Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100826
Yuta Mori, Maiko Shigeno
Optical networks play an essential role as an infrastructure supporting advanced information and communication technology. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) have been designed to improve frequency resource utilization efficiency and enable flexible and efficient network operations. In EONs, the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) problem — which involves determining routes of transmission and allocating frequency resources — is a critical issue for efficient network operation. Traditionally, the k-Shortest Paths (kSP) approach has been widely used for candidate transmission routes. However, kSP often leads to the concentration of transmission on specific links, creating bottlenecks for resource allocation. To address this challenge, we propose three novel candidate path selection methods for the RSA problem: (1) ensuring path diversity through similarity constraints via 0–1 integer programming, (2) clustering based on path similarity, and (3) suppressing link sharing through node pair grouping. Numerical experiments performed to assure the effectiveness of our proposed methods, and confirmed that introducing path diversity can yield high-quality solutions to the RSA problem under specific scenarios.
{"title":"Selection of candidate paths based on diversity in resource allocation problems on optical networks","authors":"Yuta Mori, Maiko Shigeno","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical networks play an essential role as an infrastructure supporting advanced information and communication technology. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) have been designed to improve frequency resource utilization efficiency and enable flexible and efficient network operations. In EONs, the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) problem — which involves determining routes of transmission and allocating frequency resources — is a critical issue for efficient network operation. Traditionally, the k-Shortest Paths (kSP) approach has been widely used for candidate transmission routes. However, kSP often leads to the concentration of transmission on specific links, creating bottlenecks for resource allocation. To address this challenge, we propose three novel candidate path selection methods for the RSA problem: (1) ensuring path diversity through similarity constraints via 0–1 integer programming, (2) clustering based on path similarity, and (3) suppressing link sharing through node pair grouping. Numerical experiments performed to assure the effectiveness of our proposed methods, and confirmed that introducing path diversity can yield high-quality solutions to the RSA problem under specific scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100826"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100825
Felipe Cézar Maia e Silva, Danilo de Oliveira Melo, José Roberto do Nascimento Arcanjo, Helder Alves Pereira
In this paper, three dynamic transmission band assignment heuristics are proposed for multiband elastic optical networks. For that, five scenarios are considered involving three to five transmission bands. The amplified spontaneous emission noise, generated in the optical amplifiers, is considered as a physical layer impairment. The network performance is analyzed in terms of connection blocking probability and distribution of network accepted connections in each of the transmission bands, considering three well-known topologies in the literature. The results show that the proposed heuristics outperform the heuristics compared and available in the literature, in terms of connection blocking probability, in all scenarios analyzed. It is important to highlight that the order of the transmission bands must be taken into account during the assignment process so that, depending on the proposed heuristic, the difference in performance can be up to 76.5 percentage points in one of the scenarios analyzed.
{"title":"Dynamic heuristics for transmission band assignment in multiband elastic optical networks","authors":"Felipe Cézar Maia e Silva, Danilo de Oliveira Melo, José Roberto do Nascimento Arcanjo, Helder Alves Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, three dynamic transmission band assignment heuristics are proposed for multiband elastic optical networks. For that, five scenarios are considered involving three to five transmission bands. The amplified spontaneous emission noise, generated in the optical amplifiers, is considered as a physical layer impairment. The network performance is analyzed in terms of connection blocking probability and distribution of network accepted connections in each of the transmission bands, considering three well-known topologies in the literature. The results show that the proposed heuristics outperform the heuristics compared and available in the literature, in terms of connection blocking probability, in all scenarios analyzed. It is important to highlight that the order of the transmission bands must be taken into account during the assignment process so that, depending on the proposed heuristic, the difference in performance can be up to 76.5 percentage points in one of the scenarios analyzed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100825"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100824
Anass Kharbouche, Noureddine El-Haryqy, Hamza Ouamna, Zhour Madini, Younes Zouine
The integration of Visible Light Communication (VLC) has represented a major breakthrough by unlocking a new band of the spectrum, the visible light domain, while complementing the existing radio frequency spectrums. This innovation paves the way for applications that were previously inaccessible through traditional radio-based technologies. VLC has not only alleviated congestion in wireless networks but also offers a unique opportunity for expanding the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling communication between a multitude of connected devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review of VLC, tracing its development from its inception to the present state. The analysis is structured around the three essential components of a communication chain: the transmitter, the receiver, and the transmission channel. It is a synthesis of current knowledge, examining the various types of transmitters used, their adaptation to different applications, and their advantages and limitations. The paper also explores the methods for modeling transmission channels in VLC, detailing the differences between indoor and outdoor channels and how each type of channel corresponds to specific applications, along with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, particular attention is given to VLC receivers, analyzing their specificities based on channel types and the applications they are associated with. Through this review, the paper not only highlights the achievements made by researchers thus far but also discusses the challenges and future prospects in this ever-evolving field. Simulations and case studies are presented chronologically, providing a comprehensive view of the progress made and the results obtained, while identifying research avenues that need further exploration to advance this revolutionary technology.
