Laísa Maria de Resende Castro, Christina Cleo Vinson, Andrea Lanna Almeida, Natália Faustino Cury, Michelle de Souza Fayad André, Thomas Christopher Rhys Williams, Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira
Qualea grandiflora Mart. is an aluminum (Al)‐accumulating Cerrado species with a metabolic dependency on Al. This study aimed to determine the presence and concentration of Al and other reserve components in Q. grandiflora seeds, as well as their respective distribution patterns, mobilization, and usage during germination and seedling growth. Thus, the concentration of Al and other minerals in seeds, seedlings, and soils was measured. Also, histochemical and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed to observe the distribution of Al, proteins, and lipids in Q. grandiflora seeds and seedlings. Additionally, the concentration of proteins and lipids was assessed as well. Hence, even in soils with low exchangeable Al3+, Q. grandiflora seeds accumulated about 6.43 g of Al/kg of dry matter (DM) together with considerable concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Exogenous Al had no effect on the germination properties of Q. grandiflora seeds. Furthermore, approximately 60% of the seed Al was translocated to seedling leaves. Proteins and lipids were the main organic reserves in Q. grandiflora seeds. The histochemical analysis revealed that the bulk of Al in seeds was in the cotyledons, which were also the location sites of proteins and lipids. Proteins and lipids were the primary source of energy and carbon for seedling growth. Therefore, fatty acids, proteins, and Al could play a central role during seed germination and seedling establishment, which could help to explain why this species is one of the most widespread plants in the Cerrado.
{"title":"Qualea grandiflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) seed reserves and aluminum: Usage and mobilization during germination and seedling development","authors":"Laísa Maria de Resende Castro, Christina Cleo Vinson, Andrea Lanna Almeida, Natália Faustino Cury, Michelle de Souza Fayad André, Thomas Christopher Rhys Williams, Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12469","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Qualea grandiflora</jats:italic> Mart. is an aluminum (Al)‐accumulating Cerrado species with a metabolic dependency on Al. This study aimed to determine the presence and concentration of Al and other reserve components in <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds, as well as their respective distribution patterns, mobilization, and usage during germination and seedling growth. Thus, the concentration of Al and other minerals in seeds, seedlings, and soils was measured. Also, histochemical and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed to observe the distribution of Al, proteins, and lipids in <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds and seedlings. Additionally, the concentration of proteins and lipids was assessed as well. Hence, even in soils with low exchangeable Al<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>, <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds accumulated about 6.43 g of Al/kg of dry matter (DM) together with considerable concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Exogenous Al had no effect on the germination properties of <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds. Furthermore, approximately 60% of the seed Al was translocated to seedling leaves. Proteins and lipids were the main organic reserves in <jats:italic>Q. grandiflora</jats:italic> seeds. The histochemical analysis revealed that the bulk of Al in seeds was in the cotyledons, which were also the location sites of proteins and lipids. Proteins and lipids were the primary source of energy and carbon for seedling growth. Therefore, fatty acids, proteins, and Al could play a central role during seed germination and seedling establishment, which could help to explain why this species is one of the most widespread plants in the Cerrado.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"316 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Animal‐pollinated plants have evolved rewards and advertisements to attract pollinators, which learn to associate advertisements with rewards. Pollen‐collecting insects, such as bees, associate stamens with pollen (a reward) essential for brood rearing. In some dioecious plants, female flowers have stamens with sterile pollen grains to mimic male flowers. It is not yet fully understood whether females offer less nutritious pollen to pollinators in order to conserve nutrition. Here, we tested this hypothesis in a perennial vine, Actinidia polygama, which bears nectarless flowers. We quantified flower production and measured the dry mass of floral parts as well as carbon and nitrogen concentrations in floral parts and pollen in both sexes. Males produced more flowers per inflorescence and more inflorescences per shoot than females, while the dry mass of each flower was greater in females. The carbon allocation pattern was similar to that of biomass, but nitrogen allocation exhibited a remarkable reduction in sterile stamens and pollen of female flowers. In addition, as sterile pollen of females was sparse, when compared at the same volume, it was lighter than the pollen of males. Sterile pollen produced in female flowers appears to be as voluminous as that of male flowers but extremely poor in nutrients, especially in nitrogen, which clearly suggests that A. polygama females deceive pollen‐collecting pollinators for brood rearing.
