0
The epiphytic orchid Vanda falcata is predominantly associated with a single Tulasnellaceae fungus in adulthood, and Ceratobasidiaceae fungi strongly induce its seed germination in vitro 附生兰Vanda falcata在成年期主要与一种Tulasnellaceae真菌有关,而Ceratobasidiaceae真菌在体外强烈诱导其种子发芽
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12432
Kento Rammitsu, Nao Yamamoto, R. Chamara, Mutsumi Minobe, Akihiko Kinoshita, Nobuhiko Kotaka, Y. Ogura‐Tsujita
Vanda falcata is an epiphytic orchid native to East Asia with high horticultural and ornamental value. However, its wild populations are at risk of extinction due to overcollection and habitat loss. Orchids are highly dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for their nutrient acquisition from seed germination to adulthood; therefore, understanding their mycorrhizal associations throughout the life cycle is essential for their conservation. We investigated the mycorrhizal fungi of adult V. falcata plants through the molecular identification of root samples from 40 individual plants from 13 sites, covering a distance of 1200 km across Japan. To identify the fungi that promote V. falcata seed germination, we performed seed germination tests in vitro with fungal isolates from V. falcata and other epiphytic orchids. In adult plants, we detected a total of 11 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within two fungal families, Ceratobasidiaceae and Tulasnellaceae, and a single Tulasnellaceae OTU (TU11) was found in samples from 12 sites. However, Vanda falcata seed germination and early development were induced in vitro by Ceratobasidiaceae fungi rather than Tulasnellaceae fungi, including TU11. These results suggest that different mycorrhizal fungi may be predominantly associated with V. falcata in the adult and seed germination stages. This mycorrhizal switching suggests that effective mycorrhizal fungi for conservation may differ between the adult and juvenile stages, even within a single orchid species. Our findings clarify the mycorrhizal associations of endangered epiphytic orchid species and could improve conservation efforts for these rare plants.
Vanda falcata是原产于东亚的附生兰花,具有较高的园艺和观赏价值。然而,由于过度采集和栖息地丧失,其野生种群面临灭绝的风险。兰花从种子发芽到成年都高度依赖菌根真菌获取营养;因此,了解它们在整个生命周期中的菌根联系对于保护它们至关重要。我们通过对来自13个地点的40株植物的根样本进行分子鉴定,研究了镰刀菌成虫的菌根真菌 公里。为了鉴定促进镰孢霉种子发芽的真菌,我们对镰孢霉和其他附生兰花的真菌分离株进行了体外种子发芽试验。在成年植物中,我们在两个真菌科(Ceratobasidiaceae和Tulasnellaceae)中总共检测到11个操作分类单元(OTU),在来自12个地点的样本中发现了一个Tulasnellceae OTU(TU11)。然而,Vanda falcata种子的萌发和早期发育是由Ceratobasidiaceae真菌而不是Tulasnellaceae真菌(包括TU11)在体外诱导的。这些结果表明,在成虫和种子萌发阶段,不同的菌根真菌可能主要与镰孢霉有关。这种菌根的转换表明,用于保护的有效菌根真菌在成年和幼年阶段可能有所不同,即使在单个兰花物种中也是如此。我们的发现阐明了濒危附生兰花物种的菌根联系,并可能改善这些稀有植物的保护工作。
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引用次数: 0
Floral hairs of Tradescantia fluminensis (Commelinaceae) manipulate behavior of hoverflies for effective pollination 川紫露草(鸭跖草科)的花毛操纵气垫蝇的行为以实现有效授粉
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12429
Kazuki Tagawa
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引用次数: 1
Transgenerational competition effects persist across multiple generations and are altered by offspring competitive environments in a clonal plant 在无性系植物中,跨代竞争效应在多代中持续存在,并被后代竞争环境所改变
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12427
Yu Jin, Jinsong Chen, Ningfei Lei, Fang-Li Luo, Lin Huang, Wei Xue, Qian Zhang, Fei Yu
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引用次数: 0