{"title":"Visible light communication technologies: A tutorial and survey from fundamentals to cutting-edge innovations","authors":"Anass Kharbouche, Noureddine El-Haryqy, Hamza Ouamna, Zhour Madini, Younes Zouine","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of Visible Light Communication (VLC) has represented a major breakthrough by unlocking a new band of the spectrum, the visible light domain, while complementing the existing radio frequency spectrums. This innovation paves the way for applications that were previously inaccessible through traditional radio-based technologies. VLC has not only alleviated congestion in wireless networks but also offers a unique opportunity for expanding the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling communication between a multitude of connected devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review of VLC, tracing its development from its inception to the present state. The analysis is structured around the three essential components of a communication chain: the transmitter, the receiver, and the transmission channel. It is a synthesis of current knowledge, examining the various types of transmitters used, their adaptation to different applications, and their advantages and limitations. The paper also explores the methods for modeling transmission channels in VLC, detailing the differences between indoor and outdoor channels and how each type of channel corresponds to specific applications, along with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, particular attention is given to VLC receivers, analyzing their specificities based on channel types and the applications they are associated with. Through this review, the paper not only highlights the achievements made by researchers thus far but also discusses the challenges and future prospects in this ever-evolving field. Simulations and case studies are presented chronologically, providing a comprehensive view of the progress made and the results obtained, while identifying research avenues that need further exploration to advance this revolutionary technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100824"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100823
Amit Khanjan Sarma, Sanjib K. Deka, Nityananda Sarma
Survivable Elastic Optical Networks (SEON) are at the forefront of high-speed, flexible, and bandwidth-efficient optical communication. Modern flex-grid Elastic Optical Networks (EON) allocate variable-width frequency slots to match heterogeneous traffic demands and modulation formats; the survivability mechanisms discussed here operate at the spectrum slot layer and are agnostic to the underlying transponder waveform. Despite these advantages, ensuring survivability against diverse failures, including single-link, multi-link, node and hardware outages, remains a major challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of SEON survivability, with a particular emphasis on classifying solutions according to different failure scenarios. State-of-the-art strategies such as Dedicated Path Protection, Shared Backup Path Protection, segmented and span restoration, and p-cycle protection are systematically analyzed and compared. Unlike previous surveys, this work integrates a classification framework with performance insights, highlighting how existing mechanisms fare under different types of failures. To bridge existing gaps, we also discuss open research challenges, including centralized control, spectrum management, AI-driven resilience, physical layer impairments and disaster recovery. Furthermore, we outline the potential of a hybrid protection paradigm combining state-aware traffic splitting, dynamic allocation, and vulnerability scoring to improve spectrum utilization and reduce blocking probability. By linking failure scenarios with recovery strategies and future research needs, this survey provides a unique perspective to guide the design of scalable, adaptive and intelligent SEON architectures.