{"title":"Floral deception in dioecious Actinidia polygama (Actinidiaceae) revealed by differential nitrogen investment in male organs","authors":"Haruka Nakayama, Ranko Takada, Takashi Miyake, Keiko Miyake, Takashi Nirei, Hitoshi Sakio","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12470","url":null,"abstract":"Animal‐pollinated plants have evolved rewards and advertisements to attract pollinators, which learn to associate advertisements with rewards. Pollen‐collecting insects, such as bees, associate stamens with pollen (a reward) essential for brood rearing. In some dioecious plants, female flowers have stamens with sterile pollen grains to mimic male flowers. It is not yet fully understood whether females offer less nutritious pollen to pollinators in order to conserve nutrition. Here, we tested this hypothesis in a perennial vine, <jats:italic>Actinidia polygama</jats:italic>, which bears nectarless flowers. We quantified flower production and measured the dry mass of floral parts as well as carbon and nitrogen concentrations in floral parts and pollen in both sexes. Males produced more flowers per inflorescence and more inflorescences per shoot than females, while the dry mass of each flower was greater in females. The carbon allocation pattern was similar to that of biomass, but nitrogen allocation exhibited a remarkable reduction in sterile stamens and pollen of female flowers. In addition, as sterile pollen of females was sparse, when compared at the same volume, it was lighter than the pollen of males. Sterile pollen produced in female flowers appears to be as voluminous as that of male flowers but extremely poor in nutrients, especially in nitrogen, which clearly suggests that <jats:italic>A. polygama</jats:italic> females deceive pollen‐collecting pollinators for brood rearing.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernando H. Calderon-Quispe, Rodrigo Bustos Singer
Floral features, the pollination process, the breeding system, and fruiting success are documented in the Andean terrestrial orchid Gomphichis valida. Studies were performed at the Department of Ancash, Peru, at ca. 4250 m a.s.l., from June to November 2022. The breeding system was studied through controlled pollinations in plants excluded from pollinators (bagged). Natural pollination was studied in the field and through photos and videos. The flowers are nectariferous and non-protandrous and present the longest lifespan reported so far for a neotropical terrestrial orchid (53–80 days). This species is pollinator dependent (unable to set fruit and seed without the agency of pollinators) and self-compatible. The observed pollinators belong to three functional groups that appeared successively (in order of appearance): hummingbirds (Chalcostigma stanleyi), bumblebees (Bombus coccineus and Bombus rubicundus), and solitary Halictidae bees (Augochlorella sp.). All recorded pollinators probe the flowers for nectar. The pollinaria adhere to the bee mouthparts and onto the lateral side of the hummingbird bill. Bumblebees were the most frequent and efficient functional group (up to 62.07% of the observed pollination events), followed by Halictidae (31.03%) and hummingbirds (6.90%). Natural fruiting success is high (66.66%–94.49%). Such high natural fruiting success is unexpected at high altitudes, but it is likely explained by a combination of factors, including the long floral lifespan, nectar secretion, and self-compatibility. This is the first report of hummingbirds as pollinators of Cranichidinae orchids, and G. valida is, to the best of our knowledge, a neotropical orchidoid orchid with the most generalist pollination biology recorded so far.
