Optical Switching and Networking最新文献_第2页

Survivable Elastic Optical Network: A survey of failure scenarios and solutions 可生存弹性光网络：故障场景和解决方案的综述

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100823

Amit Khanjan Sarma, Sanjib K. Deka, Nityananda Sarma

Survivable Elastic Optical Networks (SEON) are at the forefront of high-speed, flexible, and bandwidth-efficient optical communication. Modern flex-grid Elastic Optical Networks (EON) allocate variable-width frequency slots to match heterogeneous traffic demands and modulation formats; the survivability mechanisms discussed here operate at the spectrum slot layer and are agnostic to the underlying transponder waveform. Despite these advantages, ensuring survivability against diverse failures, including single-link, multi-link, node and hardware outages, remains a major challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of SEON survivability, with a particular emphasis on classifying solutions according to different failure scenarios. State-of-the-art strategies such as Dedicated Path Protection, Shared Backup Path Protection, segmented and span restoration, and p-cycle protection are systematically analyzed and compared. Unlike previous surveys, this work integrates a classification framework with performance insights, highlighting how existing mechanisms fare under different types of failures. To bridge existing gaps, we also discuss open research challenges, including centralized control, spectrum management, AI-driven resilience, physical layer impairments and disaster recovery. Furthermore, we outline the potential of a hybrid protection paradigm combining state-aware traffic splitting, dynamic allocation, and vulnerability scoring to improve spectrum utilization and reduce blocking probability. By linking failure scenarios with recovery strategies and future research needs, this survey provides a unique perspective to guide the design of scalable, adaptive and intelligent SEON architectures.

可生存弹性光网络（SEON）是高速、灵活和带宽高效光通信的前沿。现代柔性网格弹性光网络（EON）通过分配变宽频率槽来适应异构业务需求和调制格式；这里讨论的生存性机制在频谱槽层工作，与底层应答器波形无关。尽管有这些优势，但确保在各种故障（包括单链路、多链路、节点和硬件中断）下的生存能力仍然是一个主要挑战。本文对SEON的生存能力进行了全面的研究，特别强调了根据不同的故障情况对解决方案进行分类。系统地分析和比较了专用路径保护、共享备份路径保护、分段和跨度恢复、p周期保护等最新策略。与之前的调查不同，这项工作将分类框架与性能见解相结合，突出了现有机制在不同类型故障下的表现。为了弥合现有的差距，我们还讨论了开放的研究挑战，包括集中控制、频谱管理、人工智能驱动的弹性、物理层损伤和灾难恢复。此外，我们概述了结合状态感知流量分割、动态分配和漏洞评分的混合保护范式的潜力，以提高频谱利用率并降低阻塞概率。通过将故障场景与恢复策略和未来研究需求联系起来，本研究为指导可扩展、自适应和智能SEON架构的设计提供了独特的视角。

{"title":"Survivable Elastic Optical Network: A survey of failure scenarios and solutions","authors":"Amit Khanjan Sarma, Sanjib K. Deka, Nityananda Sarma","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Survivable Elastic Optical Networks (SEON) are at the forefront of high-speed, flexible, and bandwidth-efficient optical communication. Modern flex-grid Elastic Optical Networks (EON) allocate variable-width frequency slots to match heterogeneous traffic demands and modulation formats; the survivability mechanisms discussed here operate at the spectrum slot layer and are agnostic to the underlying transponder waveform. Despite these advantages, ensuring survivability against diverse failures, including single-link, multi-link, node and hardware outages, remains a major challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of SEON survivability, with a particular emphasis on classifying solutions according to different failure scenarios. State-of-the-art strategies such as Dedicated Path Protection, Shared Backup Path Protection, segmented and span restoration, and p-cycle protection are systematically analyzed and compared. Unlike previous surveys, this work integrates a classification framework with performance insights, highlighting how existing mechanisms fare under different types of failures. To bridge existing gaps, we also discuss open research challenges, including centralized control, spectrum management, AI-driven resilience, physical layer impairments and disaster recovery. Furthermore, we outline the potential of a hybrid protection paradigm combining state-aware traffic splitting, dynamic allocation, and vulnerability scoring to improve spectrum utilization and reduce blocking probability. By linking failure scenarios with recovery strategies and future research needs, this survey provides a unique perspective to guide the design of scalable, adaptive and intelligent SEON architectures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100823"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Locusts spiral navigation algorithm enabled high-speed data communication network for free space optics 蝗虫螺旋导航算法实现自由空间光学高速数据通信网络