{"title":"Survivable Elastic Optical Network: A survey of failure scenarios and solutions","authors":"Amit Khanjan Sarma, Sanjib K. Deka, Nityananda Sarma","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Survivable Elastic Optical Networks (SEON) are at the forefront of high-speed, flexible, and bandwidth-efficient optical communication. Modern flex-grid Elastic Optical Networks (EON) allocate variable-width frequency slots to match heterogeneous traffic demands and modulation formats; the survivability mechanisms discussed here operate at the spectrum slot layer and are agnostic to the underlying transponder waveform. Despite these advantages, ensuring survivability against diverse failures, including single-link, multi-link, node and hardware outages, remains a major challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of SEON survivability, with a particular emphasis on classifying solutions according to different failure scenarios. State-of-the-art strategies such as Dedicated Path Protection, Shared Backup Path Protection, segmented and span restoration, and p-cycle protection are systematically analyzed and compared. Unlike previous surveys, this work integrates a classification framework with performance insights, highlighting how existing mechanisms fare under different types of failures. To bridge existing gaps, we also discuss open research challenges, including centralized control, spectrum management, AI-driven resilience, physical layer impairments and disaster recovery. Furthermore, we outline the potential of a hybrid protection paradigm combining state-aware traffic splitting, dynamic allocation, and vulnerability scoring to improve spectrum utilization and reduce blocking probability. By linking failure scenarios with recovery strategies and future research needs, this survey provides a unique perspective to guide the design of scalable, adaptive and intelligent SEON architectures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100823"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past two decades, the proliferation of data communication devices has significantly expanded to raise the standard of living for the majority of people. However, the integration of multiple devices into a limited space requires significant bandwidth capacity when building densely connected networks. In addition, conventional systems increase synchronization errors and high operational expenditures. Therefore, to mitigate the limitations this research offers a Locusts Spiral Navigation Algorithm enabled Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing for high-speed data communication network in free space optics (LSN-OFDM-FSO). The proposed model utilizing the LSN algorithm effectively selects the best phasor weight factors with minimal Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value. Moreover, the combination of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Mach–Zehnder Modulator systems ensure high-speed connectivity with maximum transmission capacity. When compared with other existing modulation methods, the LSN-OFDM-FSO offers less Bit Error Rate for a Free space optics length of 6 km. Additionally, the proposed model has less penalty total power of −966.674 dB, and total power of −33.2618 dBm. On the other hand, in terms of energy analysis, for 64 OLTs, the proposed model consumes a total energy of 9.29, and the ONU consumes less energy of 77.04. Moreover, the proposed system is well-suitable for high-speed data communication networks, with minimum information loss and delay.
{"title":"Locusts spiral navigation algorithm enabled high-speed data communication network for free space optics","authors":"Ankur Singhal , Anil Garg , Ajay Jangra , Poonam Rani , Priyanka Jangra , Deepti Chaudhary","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past two decades, the proliferation of data communication devices has significantly expanded to raise the standard of living for the majority of people. However, the integration of multiple devices into a limited space requires significant bandwidth capacity when building densely connected networks. In addition, conventional systems increase synchronization errors and high operational expenditures. Therefore, to mitigate the limitations this research offers a Locusts Spiral Navigation Algorithm enabled Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing for high-speed data communication network in free space optics (LSN-OFDM-FSO). The proposed model utilizing the LSN algorithm effectively selects the best phasor weight factors with minimal Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value. Moreover, the combination of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Mach–Zehnder Modulator systems ensure high-speed connectivity with maximum transmission capacity. When compared with other existing modulation methods, the LSN-OFDM-FSO offers less Bit Error Rate <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> for a Free space optics length of 6 km. Additionally, the proposed model has less penalty total power of −966.674 dB, and total power of −33.2618 dBm. On the other hand, in terms of energy analysis, for 64 OLTs, the proposed model consumes a total energy of 9.29, and the ONU consumes less energy of 77.04. Moreover, the proposed system is well-suitable for high-speed data communication networks, with minimum information loss and delay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100815"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As deploying large amounts of monitoring equipment results in elevated cost and power consumption, novel low-cost monitoring methods are being continuously investigated. A new technique called Power Profile Monitoring (PPM) has recently gained traction thanks to its ability to monitor an entire lightpath using a single post-processing unit at the lightpath receiver. PPM does not require to deploy an individual monitor for each span, as in the traditional monitoring technique using Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). In this work, we aim to quantify the cost and power consumption of PPM (using OTDR as a baseline reference), as this analysis can provide guidelines for the implementation and deployment of PPM. First, we discuss how PPM and OTDR monitors are deployed, and we formally state a new Optimized Monitoring Placement (OMP) problem for PPM. Solving the OMP problem allows to identify the minimum number of PPM monitors that guarantees that all links in the networks are monitored by at least PPM monitors (note that using allows for increased monitoring accuracy). We prove the NP-hardness of the OMP problem and formulate it using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model. Finally, we also devise a heuristic algorithm for the OMP problem to scale to larger topologies. Our numerical results, obtained on realistic topologies, suggest that the cost (and power) of one PPM module should be lower than 2.6 times that of one OTDR for nation-wide and 10.2 times for continental-wide topology.