{"title":"Reproductive biology in Gomphichis valida Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae, Cranichidinae): Generalist pollination in a high-Andean terrestrial orchid with long-lived flowers","authors":"Fernando H. Calderon-Quispe, Rodrigo Bustos Singer","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12453","url":null,"abstract":"Floral features, the pollination process, the breeding system, and fruiting success are documented in the Andean terrestrial orchid <i>Gomphichis valida</i>. Studies were performed at the Department of Ancash, Peru, at ca. 4250 m a.s.l., from June to November 2022. The breeding system was studied through controlled pollinations in plants excluded from pollinators (bagged). Natural pollination was studied in the field and through photos and videos. The flowers are nectariferous and non-protandrous and present the longest lifespan reported so far for a neotropical terrestrial orchid (53–80 days). This species is pollinator dependent (unable to set fruit and seed without the agency of pollinators) and self-compatible. The observed pollinators belong to three functional groups that appeared successively (in order of appearance): hummingbirds (<i>Chalcostigma stanleyi</i>), bumblebees (<i>Bombus coccineus</i> and <i>Bombus rubicundus</i>), and solitary Halictidae bees (<i>Augochlorella</i> sp.). All recorded pollinators probe the flowers for nectar. The pollinaria adhere to the bee mouthparts and onto the lateral side of the hummingbird bill. Bumblebees were the most frequent and efficient functional group (up to 62.07% of the observed pollination events), followed by Halictidae (31.03%) and hummingbirds (6.90%). Natural fruiting success is high (66.66%–94.49%). Such high natural fruiting success is unexpected at high altitudes, but it is likely explained by a combination of factors, including the long floral lifespan, nectar secretion, and self-compatibility. This is the first report of hummingbirds as pollinators of Cranichidinae orchids, and <i>G. valida</i> is, to the best of our knowledge, a neotropical orchidoid orchid with the most generalist pollination biology recorded so far.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Announcement of the 17th Plant Species Biology Best Paper Award (PSB Award)","authors":"Takashi Miyake","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Certain carnivorous plant species display geographical variation in trap coloration, which may impact interactions with prey. Our study focused on Drosera indica (Droseraceae) in tropical Thailand and its phylogenetically related species Drosera toyoakensis in temperate Japan. Drosera indica in Thailand has green leaf blades with red tentacles when flowering, making the entire trap appear red. In contrast, D. toyoakensis in Japan has green leaf blades with green-white tentacles when flowering, and the entire trap appears white. Field observations revealed statistically significant differences in taxa and size of prey caught by D. indica and D. toyoakensis. Both species caught small flies, but D. toyoakensis additionally caught larger flies and butterflies, including pollinators. These differences in prey composition may reflect differences in trap coloration that evolved under different selection pressures for capturing prey. However, trap coloration and prey assemblages were influenced by various factors, and further research is required to elucidate their evolutionary significance.
某些食肉植物物种的诱捕器着色存在地理差异，这可能会影响它们与猎物的相互作用。我们的研究重点是泰国热带地区的 Drosera indica（Droseraceae）及其系统发育相关的日本温带物种 Drosera toyoakensis。泰国的 Drosera indica 在开花时叶片为绿色，触角为红色，使整个诱捕器呈现红色。相比之下，日本的 D. toyoakensis 花期时叶片为绿色，触角为绿白色，整个诱捕器呈现白色。实地观察发现，D. indica 和 D. toyoakensis捕获的猎物在分类群和大小上有显著的统计学差异。这两个物种都捕捉到了小苍蝇，但 D. toyoakensis 还捕捉到了较大的苍蝇和蝴蝶，包括传粉昆虫。猎物组成的这些差异可能反映了捕虫笼颜色的差异，这种差异是在捕捉猎物的不同选择压力下进化而来的。然而，诱捕器的颜色和猎物组合受到各种因素的影响，需要进一步的研究来阐明它们的进化意义。
{"title":"Comparison of prey fauna in tropical red traps versus temperate whitish traps in carnivorous Drosera indica complex (Droseraceae)","authors":"Kazuki Tagawa, Tomoki Sando, Masao Aoki, Mikio Watanabe","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12451","url":null,"abstract":"Certain carnivorous plant species display geographical variation in trap coloration, which may impact interactions with prey. Our study focused on <i>Drosera indica</i> (Droseraceae) in tropical Thailand and its phylogenetically related species <i>Drosera toyoakensis</i> in temperate Japan. <i>Drosera indica</i> in Thailand has green leaf blades with red tentacles when flowering, making the entire trap appear red. In contrast, <i>D. toyoakensis</i> in Japan has green leaf blades with green-white tentacles when flowering, and the entire trap appears white. Field observations revealed statistically significant differences in taxa and size of prey caught by <i>D. indica</i> and <i>D. toyoakensis</i>. Both species caught small flies, but <i>D. toyoakensis</i> additionally caught larger flies and butterflies, including pollinators. These differences in prey composition may reflect differences in trap coloration that evolved under different selection pressures for capturing prey. However, trap coloration and prey assemblages were influenced by various factors, and further research is required to elucidate their evolutionary significance.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While drought is known to affect crop yields negatively, there is limited knowledge of the strategies used by animal‐pollinated plants to cope with such conditions. In this study, we simulated low and moderate drought conditions in a greenhouse experiment and examined the vegetative and reproductive traits of a buzz‐pollinated species (Solanum lycopersicum). Our findings indicate that individuals exposed to both drought conditions decreased in height and bore fewer leaves but increased in the ratio of root length to dry mass. The number of flowers produced per day and the overall flower production were higher in plants under control conditions. We found no differences in the onset of flowering between the treatments, but the plants exposed to low drought showed peak flowering earlier. Among the morphometric traits, flower height, floral diameter, petal length, and petal width were significantly lower in both drought conditions. Individuals in the moderate‐drought treatment displayed greater variation in reproductive traits than those in the low‐drought treatment. Overall, drought stress negatively impacted the aboveground vegetative growth and the reproductive efforts of plants.
