Vivipary is a remarkable trait in the Cactaceae family. Here, we reported a case of vivipary in Cereus jamacaru and observed which season had the highest vivipary incidence by examining the types of fruits and seeds produced during two contrasting periods in a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, because seeds of this species are positively photoblastic, a germination experiment was conducted to confirm whether seeds inside viviparous fruits (VFs) exhibited changes in light sensitivity. Seeds from VFs were then subjected to different light quality treatments, and their germination was compared with that observed in seeds from non‐viviparous fruits (NVFs). Vivipary only occurred in fruits produced at the end of the rainy season. Viviparous fruits’ seeds had a higher germination percentage under far‐red light than NVFs’ seeds, suggesting that vivipary may favor seed germination under canopy‐shade light and therefore provide new avenues for survival in semiarid environments.
{"title":"Vivipary and light quality effects on seed germination of the columnar cactus, Cereus jamacaru","authors":"Jessyca Adelle Silva Santos, M. Meiado, Q. Garcia","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12471","url":null,"abstract":"Vivipary is a remarkable trait in the Cactaceae family. Here, we reported a case of vivipary in Cereus jamacaru and observed which season had the highest vivipary incidence by examining the types of fruits and seeds produced during two contrasting periods in a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, because seeds of this species are positively photoblastic, a germination experiment was conducted to confirm whether seeds inside viviparous fruits (VFs) exhibited changes in light sensitivity. Seeds from VFs were then subjected to different light quality treatments, and their germination was compared with that observed in seeds from non‐viviparous fruits (NVFs). Vivipary only occurred in fruits produced at the end of the rainy season. Viviparous fruits’ seeds had a higher germination percentage under far‐red light than NVFs’ seeds, suggesting that vivipary may favor seed germination under canopy‐shade light and therefore provide new avenues for survival in semiarid environments.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141383259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laísa Maria de Resende Castro, Christina Cleo Vinson, Andrea Lanna Almeida, Natália Faustino Cury, Michelle de Souza Fayad André, Thomas Christopher Rhys Williams, Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira
Qualea grandiflora Mart. is an aluminum (Al)‐accumulating Cerrado species with a metabolic dependency on Al. This study aimed to determine the presence and concentration of Al and other reserve components in Q. grandiflora seeds, as well as their respective distribution patterns, mobilization, and usage during germination and seedling growth. Thus, the concentration of Al and other minerals in seeds, seedlings, and soils was measured. Also, histochemical and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed to observe the distribution of Al, proteins, and lipids in Q. grandiflora seeds and seedlings. Additionally, the concentration of proteins and lipids was assessed as well. Hence, even in soils with low exchangeable Al3+, Q. grandiflora seeds accumulated about 6.43 g of Al/kg of dry matter (DM) together with considerable concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Exogenous Al had no effect on the germination properties of Q. grandiflora seeds. Furthermore, approximately 60% of the seed Al was translocated to seedling leaves. Proteins and lipids were the main organic reserves in Q. grandiflora seeds. The histochemical analysis revealed that the bulk of Al in seeds was in the cotyledons, which were also the location sites of proteins and lipids. Proteins and lipids were the primary source of energy and carbon for seedling growth. Therefore, fatty acids, proteins, and Al could play a central role during seed germination and seedling establishment, which could help to explain why this species is one of the most widespread plants in the Cerrado.