Floral polymorphism and heteromorphic incompatibility in the distylous tropical shrub Waltheria rotundifolia (Malvaceae) 二瓣花热带灌木圆叶石斛的花型多态性及异型不亲和性
4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12425
Brian Suárez, Juan Tun‐Garrido, Paula Sosenski, Víctor Parra‐Tabla
Abstract The genus Waltheria is known for having a high percentage of distylous species (ca. 85%). However, distyly has only been comprehensively studied in a few Waltheria species. The study of distyly is of particular ecological relevance given the occurrence of exotic pollinators in natural ecosystems nowadays, which could potentially affect legitimate pollen transfer between floral morphs. In the present study, we characterized the sexual reciprocity between floral morphs in the tropical shrub Waltheria rotundifolia , we tested if the pollen transfer patterns were in accordance with proper distyly, and we tested its incompatibility system. Reciprocity was characterized by measuring sexual traits, while pollen traits were measured to evaluate the presence of ancillary polymorphisms. The efficiency of distyly to promote legitimate pollen transfer was determined by quantifying pollen loads deposited on stigmas and on the body of Apis mellifera , the main floral visitor of W. rotundifolia . Finally, hand pollinations were performed to determine the strength of the incompatibility system. Flowers exhibit a reciprocal arrangement of sexual organs and pollen ancillary features typical of distylous plants. We observed a differential placement of pollen on the body of A. mellifera . However, intermorph differences in the pollen loads and legitimate pollen deposited on stigmas suggest inefficient pollen transfer by A. mellifera . Hand pollinations revealed the presence of a heteromorphic incompatibility system. Overall, our results show that although factors for disassortative pollen transfer are present in the studied population, W. rotundifolia exhibits asymmetric pollen deposition probably due to A. mellifera foraging behavior.
摘要:Waltheria属以具有高比例的二瓣植物而闻名(约85%)。然而,仅在少数Waltheria物种中对diyly进行了全面研究。考虑到当今自然生态系统中外来传粉媒介的存在,它们可能会影响花形态之间的合法花粉传递,对didily的研究具有特殊的生态学意义。本文研究了热带灌木圆叶Waltheria rotundifolia花型间的性别互易性,考察了花粉传递模式是否符合适当的分布规律,并对其不亲和系统进行了研究。互易性是通过测量性性状来表征的,而花粉性状是通过测量辅助多态性来评价的。通过对圆形叶的主要访花者蜜蜂柱头和体上的花粉量进行定量分析,确定了白菊花促进花粉合法传递的效率。最后,通过手传粉来确定不亲和系统的强度。花表现出性器官和花粉的相互排列,这是二花科植物的典型特征。我们观察到花粉在蜜蜂身体上的不同位置。然而,花粉负荷和合法花粉沉积在柱头上的形态间差异表明蜜蜂的花粉转移效率不高。手传粉揭示了异型不亲和系统的存在。总体而言,我们的研究结果表明,尽管在研究群体中存在花粉不对称传递的因素,但圆叶菊的花粉沉积不对称可能与蜜蜂的觅食行为有关。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of sand burial on seedling growth of the coastal dune plant Viola grayi: Tolerance and adaptive responses to sand accretion 沙埋对海岸沙丘植物灰百合幼苗生长的影响:耐沙性和对积沙的适应性反应
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12426
A. Kuroda
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引用次数: 0
Contribution of genetic analyses to semi‐natural grassland biodiversity conservation in Japan 基因分析对日本半天然草地生物多样性保护的贡献
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12424
N. Nakahama, Seikan Kurata, A. Ushimaru
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the importance of root architecture plasticity in plant adaptation to environmental constraints 探讨根构型可塑性在植物适应环境约束中的重要性
IF 1.4 4区 生物学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1111/1442-1984.12410
Belkacem El Amrani
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Plant Species Biology
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