{"title":"Impacts of reduced water availability on vegetative and reproductive traits of a Solanum species","authors":"Diana Michael, Besufekad Wolde, Shivani Krishna","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12452","url":null,"abstract":"While drought is known to affect crop yields negatively, there is limited knowledge of the strategies used by animal‐pollinated plants to cope with such conditions. In this study, we simulated low and moderate drought conditions in a greenhouse experiment and examined the vegetative and reproductive traits of a buzz‐pollinated species (<jats:italic>Solanum lycopersicum</jats:italic>). Our findings indicate that individuals exposed to both drought conditions decreased in height and bore fewer leaves but increased in the ratio of root length to dry mass. The number of flowers produced per day and the overall flower production were higher in plants under control conditions. We found no differences in the onset of flowering between the treatments, but the plants exposed to low drought showed peak flowering earlier. Among the morphometric traits, flower height, floral diameter, petal length, and petal width were significantly lower in both drought conditions. Individuals in the moderate‐drought treatment displayed greater variation in reproductive traits than those in the low‐drought treatment. Overall, drought stress negatively impacted the aboveground vegetative growth and the reproductive efforts of plants.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140074528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecotypic divergence in tree taxa often occurs in subalpine habitats, where environmental conditions are more stressful than those in lower elevations. In the white oak species in Japan Quercus crispula, the subalpine shrubby variety Q. crispula var. horikawae (Qch) has been recognized in central and northern Honshu. Although Qch has different phenotypes from Q. crispula var. crispula (Qcc), genetic divergence between Qcc and Qch has not been examined yet. Pairs of Qcc and Qch populations in eight locations and additional Qcc and Qch populations around these locations were investigated. Leaf size of Qch was smaller than that of Qcc. Chloroplast DNA haplotypes were shared between the Qcc and Qch populations. In genotypes at 29 nuclear microsatellite loci, genetic diversity did not differ between the Qcc and Qch populations. Principal component analysis and a neighbor-joining tree of populations based on the genotypes demonstrated that 13 Qcc populations and eight Qch populations were grouped separately, except for three Qch populations that were grouped to Qcc. Climatic conditions in the eight Qch populations were characterized by lower temperature and heavier snowfall than those in the 16 populations of the genetic group of Qcc. These results suggest genetic divergence between Qcc and Qch associated with subalpine climatic conditions, irrespective of leaf size. The origin of the subalpine Qch lineage and the history of ecotypic divergence should be investigated in future genomic studies.
{"title":"Intraspecific genetic divergence of the subalpine shrubby variety Quercus crispula var. horikawae from the mountain tree variety Q. crispula var. crispula in Japan","authors":"Lerma San Jose-Maldia, Asako Matsumoto, Teruyoshi Nagamitsu, Saneyoshi Ueno, Yoshihiko Tsumura","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12447","url":null,"abstract":"Ecotypic divergence in tree taxa often occurs in subalpine habitats, where environmental conditions are more stressful than those in lower elevations. In the white oak species in Japan <i>Quercus crispula</i>, the subalpine shrubby variety <i>Q. crispula</i> var. <i>horikawae</i> (<i>Qch</i>) has been recognized in central and northern Honshu. Although <i>Qch</i> has different phenotypes from <i>Q. crispula</i> var. <i>crispula</i> (<i>Qcc</i>), genetic divergence between <i>Qcc</i> and <i>Qch</i> has not been examined yet. Pairs of <i>Qcc</i> and <i>Qch</i> populations in eight locations and additional <i>Qcc</i> and <i>Qch</i> populations around these locations were investigated. Leaf size of <i>Qch</i> was smaller than that of <i>Qcc</i>. Chloroplast DNA haplotypes were shared between the <i>Qcc</i> and <i>Qch</i> populations. In genotypes at 29 nuclear microsatellite loci, genetic diversity did not differ between the <i>Qcc</i> and <i>Qch</i> populations. Principal component analysis and a neighbor-joining tree of populations based on the genotypes demonstrated that 13 <i>Qcc</i> populations and eight <i>Qch</i> populations were grouped separately, except for three <i>Qch</i> populations that were grouped to <i>Qcc</i>. Climatic conditions in the eight <i>Qch</i> populations were characterized by lower temperature and heavier snowfall than those in the 16 populations of the genetic group of <i>Qcc</i>. These results suggest genetic divergence between <i>Qcc</i> and <i>Qch</i> associated with subalpine climatic conditions, irrespective of leaf size. The origin of the subalpine <i>Qch</i> lineage and the history of ecotypic divergence should be investigated in future genomic studies.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139967670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To assess vespicochory in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae), we conducted preliminary observations of Aristolochia shimadae under cultivation and in its natural habitat. Two paper wasp species (Polistes spp.) were observed visiting freshly dehisced capsules of cultivated plants of A. shimadae. After removing the seed from the capsule and licking the juicy and sticky substance surrounding it, paper wasps bit off and carried away only a part of the raphe. This behavior suggests that the capsule, including the substance surrounding the seeds, is attractive to them, and the raphe is equivalent to an elaiosome. In our field observations of A. shimadae in a natural habitat, a wasp (Vespula shidai) carried away a seed after licking the juicy and sticky substance surrounding it. This observation of vespicochory is the first report on A. shimadae and the first on angiosperms in Japan.