{"title":"Qualea grandiflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) seed reserves and aluminum: Usage and mobilization during germination and seedling development","authors":"Laísa Maria de Resende Castro, Christina Cleo Vinson, Andrea Lanna Almeida, Natália Faustino Cury, Michelle de Souza Fayad André, Thomas Christopher Rhys Williams, Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12469","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Qualea grandiflora</jats:italic> Mart. is an aluminum (Al)‐accumulating Cerrado species with a metabolic dependency on Al. This study aimed to determine the presence and concentration of Al and other reserve components in <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds, as well as their respective distribution patterns, mobilization, and usage during germination and seedling growth. Thus, the concentration of Al and other minerals in seeds, seedlings, and soils was measured. Also, histochemical and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed to observe the distribution of Al, proteins, and lipids in <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds and seedlings. Additionally, the concentration of proteins and lipids was assessed as well. Hence, even in soils with low exchangeable Al<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>, <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds accumulated about 6.43 g of Al/kg of dry matter (DM) together with considerable concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Exogenous Al had no effect on the germination properties of <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds. Furthermore, approximately 60% of the seed Al was translocated to seedling leaves. Proteins and lipids were the main organic reserves in <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds. The histochemical analysis revealed that the bulk of Al in seeds was in the cotyledons, which were also the location sites of proteins and lipids. Proteins and lipids were the primary source of energy and carbon for seedling growth. Therefore, fatty acids, proteins, and Al could play a central role during seed germination and seedling establishment, which could help to explain why this species is one of the most widespread plants in the Cerrado.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Animal‐pollinated plants have evolved rewards and advertisements to attract pollinators, which learn to associate advertisements with rewards. Pollen‐collecting insects, such as bees, associate stamens with pollen (a reward) essential for brood rearing. In some dioecious plants, female flowers have stamens with sterile pollen grains to mimic male flowers. It is not yet fully understood whether females offer less nutritious pollen to pollinators in order to conserve nutrition. Here, we tested this hypothesis in a perennial vine, Actinidia polygama, which bears nectarless flowers. We quantified flower production and measured the dry mass of floral parts as well as carbon and nitrogen concentrations in floral parts and pollen in both sexes. Males produced more flowers per inflorescence and more inflorescences per shoot than females, while the dry mass of each flower was greater in females. The carbon allocation pattern was similar to that of biomass, but nitrogen allocation exhibited a remarkable reduction in sterile stamens and pollen of female flowers. In addition, as sterile pollen of females was sparse, when compared at the same volume, it was lighter than the pollen of males. Sterile pollen produced in female flowers appears to be as voluminous as that of male flowers but extremely poor in nutrients, especially in nitrogen, which clearly suggests that A. polygama females deceive pollen‐collecting pollinators for brood rearing.
{"title":"Floral deception in dioecious Actinidia polygama (Actinidiaceae) revealed by differential nitrogen investment in male organs","authors":"Haruka Nakayama, Ranko Takada, Takashi Miyake, Keiko Miyake, Takashi Nirei, Hitoshi Sakio","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12470","url":null,"abstract":"Animal‐pollinated plants have evolved rewards and advertisements to attract pollinators, which learn to associate advertisements with rewards. Pollen‐collecting insects, such as bees, associate stamens with pollen (a reward) essential for brood rearing. In some dioecious plants, female flowers have stamens with sterile pollen grains to mimic male flowers. It is not yet fully understood whether females offer less nutritious pollen to pollinators in order to conserve nutrition. Here, we tested this hypothesis in a perennial vine, <jats:italic>Actinidia polygama</jats:italic>, which bears nectarless flowers. We quantified flower production and measured the dry mass of floral parts as well as carbon and nitrogen concentrations in floral parts and pollen in both sexes. Males produced more flowers per inflorescence and more inflorescences per shoot than females, while the dry mass of each flower was greater in females. The carbon allocation pattern was similar to that of biomass, but nitrogen allocation exhibited a remarkable reduction in sterile stamens and pollen of female flowers. In addition, as sterile pollen of females was sparse, when compared at the same volume, it was lighter than the pollen of males. Sterile pollen produced in female flowers appears to be as voluminous as that of male flowers but extremely poor in nutrients, especially in nitrogen, which clearly suggests that <jats:italic>A. polygama</jats:italic> females deceive pollen‐collecting pollinators for brood rearing.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is naturally common that different proportions of ramets in a clone lose rooting conditions due to habitat stress or obstacles, which potentially affects the overall growth of the clonal plant to different extents. However, so far, little attention has been paid to such phenomena and much less to the underlying ecological mechanisms. Taking Zoysia japonica as material, through an experiment with two nutrition levels in the habitats and five rooting ramet proportions in the clones, the impacts of proportions of rooting ramets in the clone on the overall growth were tested and the ecological mechanisms were analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the total clonal biomasses among the clones with five rooting ramet proportions under high and low nutrition levels, except for that with 0% rooting ramet proportion. Under both high and low nutrition levels, the lower rooting ramet proportions (0% and 25%) in the clones significantly decreased the number of the so‐called A‐ and B‐ramets, root biomass, stolon length per unit biomass, and root–shoot ratio, but significantly increased the stolon biomass of the clones. Stolon elongation was promoted under high nutrient level, and biomass allocations to stolons and roots increased under low nutrition levels. A‐ramet biomasses accounted for about 50% and 30% of the total biomasses of the whole clone under high and low nutrition levels, respectively. These results might be reasonably explained in terms of clonal integration, compensatory growth, division of labor, and bet‐hedging strategy.