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100815

Ankur Singhal , Anil Garg , Ajay Jangra , Poonam Rani , Priyanka Jangra , Deepti Chaudhary

Over the past two decades, the proliferation of data communication devices has significantly expanded to raise the standard of living for the majority of people. However, the integration of multiple devices into a limited space requires significant bandwidth capacity when building densely connected networks. In addition, conventional systems increase synchronization errors and high operational expenditures. Therefore, to mitigate the limitations this research offers a Locusts Spiral Navigation Algorithm enabled Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing for high-speed data communication network in free space optics (LSN-OFDM-FSO). The proposed model utilizing the LSN algorithm effectively selects the best phasor weight factors with minimal Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value. Moreover, the combination of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Mach–Zehnder Modulator systems ensure high-speed connectivity with maximum transmission capacity. When compared with other existing modulation methods, the LSN-OFDM-FSO offers less Bit Error Rate

3 \times 10^{- 5}

for a Free space optics length of 6 km. Additionally, the proposed model has less penalty total power of −966.674 dB, and total power of −33.2618 dBm. On the other hand, in terms of energy analysis, for 64 OLTs, the proposed model consumes a total energy of 9.29, and the ONU consumes less energy of 77.04. Moreover, the proposed system is well-suitable for high-speed data communication networks, with minimum information loss and delay.

在过去的二十年里，数据通信设备的激增大大提高了大多数人的生活水平。然而，在构建密集连接的网络时，将多个设备集成到有限的空间中需要大量的带宽容量。此外，传统系统增加了同步错误和高运营支出。因此，为了减轻这种局限性，本研究提出了一种基于蝗虫螺旋导航算法的正交频分复用技术，用于自由空间光学高速数据通信网络（LSN-OFDM-FSO）。该模型利用LSN算法有效地选取峰值平均功率比（PAPR）最小的相量权因子。此外，波分复用和马赫-曾德调制器系统的结合确保了高速连接和最大传输容量。与现有的其他调制方法相比，LSN-OFDM-FSO在自由空间光学长度为6 km的情况下具有更低的误码率。此外，该模型具有较小的惩罚总功率为-966.674 dB，总功率为-33.2618 dBm。另一方面，在能量分析方面，对于64个olt，所提模型消耗的总能量为9.29，而ONU消耗的能量较少，为77.04。此外，该系统非常适合高速数据通信网络，具有最小的信息丢失和延迟。

{"title":"Locusts spiral navigation algorithm enabled high-speed data communication network for free space optics","authors":"Ankur Singhal , Anil Garg , Ajay Jangra , Poonam Rani , Priyanka Jangra , Deepti Chaudhary","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past two decades, the proliferation of data communication devices has significantly expanded to raise the standard of living for the majority of people. However, the integration of multiple devices into a limited space requires significant bandwidth capacity when building densely connected networks. In addition, conventional systems increase synchronization errors and high operational expenditures. Therefore, to mitigate the limitations this research offers a Locusts Spiral Navigation Algorithm enabled Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing for high-speed data communication network in free space optics (LSN-OFDM-FSO). The proposed model utilizing the LSN algorithm effectively selects the best phasor weight factors with minimal Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value. Moreover, the combination of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Mach–Zehnder Modulator systems ensure high-speed connectivity with maximum transmission capacity. When compared with other existing modulation methods, the LSN-OFDM-FSO offers less Bit Error Rate <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> for a Free space optics length of 6 km. Additionally, the proposed model has less penalty total power of −966.674 dB, and total power of −33.2618 dBm. On the other hand, in terms of energy analysis, for 64 OLTs, the proposed model consumes a total energy of 9.29, and the ONU consumes less energy of 77.04. Moreover, the proposed system is well-suitable for high-speed data communication networks, with minimum information loss and delay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100815"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cost and power-consumption analysis for power profile monitoring with multiple monitors per link in optical networks 光网络中每链路多监测仪功率分布监测的成本和功耗分析

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100813

Qiaolun Zhang , Patricia Layec , Alix May , Annalisa Morea , Aryanaz Attarpour , Massimo Tornatore