为了评估马兜铃科（Aristolochiaceae）马兜铃属（Aristolochia）马兜铃属植物的吸浆传毒能力，我们对栽培中的马兜铃（Aristolochia shimadae）及其自然栖息地进行了初步观察。我们观察到两种纸蜂（Polistes spp.）从蒴果中取出种子并舔食其周围多汁的粘性物质后，纸蜂只咬下并带走了部分种皮。这种行为表明，蒴果（包括种子周围的物质）对它们有吸引力，而剑突就相当于elaiosome。我们在自然栖息地对 A. shimadae 进行实地观察时，一只黄蜂（Vespula shidai）在舔食了种子周围多汁的粘性物质后带走了一粒种子。这次观察到的巢茧寄生现象是关于 A. shimadae 的首次报道，也是日本被子植物的首次报道。
{"title":"First report of vespicochory in Aristolochia shimadae Hayata (Aristolochiaceae) in Japan","authors":"Kana Watanabe-Toma, Tetsuo Ohi-Toma","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12449","url":null,"abstract":"To assess vespicochory in <i>Aristolochia</i> (Aristolochiaceae), we conducted preliminary observations of <i>Aristolochia shimadae</i> under cultivation and in its natural habitat. Two paper wasp species (<i>Polistes</i> spp.) were observed visiting freshly dehisced capsules of cultivated plants of <i>A. shimadae</i>. After removing the seed from the capsule and licking the juicy and sticky substance surrounding it, paper wasps bit off and carried away only a part of the raphe. This behavior suggests that the capsule, including the substance surrounding the seeds, is attractive to them, and the raphe is equivalent to an elaiosome. In our field observations of <i>A. shimadae</i> in a natural habitat, a wasp (<i>Vespula shidai</i>) carried away a seed after licking the juicy and sticky substance surrounding it. This observation of vespicochory is the first report on <i>A. shimadae</i> and the first on angiosperms in Japan.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria J. Luizzi, Alison H. Harrington, Judith L. Bronstein, A. Elizabeth Arnold
Floral nectar contains microbes that can influence nectar chemistry and pollinator visitation, and these microbial communities can be affected by pollinators in turn. Some flowers are also visited by nectar robbers, which feed on nectar through holes cut in floral tissue. If nectar robbers alter nectar microbial communities, they might have unexpected impacts on pollinator visitation. We investigated whether robbing could affect nectar microbial communities directly, by introducing microbes, or indirectly, by triggering a plant response to floral damage. We applied four treatments to flowers of Tecoma × “Orange Jubilee” (Bignoniaceae) in an arboretum setting: flowers were (1) covered to exclude all visitors; (2) available to both pollinators and nectar robbers and robbed naturally by carpenter bees; (3) available to pollinators only but cut at the base to simulate nectar robbing damage; or (4) available to pollinators only. We found that nectar in flowers accessible to any visitors was more likely to contain culturable microbes than flowers from which visitors were excluded. Microbial community composition and beta diversity were similar across treatments. Among flowers containing culturable microbes, flowers available to pollinators and nectar robbers had higher microbial abundance than flowers with simulated robbing, but there were no differences between flowers available to pollinators and robbers and unwounded flowers from which robbers were excluded. Overall, our results suggest that floral damage can affect some features of nectar microbial communities, but specific effects of nectar robbing are limited compared with the influence of visitation in general.