在克隆植物中，不同比例的柱头因生境压力或障碍而失去生根条件的情况自然很常见，这可能会在不同程度上影响克隆植物的整体生长。然而，迄今为止，人们很少关注这种现象，更少关注其背后的生态机制。以紫云英为材料，通过生境中两种营养水平和克隆中五种生根柱比例的实验，测试了克隆中生根柱比例对整体生长的影响，并分析了其生态机制。结果表明，在高营养水平和低营养水平下，除生根率为0%的克隆外，其他五种生根率的克隆总生物量无显著差异。在高营养水平和低营养水平下，较低生根块比例（0% 和 25%）的克隆在所谓的 A 生根块和 B 生根块数量、根生物量、单位生物量的匍匐茎长度和根芽比方面均显著下降，但在匍匐茎生物量方面却显著增加。在高营养水平下，匍匐茎伸长加快；在低营养水平下，匍匐茎和根的生物量分配增加。在高营养水平和低营养水平下，A-匍匐茎生物量分别约占整个克隆生物量的 50%和 30%。这些结果可以从克隆整合、补偿生长、分工和对赌策略等方面得到合理解释。
{"title":"Do proportions of rooting ramets in the clone affect the overall growth of the stoloniferous clonal plant Zoysia japonica?","authors":"Jing Chen, De‐Zhi Li, Xiao‐Tao Yun, Ying Wang, Ling‐Ling Li, Jing Jia, Samreen Ghulam Rasool","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12456","url":null,"abstract":"It is naturally common that different proportions of ramets in a clone lose rooting conditions due to habitat stress or obstacles, which potentially affects the overall growth of the clonal plant to different extents. However, so far, little attention has been paid to such phenomena and much less to the underlying ecological mechanisms. Taking Zoysia japonica as material, through an experiment with two nutrition levels in the habitats and five rooting ramet proportions in the clones, the impacts of proportions of rooting ramets in the clone on the overall growth were tested and the ecological mechanisms were analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the total clonal biomasses among the clones with five rooting ramet proportions under high and low nutrition levels, except for that with 0% rooting ramet proportion. Under both high and low nutrition levels, the lower rooting ramet proportions (0% and 25%) in the clones significantly decreased the number of the so‐called A‐ and B‐ramets, root biomass, stolon length per unit biomass, and root–shoot ratio, but significantly increased the stolon biomass of the clones. Stolon elongation was promoted under high nutrient level, and biomass allocations to stolons and roots increased under low nutrition levels. A‐ramet biomasses accounted for about 50% and 30% of the total biomasses of the whole clone under high and low nutrition levels, respectively. These results might be reasonably explained in terms of clonal integration, compensatory growth, division of labor, and bet‐hedging strategy.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Octavio-Aguilar, Cuauhtémoc Alain Rubio‐Tobón, Gerardo Montelongo‐Ruiz, Dulce María Galván-Hernández
Genetic diversity is the most widely used indicator to evaluate the evolutionary potential of a species. In theory, species with limited distribution are more susceptible to diversity loss. However, some species with restricted distribution occasionally present more diversity than expected, as is the case for some cycads. Ceratozamia kuesteriana is a microendemic species in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Several previously reported populations have been eradicated in the last 10 years. The objective of this work was to estimate the levels of diversity and genetic structure in five populations within the reserve. The results show a high structure and differentiation, even when the populations are geographically proximal. However, overall diversity is high, with recent bottlenecks and alleles departing from neutrality, suggesting a broad, well‐adapted genetic base. Unfortunately, this genetic pool has recently become fragmented, posing a high extinction risk if allelic representativeness is absent in collections or botanical gardens.