{"title":"Cost and power-consumption analysis for power profile monitoring with multiple monitors per link in optical networks","authors":"Qiaolun Zhang , Patricia Layec , Alix May , Annalisa Morea , Aryanaz Attarpour , Massimo Tornatore","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As deploying large amounts of monitoring equipment results in elevated cost and power consumption, novel low-cost monitoring methods are being continuously investigated. A new technique called <em>Power Profile Monitoring</em> (PPM) has recently gained traction thanks to its ability to monitor an entire lightpath using a single post-processing unit at the lightpath receiver. PPM does not require to deploy an individual monitor for each span, as in the traditional monitoring technique using <em>Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer</em> (OTDR). In this work, we aim to quantify the cost and power consumption of PPM (using OTDR as a baseline reference), as this analysis can provide guidelines for the implementation and deployment of PPM. First, we discuss how PPM and OTDR monitors are deployed, and we formally state a new Optimized Monitoring Placement (OMP) problem for PPM. Solving the OMP problem allows to identify the minimum number of PPM monitors that guarantees that all links in the networks are monitored by at least <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> PPM monitors (note that using <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>></mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> allows for increased monitoring accuracy). We prove the NP-hardness of the OMP problem and formulate it using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model. Finally, we also devise a heuristic algorithm for the OMP problem to scale to larger topologies. Our numerical results, obtained on realistic topologies, suggest that the cost (and power) of one PPM module should be lower than 2.6 times that of one OTDR for nation-wide and 10.2 times for continental-wide topology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100813"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100814
Shahram Dehdashti , Janis Nötzel , Peter van Loock
In this paper, using the notion of nonlinear coherent states, we define a deformed bosonic dephasing channel modeling the impact of a Kerr medium on a quantum state, as it occurs, for instance, in quantum communication based on optical fibers. We show that, in certain regimes, the Kerr nonlinearity is able to compensate the dephasing. In addition, our studies reveal that the quantum capacity of the deformed bosonic dephasing channel can be greater than that of the undeformed, standard bosonic dephasing channel for certain nonlinearity parameters.
{"title":"Quantum capacity of a deformed bosonic dephasing channel","authors":"Shahram Dehdashti , Janis Nötzel , Peter van Loock","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, using the notion of nonlinear coherent states, we define a deformed bosonic dephasing channel modeling the impact of a Kerr medium on a quantum state, as it occurs, for instance, in quantum communication based on optical fibers. We show that, in certain regimes, the Kerr nonlinearity is able to compensate the dephasing. In addition, our studies reveal that the quantum capacity of the deformed bosonic dephasing channel can be greater than that of the undeformed, standard bosonic dephasing channel for certain nonlinearity parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100814"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-24DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100812
Sergio Cruzes
The increasing complexity and scale of optical networks demand advanced automation frameworks capable of adapting to dynamic service requirements, physical-layer impairments, and multi-vendor environments. Traditional solutions—based on static rule sets or narrowly scoped machine learning models—struggle to manage real-time performance, heterogeneous data, and domain-specific variability. Large Language Models (LLMs), built on transformer architectures, offer a paradigm shift by enabling context-aware reasoning, multi-task generalization, and natural language interpretation. These models can automate configuration generation, fault diagnosis, alarm correlation, and routing and spectrum assignment (RSA), while enhancing Quality of Transmission (QoT) estimation and scenario modeling.
This article provides a comprehensive survey of current automation approaches in optical networks, including software-defined networking (SDN), intent-based networking (IBN), machine learning (ML)-based orchestration, and cognitive control architectures. Special attention is given to emerging paradigms that integrate LLMs for intent interpretation, fault analysis, configuration generation, and reasoning.
Building on these foundations, we propose a hybrid framework that integrates LLMs with Digital Twin (DT) technologies to enable closed-loop control, predictive optimization, and explainable, intent-driven decision-making. Telemetry streams feed both DT simulations and LLM-based reasoning agents, supporting proactive reconfiguration and fault mitigation. To address LLM limitations—such as hallucinations and inference latency —the framework incorporates prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), domain-specific fine-tuning, and simulation-based validation.
The proposed architecture paves the way for resilient, autonomous, and sustainable optical networks that can self-optimize and adapt in real time.