{"title":"Nectar robbers and simulated robbing differ in their effects on nectar microbial communities","authors":"Victoria J. Luizzi, Alison H. Harrington, Judith L. Bronstein, A. Elizabeth Arnold","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12446","url":null,"abstract":"Floral nectar contains microbes that can influence nectar chemistry and pollinator visitation, and these microbial communities can be affected by pollinators in turn. Some flowers are also visited by nectar robbers, which feed on nectar through holes cut in floral tissue. If nectar robbers alter nectar microbial communities, they might have unexpected impacts on pollinator visitation. We investigated whether robbing could affect nectar microbial communities directly, by introducing microbes, or indirectly, by triggering a plant response to floral damage. We applied four treatments to flowers of <i>Tecoma</i> × “Orange Jubilee” (Bignoniaceae) in an arboretum setting: flowers were (1) covered to exclude all visitors; (2) available to both pollinators and nectar robbers and robbed naturally by carpenter bees; (3) available to pollinators only but cut at the base to simulate nectar robbing damage; or (4) available to pollinators only. We found that nectar in flowers accessible to any visitors was more likely to contain culturable microbes than flowers from which visitors were excluded. Microbial community composition and beta diversity were similar across treatments. Among flowers containing culturable microbes, flowers available to pollinators and nectar robbers had higher microbial abundance than flowers with simulated robbing, but there were no differences between flowers available to pollinators and robbers and unwounded flowers from which robbers were excluded. Overall, our results suggest that floral damage can affect some features of nectar microbial communities, but specific effects of nectar robbing are limited compared with the influence of visitation in general.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139483378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Wang, Bi-Xian Wu, Nan Xia, Hao Wang, Guo-Xing Cao
Size-dependent clonal and sexual reproduction has been studied in many species. However, very few attempts have investigated size-dependent resource allocation among clonal reproduction, female function, and male function within a species. Moreover, how clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction interact to influence size-dependent sex allocation has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the size dependency of clonal reproduction and sex allocation and how clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction interact to influence size-dependent female function, male function, and sex allocation in the monoecious Begonia emeiensis. Individuals with no reproduction, reproducing clonally through bulbils, reproducing sexually through flowers, and reproducing through both bulbils and flowers differed significantly from each other in terms of size (leaf area), suggesting a threshold size for clonal versus sexual reproduction. Bulbil number per individual increased with size regardless of flower production. In contrast, the relationship between size and female and male flower production per individual was influenced by bulbil production; both female and male flower numbers per individual increased with size at a slower rate for individuals reproducing clonally and sexually than for those reproducing only sexually. The ratio of female to male flowers per individual increased with size independent of bulbil production. Our study shows that the size dependency of clonal reproduction was unlikely to be influenced by sexual reproduction; however, the size dependency of female and male function was influenced by clonal reproduction.
{"title":"Size-dependent clonal reproduction and sex allocation in the monoecious Begonia emeiensis","authors":"Lei Wang, Bi-Xian Wu, Nan Xia, Hao Wang, Guo-Xing Cao","doi":"10.1111/1442-1984.12445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12445","url":null,"abstract":"Size-dependent clonal and sexual reproduction has been studied in many species. However, very few attempts have investigated size-dependent resource allocation among clonal reproduction, female function, and male function within a species. Moreover, how clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction interact to influence size-dependent sex allocation has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the size dependency of clonal reproduction and sex allocation and how clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction interact to influence size-dependent female function, male function, and sex allocation in the monoecious <i>Begonia emeiensis</i>. Individuals with no reproduction, reproducing clonally through bulbils, reproducing sexually through flowers, and reproducing through both bulbils and flowers differed significantly from each other in terms of size (leaf area), suggesting a threshold size for clonal versus sexual reproduction. Bulbil number per individual increased with size regardless of flower production. In contrast, the relationship between size and female and male flower production per individual was influenced by bulbil production; both female and male flower numbers per individual increased with size at a slower rate for individuals reproducing clonally and sexually than for those reproducing only sexually. The ratio of female to male flowers per individual increased with size independent of bulbil production. Our study shows that the size dependency of clonal reproduction was unlikely to be influenced by sexual reproduction; however, the size dependency of female and male function was influenced by clonal reproduction.","PeriodicalId":54601,"journal":{"name":"Plant Species Biology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139054038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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