遗传多样性是评估物种进化潜力最广泛使用的指标。从理论上讲，分布有限的物种更容易受到多样性丧失的影响。然而，一些分布有限的物种偶尔也会呈现出比预期更多的多样性，一些苏铁类植物就是如此。Ceratozamia kuesteriana 是墨西哥塔毛利帕斯州 El Cielo 生物圈保护区的一个微型特有物种。在过去 10 年中，以前报告的几个种群已被消灭。这项工作的目的是评估保护区内五个种群的多样性水平和遗传结构。结果表明，即使种群地理位置相近，其结构和分化程度也很高。然而，总体多样性很高，最近出现了瓶颈和等位基因偏离中性的情况，这表明有一个广泛的、适应性良好的遗传基础。不幸的是，这个基因库最近变得支离破碎，如果等位基因的代表性在收藏品或植物园中缺失，就会带来很高的灭绝风险。
{"title":"Evaluation of the diversity and genetic structure of Ceratozamia kuesteriana Regel. (Zamiaceae) in Tamaulipas, Mexico","authors":"P. Octavio-Aguilar, Cuauhtémoc Alain Rubio‐Tobón, Gerardo Montelongo‐Ruiz, Dulce María Galván-Hernández","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12455","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic diversity is the most widely used indicator to evaluate the evolutionary potential of a species. In theory, species with limited distribution are more susceptible to diversity loss. However, some species with restricted distribution occasionally present more diversity than expected, as is the case for some cycads. Ceratozamia kuesteriana is a microendemic species in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Several previously reported populations have been eradicated in the last 10 years. The objective of this work was to estimate the levels of diversity and genetic structure in five populations within the reserve. The results show a high structure and differentiation, even when the populations are geographically proximal. However, overall diversity is high, with recent bottlenecks and alleles departing from neutrality, suggesting a broad, well‐adapted genetic base. Unfortunately, this genetic pool has recently become fragmented, posing a high extinction risk if allelic representativeness is absent in collections or botanical gardens.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140678437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants that bloom in early spring often face constraints on reproduction, which are influenced by low temperatures and unpredictable weather conditions that affect pollinator activity. We aimed to elucidate the pollination ecology and the mating system of Ranzania japonica (Berberidaceae), a perennial plant of a monotypic genus endemic to deep‐snow regions in Japan. We documented the flowering phenology and visiting insects in the field, and conducted pollination experiments by using artificial treatments. R. japonica was suggested to be self‐incompatible but not pollen‐limited. Fruit set varied between years, and florivory seemed to have a negative influence on fruit set. Insects from various taxa were observed to visit the flowers of R. japonica, with Eusphalerum sp. (rove beetle) being the most abundant, followed by Bombylius major and hymenopteran species. The stamen movement in response to insect visits was observed. The results of the observation and the pollination treatments suggested that small‐ and medium‐sized Hymenoptera were the main pollinators and rove beetles may also contribute to pollination in R. japonica. Because early spring weather can be unsuitable for activity of bees, rove beetles may act as supplementary pollinators of R. japonica. The role of the supplementary pollinators may be an overlooked but important aspect for understanding the pollination biology of early‐spring blooming plants.
早春开花的植物在繁殖过程中经常会受到低温和不可预测的天气条件的影响，从而影响传粉昆虫的活动。我们的目的是阐明日本深雪地区特有的单型属多年生植物 Ranzania japonica（小檗科）的授粉生态学和交配系统。我们在野外记录了开花物候和到访昆虫，并通过人工处理进行了授粉实验。结果表明，R. japonica 是自交不亲和植物，但不受花粉限制。不同年份的坐果率各不相同，花媒似乎对坐果率有负面影响。据观察，不同类群的昆虫都会光顾粳稻的花朵，其中以 Eusphalerum sp.（啮小甲虫）最多，其次是 Bombylius major 和膜翅目昆虫。观察了昆虫来访时花蕊的运动。观察和授粉处理的结果表明，中小型膜翅目昆虫是粳稻的主要授粉昆虫，啮小甲虫也可能参与授粉。由于早春的天气不适合蜜蜂活动，啮小蜂可能是粳稻的辅助传粉昆虫。辅助传粉昆虫的作用可能是一个被忽视的方面，但对于了解早春开花植物的传粉生物学却很重要。
{"title":"Pollination ecology of Ranzania japonica (Berberidaceae), a perennial plant of a monotypic genus endemic to deep‐snow regions in Japan","authors":"Masahiro Okawa, Yuzu Sakata","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12454","url":null,"abstract":"Plants that bloom in early spring often face constraints on reproduction, which are influenced by low temperatures and unpredictable weather conditions that affect pollinator activity. We aimed to elucidate the pollination ecology and the mating system of Ranzania japonica (Berberidaceae), a perennial plant of a monotypic genus endemic to deep‐snow regions in Japan. We documented the flowering phenology and visiting insects in the field, and conducted pollination experiments by using artificial treatments. R. japonica was suggested to be self‐incompatible but not pollen‐limited. Fruit set varied between years, and florivory seemed to have a negative influence on fruit set. Insects from various taxa were observed to visit the flowers of R. japonica, with Eusphalerum sp. (rove beetle) being the most abundant, followed by Bombylius major and hymenopteran species. The stamen movement in response to insect visits was observed. The results of the observation and the pollination treatments suggested that small‐ and medium‐sized Hymenoptera were the main pollinators and rove beetles may also contribute to pollination in R. japonica. Because early spring weather can be unsuitable for activity of bees, rove beetles may act as supplementary pollinators of R. japonica. The role of the supplementary pollinators may be an overlooked but important aspect for understanding the pollination biology of early‐spring blooming plants.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernando H. Calderon-Quispe, Rodrigo Bustos Singer