As deploying large amounts of monitoring equipment results in elevated cost and power consumption, novel low-cost monitoring methods are being continuously investigated. A new technique called Power Profile Monitoring (PPM) has recently gained traction thanks to its ability to monitor an entire lightpath using a single post-processing unit at the lightpath receiver. PPM does not require to deploy an individual monitor for each span, as in the traditional monitoring technique using Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). In this work, we aim to quantify the cost and power consumption of PPM (using OTDR as a baseline reference), as this analysis can provide guidelines for the implementation and deployment of PPM. First, we discuss how PPM and OTDR monitors are deployed, and we formally state a new Optimized Monitoring Placement (OMP) problem for PPM. Solving the OMP problem allows to identify the minimum number of PPM monitors that guarantees that all links in the networks are monitored by at least

n

PPM monitors (note that using

n > 1

allows for increased monitoring accuracy). We prove the NP-hardness of the OMP problem and formulate it using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model. Finally, we also devise a heuristic algorithm for the OMP problem to scale to larger topologies. Our numerical results, obtained on realistic topologies, suggest that the cost (and power) of one PPM module should be lower than 2.6 times that of one OTDR for nation-wide and 10.2 times for continental-wide topology.

由于部署大量的监测设备会导致成本和功耗的增加，新的低成本监测方法正在不断被研究。一种被称为功率剖面监测（PPM）的新技术最近获得了广泛的关注，因为它能够在光路接收器上使用一个单一的后处理单元来监测整个光路。PPM不需要为每个时间段部署单独的监视器，这与使用光学时域反射计（OTDR）的传统监视技术不同。在这项工作中，我们的目标是量化PPM的成本和功耗（使用OTDR作为基准参考），因为该分析可以为PPM的实现和部署提供指导。首先，我们讨论如何部署PPM和OTDR监视器，并正式陈述PPM的一个新的优化监视放置（OMP）问题。解决OMP问题可以确定PPM监视器的最小数量，以确保网络中的所有链路都由至少n个PPM监视器监视（注意，使用n>；1可以提高监视精度）。我们证明了OMP问题的np -硬度，并用整数线性规划（ILP）模型将其形式化。最后，我们还为OMP问题设计了一种启发式算法，以扩展到更大的拓扑结构。我们在实际拓扑结构上获得的数值结果表明，在全国范围内，一个PPM模块的成本（和功率）应低于一个OTDR的2.6倍，在整个大陆的拓扑结构中应低于10.2倍。

{"title":"Cost and power-consumption analysis for power profile monitoring with multiple monitors per link in optical networks","authors":"Qiaolun Zhang , Patricia Layec , Alix May , Annalisa Morea , Aryanaz Attarpour , Massimo Tornatore","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As deploying large amounts of monitoring equipment results in elevated cost and power consumption, novel low-cost monitoring methods are being continuously investigated. A new technique called <em>Power Profile Monitoring</em> (PPM) has recently gained traction thanks to its ability to monitor an entire lightpath using a single post-processing unit at the lightpath receiver. PPM does not require to deploy an individual monitor for each span, as in the traditional monitoring technique using <em>Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer</em> (OTDR). In this work, we aim to quantify the cost and power consumption of PPM (using OTDR as a baseline reference), as this analysis can provide guidelines for the implementation and deployment of PPM. First, we discuss how PPM and OTDR monitors are deployed, and we formally state a new Optimized Monitoring Placement (OMP) problem for PPM. Solving the OMP problem allows to identify the minimum number of PPM monitors that guarantees that all links in the networks are monitored by at least <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> PPM monitors (note that using <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>></mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> allows for increased monitoring accuracy). We prove the NP-hardness of the OMP problem and formulate it using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model. Finally, we also devise a heuristic algorithm for the OMP problem to scale to larger topologies. Our numerical results, obtained on realistic topologies, suggest that the cost (and power) of one PPM module should be lower than 2.6 times that of one OTDR for nation-wide and 10.2 times for continental-wide topology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100813"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantum capacity of a deformed bosonic dephasing channel 变形玻色子脱相信道的量子容量

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100814

Shahram Dehdashti , Janis Nötzel , Peter van Loock

In this paper, using the notion of nonlinear coherent states, we define a deformed bosonic dephasing channel modeling the impact of a Kerr medium on a quantum state, as it occurs, for instance, in quantum communication based on optical fibers. We show that, in certain regimes, the Kerr nonlinearity is able to compensate the dephasing. In addition, our studies reveal that the quantum capacity of the deformed bosonic dephasing channel can be greater than that of the undeformed, standard bosonic dephasing channel for certain nonlinearity parameters.