Floral features, the pollination process, the breeding system, and fruiting success are documented in the Andean terrestrial orchid Gomphichis valida. Studies were performed at the Department of Ancash, Peru, at ca. 4250 m a.s.l., from June to November 2022. The breeding system was studied through controlled pollinations in plants excluded from pollinators (bagged). Natural pollination was studied in the field and through photos and videos. The flowers are nectariferous and non-protandrous and present the longest lifespan reported so far for a neotropical terrestrial orchid (53–80 days). This species is pollinator dependent (unable to set fruit and seed without the agency of pollinators) and self-compatible. The observed pollinators belong to three functional groups that appeared successively (in order of appearance): hummingbirds (Chalcostigma stanleyi), bumblebees (Bombus coccineus and Bombus rubicundus), and solitary Halictidae bees (Augochlorella sp.). All recorded pollinators probe the flowers for nectar. The pollinaria adhere to the bee mouthparts and onto the lateral side of the hummingbird bill. Bumblebees were the most frequent and efficient functional group (up to 62.07% of the observed pollination events), followed by Halictidae (31.03%) and hummingbirds (6.90%). Natural fruiting success is high (66.66%–94.49%). Such high natural fruiting success is unexpected at high altitudes, but it is likely explained by a combination of factors, including the long floral lifespan, nectar secretion, and self-compatibility. This is the first report of hummingbirds as pollinators of Cranichidinae orchids, and G. valida is, to the best of our knowledge, a neotropical orchidoid orchid with the most generalist pollination biology recorded so far.
{"title":"Reproductive biology in Gomphichis valida Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae, Cranichidinae): Generalist pollination in a high-Andean terrestrial orchid with long-lived flowers","authors":"Fernando H. Calderon-Quispe, Rodrigo Bustos Singer","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12453","url":null,"abstract":"Floral features, the pollination process, the breeding system, and fruiting success are documented in the Andean terrestrial orchid <i>Gomphichis valida</i>. Studies were performed at the Department of Ancash, Peru, at ca. 4250 m a.s.l., from June to November 2022. The breeding system was studied through controlled pollinations in plants excluded from pollinators (bagged). Natural pollination was studied in the field and through photos and videos. The flowers are nectariferous and non-protandrous and present the longest lifespan reported so far for a neotropical terrestrial orchid (53–80 days). This species is pollinator dependent (unable to set fruit and seed without the agency of pollinators) and self-compatible. The observed pollinators belong to three functional groups that appeared successively (in order of appearance): hummingbirds (<i>Chalcostigma stanleyi</i>), bumblebees (<i>Bombus coccineus</i> and <i>Bombus rubicundus</i>), and solitary Halictidae bees (<i>Augochlorella</i> sp.). All recorded pollinators probe the flowers for nectar. The pollinaria adhere to the bee mouthparts and onto the lateral side of the hummingbird bill. Bumblebees were the most frequent and efficient functional group (up to 62.07% of the observed pollination events), followed by Halictidae (31.03%) and hummingbirds (6.90%). Natural fruiting success is high (66.66%–94.49%). Such high natural fruiting success is unexpected at high altitudes, but it is likely explained by a combination of factors, including the long floral lifespan, nectar secretion, and self-compatibility. This is the first report of hummingbirds as pollinators of Cranichidinae orchids, and <i>G. valida</i> is, to the best of our knowledge, a neotropical orchidoid orchid with the most generalist pollination biology recorded so far.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Announcement of the 17th Plant Species Biology Best Paper Award (PSB Award)","authors":"Takashi Miyake","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Certain carnivorous plant species display geographical variation in trap coloration, which may impact interactions with prey. Our study focused on Drosera indica (Droseraceae) in tropical Thailand and its phylogenetically related species Drosera toyoakensis in temperate Japan. Drosera indica in Thailand has green leaf blades with red tentacles when flowering, making the entire trap appear red. In contrast, D. toyoakensis in Japan has green leaf blades with green-white tentacles when flowering, and the entire trap appears white. Field observations revealed statistically significant differences in taxa and size of prey caught by D. indica and D. toyoakensis. Both species caught small flies, but D. toyoakensis additionally caught larger flies and butterflies, including pollinators. These differences in prey composition may reflect differences in trap coloration that evolved under different selection pressures for capturing prey. However, trap coloration and prey assemblages were influenced by various factors, and further research is required to elucidate their evolutionary significance.