在本文中，使用非线性相干态的概念，我们定义了一个变形玻色子脱相通道，模拟了克尔介质对量子态的影响，例如，在基于光纤的量子通信中。我们证明，在某些情况下，克尔非线性能够补偿减相。此外，我们的研究表明，在某些非线性参数下，变形玻色子脱相通道的量子容量可以大于未变形的标准玻色子脱相通道的量子容量。

引用次数: 0

Revolutionizing optical networks: The integration and impact of large language models 革命性的光网络：大型语言模型的集成和影响

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100812

Sergio Cruzes

The increasing complexity and scale of optical networks demand advanced automation frameworks capable of adapting to dynamic service requirements, physical-layer impairments, and multi-vendor environments. Traditional solutions—based on static rule sets or narrowly scoped machine learning models—struggle to manage real-time performance, heterogeneous data, and domain-specific variability. Large Language Models (LLMs), built on transformer architectures, offer a paradigm shift by enabling context-aware reasoning, multi-task generalization, and natural language interpretation. These models can automate configuration generation, fault diagnosis, alarm correlation, and routing and spectrum assignment (RSA), while enhancing Quality of Transmission (QoT) estimation and scenario modeling.

This article provides a comprehensive survey of current automation approaches in optical networks, including software-defined networking (SDN), intent-based networking (IBN), machine learning (ML)-based orchestration, and cognitive control architectures. Special attention is given to emerging paradigms that integrate LLMs for intent interpretation, fault analysis, configuration generation, and reasoning.

Building on these foundations, we propose a hybrid framework that integrates LLMs with Digital Twin (DT) technologies to enable closed-loop control, predictive optimization, and explainable, intent-driven decision-making. Telemetry streams feed both DT simulations and LLM-based reasoning agents, supporting proactive reconfiguration and fault mitigation. To address LLM limitations—such as hallucinations and inference latency —the framework incorporates prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), domain-specific fine-tuning, and simulation-based validation.

The proposed architecture paves the way for resilient, autonomous, and sustainable optical networks that can self-optimize and adapt in real time.

光网络日益增长的复杂性和规模要求先进的自动化框架能够适应动态服务需求、物理层缺陷和多供应商环境。基于静态规则集或范围狭窄的机器学习模型的传统解决方案难以管理实时性能、异构数据和特定于领域的可变性。建立在转换器架构上的大型语言模型（llm）通过支持上下文感知推理、多任务泛化和自然语言解释，提供了一种范式转换。这些模型可以自动生成配置、故障诊断、告警关联、路由和频谱分配（RSA），同时增强传输质量（QoT）估计和场景建模。本文全面介绍了当前光网络中的自动化方法，包括软件定义网络（SDN）、基于意图的网络（IBN）、基于机器学习（ML）的编排和认知控制架构。特别关注的是将llm集成到意图解释、故障分析、配置生成和推理的新兴范例。在此基础上，我们提出了一个将法学硕士与数字孪生（DT）技术集成在一起的混合框架，以实现闭环控制、预测优化和可解释的、意图驱动的决策。遥测流为DT模拟和基于llm的推理代理提供数据，支持主动重新配置和故障缓解。为了解决LLM的局限性——比如幻觉和推理延迟——框架结合了即时工程、检索增强生成（RAG）、特定领域的微调和基于仿真的验证。所提出的架构为弹性、自治和可持续的光网络铺平了道路，这些光网络可以实时自我优化和适应。

{"title":"Revolutionizing optical networks: The integration and impact of large language models","authors":"Sergio Cruzes","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing complexity and scale of optical networks demand advanced automation frameworks capable of adapting to dynamic service requirements, physical-layer impairments, and multi-vendor environments. Traditional solutions—based on static rule sets or narrowly scoped machine learning models—struggle to manage real-time performance, heterogeneous data, and domain-specific variability. Large Language Models (LLMs), built on transformer architectures, offer a paradigm shift by enabling context-aware reasoning, multi-task generalization, and natural language interpretation. These models can automate configuration generation, fault diagnosis, alarm correlation, and routing and spectrum assignment (RSA), while enhancing Quality of Transmission (QoT) estimation and scenario modeling.</div><div>This article provides a comprehensive survey of current automation approaches in optical networks, including software-defined networking (SDN), intent-based networking (IBN), machine learning (ML)-based orchestration, and cognitive control architectures. Special attention is given to emerging paradigms that integrate LLMs for intent interpretation, fault analysis, configuration generation, and reasoning.</div><div>Building on these foundations, we propose a hybrid framework that integrates LLMs with Digital Twin (DT) technologies to enable closed-loop control, predictive optimization, and explainable, intent-driven decision-making. Telemetry streams feed both DT simulations and LLM-based reasoning agents, supporting proactive reconfiguration and fault mitigation. To address LLM limitations—such as hallucinations and inference latency —the framework incorporates prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), domain-specific fine-tuning, and simulation-based validation.</div><div>The proposed architecture paves the way for resilient, autonomous, and sustainable optical networks that can self-optimize and adapt in real time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100812"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantum-secure protocols for privacy preserving location based services 用于保护隐私的基于位置服务的量子安全协议

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100811

Sushmita Sarkar , Tapaswini Mohanty , Vikas Srivastava , Debasish Roy , Sumit Kumar Debnath , Sihem Mesnager , Sourav Mukhopadhyay

Location Based Service (LBS) uses users’ geographic location to provide relevant and personalized services. However, privacy concerns arise for both users and service providers. Users wish to receive necessary information based on location-related queries without revealing the content of their queries to preserve privacy. At the same time, the location server must protect its valuable data from unauthorized access, as this data is a critical asset. In this manuscript, we address this problem and provide a solution to it by utilizing an oblivious transfer (OT) protocol. We propose a

k

-out-of-

n

quantum oblivious transfer protocol (namely GqOT) as a solution to the above-mentioned problem. We describe the problem and the application of our proposed GqOT to solve the privacy preserving issues of users and service providers during LBS. The solution is practical and efficient as the source of quantum states for GqOT is single photons. Consequently, simple projective measurements are required to measure the quantum states. Moreover, GqOT also provides long-term security, ensuring a significant solution to the problem LBS addresses.

LBS （Location Based Service）利用用户的地理位置信息，提供与用户相关的个性化服务。然而，用户和服务提供商都担心隐私问题。用户希望在不泄露其查询内容的情况下，接收基于位置相关查询的必要信息，以保护隐私。同时，位置服务器必须保护其有价值的数据免受未经授权的访问，因为这些数据是关键资产。在本文中，我们解决了这个问题，并通过使用无关传输（OT）协议提供了一个解决方案。我们提出了一个k- of-n量子无关传输协议（即GqOT）作为上述问题的解决方案。我们描述了这个问题以及我们提出的GqOT在解决LBS过程中用户和服务提供商的隐私保护问题上的应用。由于GqOT的量子态源为单光子，因此该方法具有实用性和高效性。因此，需要简单的射影测量来测量量子态。此外，GqOT还提供了长期的安全性，确保了对LBS所要解决的问题的有效解决。

{"title":"Quantum-secure protocols for privacy preserving location based services","authors":"Sushmita Sarkar , Tapaswini Mohanty , Vikas Srivastava , Debasish Roy , Sumit Kumar Debnath , Sihem Mesnager , Sourav Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Location Based Service (LBS) uses users’ geographic location to provide relevant and personalized services. However, privacy concerns arise for both users and service providers. Users wish to receive necessary information based on location-related queries without revealing the content of their queries to preserve privacy. At the same time, the location server must protect its valuable data from unauthorized access, as this data is a critical asset. In this manuscript, we address this problem and provide a solution to it by utilizing an oblivious transfer (OT) protocol. We propose a <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-out-of-<span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> quantum oblivious transfer protocol (namely <span>GqOT</span>) as a solution to the above-mentioned problem. We describe the problem and the application of our proposed <span>GqOT</span> to solve the privacy preserving issues of users and service providers during LBS. The solution is practical and efficient as the source of quantum states for <span>GqOT</span> is single photons. Consequently, simple projective measurements are required to measure the quantum states. Moreover, <span>GqOT</span> also provides long-term security, ensuring a significant solution to the problem LBS addresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100811"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Resilience analysis of quantum network against targeted attacks: Recovery via rerouting and purification 量子网络对目标攻击的弹性分析：通过重路由和净化恢复