某些食肉植物物种的诱捕器着色存在地理差异，这可能会影响它们与猎物的相互作用。我们的研究重点是泰国热带地区的 Drosera indica（Droseraceae）及其系统发育相关的日本温带物种 Drosera toyoakensis。泰国的 Drosera indica 在开花时叶片为绿色，触角为红色，使整个诱捕器呈现红色。相比之下，日本的 D. toyoakensis 花期时叶片为绿色，触角为绿白色，整个诱捕器呈现白色。实地观察发现，D. indica 和 D. toyoakensis捕获的猎物在分类群和大小上有显著的统计学差异。这两个物种都捕捉到了小苍蝇，但 D. toyoakensis 还捕捉到了较大的苍蝇和蝴蝶，包括传粉昆虫。猎物组成的这些差异可能反映了捕虫笼颜色的差异，这种差异是在捕捉猎物的不同选择压力下进化而来的。然而，诱捕器的颜色和猎物组合受到各种因素的影响，需要进一步的研究来阐明它们的进化意义。
{"title":"Comparison of prey fauna in tropical red traps versus temperate whitish traps in carnivorous Drosera indica complex (Droseraceae)","authors":"Kazuki Tagawa, Tomoki Sando, Masao Aoki, Mikio Watanabe","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12451","url":null,"abstract":"Certain carnivorous plant species display geographical variation in trap coloration, which may impact interactions with prey. Our study focused on <i>Drosera indica</i> (Droseraceae) in tropical Thailand and its phylogenetically related species <i>Drosera toyoakensis</i> in temperate Japan. <i>Drosera indica</i> in Thailand has green leaf blades with red tentacles when flowering, making the entire trap appear red. In contrast, <i>D. toyoakensis</i> in Japan has green leaf blades with green-white tentacles when flowering, and the entire trap appears white. Field observations revealed statistically significant differences in taxa and size of prey caught by <i>D. indica</i> and <i>D. toyoakensis</i>. Both species caught small flies, but <i>D. toyoakensis</i> additionally caught larger flies and butterflies, including pollinators. These differences in prey composition may reflect differences in trap coloration that evolved under different selection pressures for capturing prey. However, trap coloration and prey assemblages were influenced by various factors, and further research is required to elucidate their evolutionary significance.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While drought is known to affect crop yields negatively, there is limited knowledge of the strategies used by animal‐pollinated plants to cope with such conditions. In this study, we simulated low and moderate drought conditions in a greenhouse experiment and examined the vegetative and reproductive traits of a buzz‐pollinated species (Solanum lycopersicum). Our findings indicate that individuals exposed to both drought conditions decreased in height and bore fewer leaves but increased in the ratio of root length to dry mass. The number of flowers produced per day and the overall flower production were higher in plants under control conditions. We found no differences in the onset of flowering between the treatments, but the plants exposed to low drought showed peak flowering earlier. Among the morphometric traits, flower height, floral diameter, petal length, and petal width were significantly lower in both drought conditions. Individuals in the moderate‐drought treatment displayed greater variation in reproductive traits than those in the low‐drought treatment. Overall, drought stress negatively impacted the aboveground vegetative growth and the reproductive efforts of plants.
{"title":"Impacts of reduced water availability on vegetative and reproductive traits of a Solanum species","authors":"Diana Michael, Besufekad Wolde, Shivani Krishna","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12452","url":null,"abstract":"While drought is known to affect crop yields negatively, there is limited knowledge of the strategies used by animal‐pollinated plants to cope with such conditions. In this study, we simulated low and moderate drought conditions in a greenhouse experiment and examined the vegetative and reproductive traits of a buzz‐pollinated species (<jats:italic>Solanum lycopersicum</jats:italic>). Our findings indicate that individuals exposed to both drought conditions decreased in height and bore fewer leaves but increased in the ratio of root length to dry mass. The number of flowers produced per day and the overall flower production were higher in plants under control conditions. We found no differences in the onset of flowering between the treatments, but the plants exposed to low drought showed peak flowering earlier. Among the morphometric traits, flower height, floral diameter, petal length, and petal width were significantly lower in both drought conditions. Individuals in the moderate‐drought treatment displayed greater variation in reproductive traits than those in the low‐drought treatment. Overall, drought stress negatively impacted the aboveground vegetative growth and the reproductive efforts of plants.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140074528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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