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100810

Hilal Sultan Duranoglu Tunc , Abebu Ademe Bayleyegn , Joachim Notcker , Riccardo Bassoli , Frank H.P. Fitzek

Quantum networks are essential for secure quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. However, their performance is highly vulnerable to targeted attacks that disrupt entanglement distribution, leading to significant network degradation. To address this challenge, we propose two heuristic routing algorithms Quantum Entanglement Distribution Algorithm 1 (QEDA1) and Quantum Entanglement Distribution Algorithm 2 (QEDA2) that minimize loss of fidelity by reducing the number of intermediate nodes while optimizing entanglement swapping and purification strategies. In QEDA1 we only applied purification as a recovery mechanism, while in QEDA2 we utilized a purification-rerouting approach. Furthermore, unlike previous studies, which relied primarily on idealized or small-scale topologies, we evaluated our approach on a real-world network topology (Surfnet), analyzing throughput variations under both normal conditions and targeted attacks. Furthermore, we compare the performance of the algorithm in memory-assisted and memoryless quantum networks, demonstrating the impact of quantum memory on network resilience. In addition, we introduce an attack model based on centrality-driven node failures and propose a recovery mechanism that integrates rerouting and entanglement purification to mitigate the effects of targeted attacks. Our results indicate that QEDA2 is more effective in mitigating the effect of attacks on throughput. Moreover, our findings highlight the trade-offs between network robustness, resource allocation, and fidelity constraints, providing valuable insights for the design of resilient large-scale quantum networks.

量子网络对于安全量子通信和分布式量子计算至关重要。然而，它们的性能非常容易受到破坏纠缠分布的目标攻击，从而导致严重的网络退化。为了解决这一挑战，我们提出了两种启发路由算法量子纠缠分布算法1 （QEDA1）和量子纠缠分布算法2 (QEDA2)，它们通过减少中间节点的数量来最小化保真度损失，同时优化纠缠交换和净化策略。在QEDA1中，我们只将纯化作为一种恢复机制，而在QEDA2中，我们使用了纯化-重路由方法。此外，与之前主要依赖于理想化或小规模拓扑的研究不同，我们在现实世界的网络拓扑（Surfnet）上评估了我们的方法，分析了正常条件下和目标攻击下的吞吐量变化。此外，我们比较了该算法在记忆辅助和无记忆量子网络中的性能，展示了量子记忆对网络弹性的影响。此外，我们引入了一种基于中心性驱动节点故障的攻击模型，并提出了一种集成了重路由和纠缠净化的恢复机制，以减轻目标攻击的影响。我们的结果表明，QEDA2在减轻攻击对吞吐量的影响方面更有效。此外，我们的研究结果强调了网络鲁棒性、资源分配和保真度约束之间的权衡，为弹性大规模量子网络的设计提供了有价值的见解。

{"title":"Resilience analysis of quantum network against targeted attacks: Recovery via rerouting and purification","authors":"Hilal Sultan Duranoglu Tunc , Abebu Ademe Bayleyegn , Joachim Notcker , Riccardo Bassoli , Frank H.P. Fitzek","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum networks are essential for secure quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. However, their performance is highly vulnerable to targeted attacks that disrupt entanglement distribution, leading to significant network degradation. To address this challenge, we propose two heuristic routing algorithms Quantum Entanglement Distribution Algorithm 1 (QEDA1) and Quantum Entanglement Distribution Algorithm 2 (QEDA2) that minimize loss of fidelity by reducing the number of intermediate nodes while optimizing entanglement swapping and purification strategies. In QEDA1 we only applied purification as a recovery mechanism, while in QEDA2 we utilized a purification-rerouting approach. Furthermore, unlike previous studies, which relied primarily on idealized or small-scale topologies, we evaluated our approach on a real-world network topology (Surfnet), analyzing throughput variations under both normal conditions and targeted attacks. Furthermore, we compare the performance of the algorithm in memory-assisted and memoryless quantum networks, demonstrating the impact of quantum memory on network resilience. In addition, we introduce an attack model based on centrality-driven node failures and propose a recovery mechanism that integrates rerouting and entanglement purification to mitigate the effects of targeted attacks. Our results indicate that QEDA2 is more effective in mitigating the effect of attacks on throughput. Moreover, our findings highlight the trade-offs between network robustness, resource allocation, and fidelity constraints, providing valuable insights for the design of resilient large-scale quantum networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100810"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Resource allocation method for reliable transmission of requests based on shared backup path protection and fragmentation-aware in elastic optical networks 弹性光网络中基于共享备份路径保护和碎片感知的请求可靠传输资源分配方法

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100802

Huanlin Liu , Xingji Huo , Yong Chen , Bo Liu , Runze Ge , Di Deng , Haonan Chen

Elastic optical networks can effectively adapt to complex and dynamic network conditions, improving spectrum resource utilization. However, if the link fails, it will cause significant data loss or interruption to the network operator. Therefore, we propose a reliable routing, modulation, and spectrum allocation (SBPP-FA-RRMSA) algorithm based on shared backup path protection (SBPP) and fragmentation-aware to guarantee reliable transmission of requests and solve spectrum fragmentation problem. In order to save resources, we adopt the SBPP method, we design the reliability of requests based on path failure probability, and also design a path cost function combined with the path resources to select the transmission path. Then, we propose a dynamic spectrum partitioning method to guarantee non-interference of the working resources and the backup resources. Finally, in terms of resource allocation, we design a path fragmentation ratio to allocate working resources, and a spectrum fitness function to allocate backup resources. Simulation results show that under the premise of considering link failures, the proposed SBPP-FA-RRMSA has lower bandwidth blocking probability and fragmentation ratio compared with the algorithms that do not consider the probability of failures, fragmentation, and shared backup path protection, and it also makes full use of the sharing of backup resources.

弹性光网络能够有效适应复杂动态的网络环境，提高频谱资源的利用率。但是，如果链路出现故障，将会对网络运营商造成严重的数据丢失或中断。为此，我们提出了一种基于共享备份路径保护（SBPP）和分片感知的可靠路由、调制和频谱分配（SBPP- fa - rrmsa）算法，以保证请求的可靠传输，解决频谱分片问题。为了节省资源，采用SBPP方法，基于路径失效概率设计请求的可靠性，并结合路径资源设计路径代价函数来选择传输路径。然后，我们提出了一种动态频谱划分方法，以保证工作资源和备份资源的不干扰。最后，在资源分配方面，我们设计了路径碎片比来分配工作资源，设计了频谱适应度函数来分配备份资源。仿真结果表明，在考虑链路故障的前提下，与不考虑故障概率、分片和共享备份路径保护的算法相比，所提出的SBPP-FA-RRMSA具有更低的带宽阻塞概率和分片率，并且充分利用了备份资源的共享性。

{"title":"Resource allocation method for reliable transmission of requests based on shared backup path protection and fragmentation-aware in elastic optical networks","authors":"Huanlin Liu , Xingji Huo , Yong Chen , Bo Liu , Runze Ge , Di Deng , Haonan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elastic optical networks can effectively adapt to complex and dynamic network conditions, improving spectrum resource utilization. However, if the link fails, it will cause significant data loss or interruption to the network operator. Therefore, we propose a reliable routing, modulation, and spectrum allocation (SBPP-FA-RRMSA) algorithm based on shared backup path protection (SBPP) and fragmentation-aware to guarantee reliable transmission of requests and solve spectrum fragmentation problem. In order to save resources, we adopt the SBPP method, we design the reliability of requests based on path failure probability, and also design a path cost function combined with the path resources to select the transmission path. Then, we propose a dynamic spectrum partitioning method to guarantee non-interference of the working resources and the backup resources. Finally, in terms of resource allocation, we design a path fragmentation ratio to allocate working resources, and a spectrum fitness function to allocate backup resources. Simulation results show that under the premise of considering link failures, the proposed SBPP-FA-RRMSA has lower bandwidth blocking probability and fragmentation ratio compared with the algorithms that do not consider the probability of failures, fragmentation, and shared backup path protection, and it also makes full use of the sharing of backup resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100802"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A pre-forbidden spectrum strategy to conveniently consider crosstalk in SDM-EON 一种方便考虑SDM-EON串扰的预禁止频谱策略

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100801

Junling Yuan , Zixuan Wu , Xiao Ma , Xuhong Li , Qikun Zhang

Inter-core crosstalk (XT) is a main disadvantage in space division multiplexing elastic optical network (SDM-EON). Two methods are commonly used to consider crosstalk, namely worst-case XT strategy and precise XT strategy. When assigning spectrum resources to a connection request, the former calculates the maximum possible crosstalk, and the latter calculates the precise crosstalk. The worst-case XT strategy costs less time but leads to a higher bandwidth blocking probability, while the precise XT strategy gets a lower bandwidth blocking probability yet spends more time. In this paper, we study crosstalk-aware spectrum assignment problem in SDM-EON and propose a pre-forbidden spectrum (PFS) strategy to consider crosstalk. In the proposed strategy, three spectrum segments in the central core and two fringe cores are pre-forbidden respectively, which reduces number of neighbors of the remainder spectrum segments. By using the PFS strategy, the maximum possible crosstalk decreases and then the maximum optional modulation level increases, which can reduce bandwidth blocking probability of connection requests. The proposed PFS strategy is compared with the worst-case XT and precise XT strategies. Simulation results show that, bandwidth blocking probability of the PFS strategy is much lower than the worst-case XT strategy and slightly higher than the precise one, while average running time of the PFS strategy is far less than the precise XT strategy and similar to the worst-case XT one. Hence, the PFS strategy has the benefits of both comparison strategies.

核间串扰（XT）是空分复用弹性光网络（SDM-EON）的主要缺点。通常有两种方法来考虑串扰，即最坏XT策略和精确XT策略。在分配频谱资源给连接请求时，前者计算最大可能串扰，后者计算精确串扰。最坏情况下的XT策略耗时更少，但带宽阻塞概率更高，而精确XT策略带宽阻塞概率更低，但耗时更长。本文研究了SDM-EON中串扰感知频谱分配问题，提出了一种考虑串扰的预禁止频谱（PFS）策略。在该策略中，分别对中心核心中的三个频谱段和两个边缘核心中的两个频谱段进行预禁，从而减少了剩余频谱段的邻居数量。通过采用PFS策略，减小最大可能串扰，提高最大可选调制电平，从而降低连接请求的带宽阻塞概率。将所提出的PFS策略与最坏XT和精确XT策略进行了比较。仿真结果表明，PFS策略的带宽阻塞概率远低于最坏情况下的XT策略，略高于最坏情况下的XT策略，而PFS策略的平均运行时间远小于最坏情况下的XT策略，与最坏情况下的XT策略相似。因此，PFS策略具有两种比较策略的优点。

{"title":"A pre-forbidden spectrum strategy to conveniently consider crosstalk in SDM-EON","authors":"Junling Yuan , Zixuan Wu , Xiao Ma , Xuhong Li , Qikun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inter-core crosstalk (XT) is a main disadvantage in space division multiplexing elastic optical network (SDM-EON). Two methods are commonly used to consider crosstalk, namely worst-case XT strategy and precise XT strategy. When assigning spectrum resources to a connection request, the former calculates the maximum possible crosstalk, and the latter calculates the precise crosstalk. The worst-case XT strategy costs less time but leads to a higher bandwidth blocking probability, while the precise XT strategy gets a lower bandwidth blocking probability yet spends more time. In this paper, we study crosstalk-aware spectrum assignment problem in SDM-EON and propose a pre-forbidden spectrum (PFS) strategy to consider crosstalk. In the proposed strategy, three spectrum segments in the central core and two fringe cores are pre-forbidden respectively, which reduces number of neighbors of the remainder spectrum segments. By using the PFS strategy, the maximum possible crosstalk decreases and then the maximum optional modulation level increases, which can reduce bandwidth blocking probability of connection requests. The proposed PFS strategy is compared with the worst-case XT and precise XT strategies. Simulation results show that, bandwidth blocking probability of the PFS strategy is much lower than the worst-case XT strategy and slightly higher than the precise one, while average running time of the PFS strategy is far less than the precise XT strategy and similar to the worst-case XT one. Hence, the PFS strategy has the benefits of both comparison strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100801"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From design to recovery: Insights on resilient networks from RNDM 2023 从设计到恢复：RNDM 2023对弹性网络的见解

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100800

Doğanalp Ergenç , Nurefşan Sertbaş Bülbül , Jacek Rak , Mathias Fischer , Andreas Kassler

引用次数: 0