{"title":"Revolutionizing optical networks: The integration and impact of large language models","authors":"Sergio Cruzes","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing complexity and scale of optical networks demand advanced automation frameworks capable of adapting to dynamic service requirements, physical-layer impairments, and multi-vendor environments. Traditional solutions—based on static rule sets or narrowly scoped machine learning models—struggle to manage real-time performance, heterogeneous data, and domain-specific variability. Large Language Models (LLMs), built on transformer architectures, offer a paradigm shift by enabling context-aware reasoning, multi-task generalization, and natural language interpretation. These models can automate configuration generation, fault diagnosis, alarm correlation, and routing and spectrum assignment (RSA), while enhancing Quality of Transmission (QoT) estimation and scenario modeling.</div><div>This article provides a comprehensive survey of current automation approaches in optical networks, including software-defined networking (SDN), intent-based networking (IBN), machine learning (ML)-based orchestration, and cognitive control architectures. Special attention is given to emerging paradigms that integrate LLMs for intent interpretation, fault analysis, configuration generation, and reasoning.</div><div>Building on these foundations, we propose a hybrid framework that integrates LLMs with Digital Twin (DT) technologies to enable closed-loop control, predictive optimization, and explainable, intent-driven decision-making. Telemetry streams feed both DT simulations and LLM-based reasoning agents, supporting proactive reconfiguration and fault mitigation. To address LLM limitations—such as hallucinations and inference latency —the framework incorporates prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), domain-specific fine-tuning, and simulation-based validation.</div><div>The proposed architecture paves the way for resilient, autonomous, and sustainable optical networks that can self-optimize and adapt in real time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100812"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Location Based Service (LBS) uses users’ geographic location to provide relevant and personalized services. However, privacy concerns arise for both users and service providers. Users wish to receive necessary information based on location-related queries without revealing the content of their queries to preserve privacy. At the same time, the location server must protect its valuable data from unauthorized access, as this data is a critical asset. In this manuscript, we address this problem and provide a solution to it by utilizing an oblivious transfer (OT) protocol. We propose a -out-of- quantum oblivious transfer protocol (namely GqOT) as a solution to the above-mentioned problem. We describe the problem and the application of our proposed GqOT to solve the privacy preserving issues of users and service providers during LBS. The solution is practical and efficient as the source of quantum states for GqOT is single photons. Consequently, simple projective measurements are required to measure the quantum states. Moreover, GqOT also provides long-term security, ensuring a significant solution to the problem LBS addresses.
LBS （Location Based Service）利用用户的地理位置信息，提供与用户相关的个性化服务。然而，用户和服务提供商都担心隐私问题。用户希望在不泄露其查询内容的情况下，接收基于位置相关查询的必要信息，以保护隐私。同时，位置服务器必须保护其有价值的数据免受未经授权的访问，因为这些数据是关键资产。在本文中，我们解决了这个问题，并通过使用无关传输（OT）协议提供了一个解决方案。我们提出了一个k- of-n量子无关传输协议（即GqOT）作为上述问题的解决方案。我们描述了这个问题以及我们提出的GqOT在解决LBS过程中用户和服务提供商的隐私保护问题上的应用。由于GqOT的量子态源为单光子，因此该方法具有实用性和高效性。因此，需要简单的射影测量来测量量子态。此外，GqOT还提供了长期的安全性，确保了对LBS所要解决的问题的有效解决。
{"title":"Quantum-secure protocols for privacy preserving location based services","authors":"Sushmita Sarkar , Tapaswini Mohanty , Vikas Srivastava , Debasish Roy , Sumit Kumar Debnath , Sihem Mesnager , Sourav Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.osn.2025.100811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Location Based Service (LBS) uses users’ geographic location to provide relevant and personalized services. However, privacy concerns arise for both users and service providers. Users wish to receive necessary information based on location-related queries without revealing the content of their queries to preserve privacy. At the same time, the location server must protect its valuable data from unauthorized access, as this data is a critical asset. In this manuscript, we address this problem and provide a solution to it by utilizing an oblivious transfer (OT) protocol. We propose a <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-out-of-<span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> quantum oblivious transfer protocol (namely <span>GqOT</span>) as a solution to the above-mentioned problem. We describe the problem and the application of our proposed <span>GqOT</span> to solve the privacy preserving issues of users and service providers during LBS. The solution is practical and efficient as the source of quantum states for <span>GqOT</span> is single photons. Consequently, simple projective measurements are required to measure the quantum states. Moreover, <span>GqOT</span> also provides long-term security, ensuring a significant solution to the problem LBS addresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54674,"journal":{"name":"Optical Switching and Networking","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100811"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100810
Hilal Sultan Duranoglu Tunc , Abebu Ademe Bayleyegn , Joachim Notcker , Riccardo Bassoli , Frank H.P. Fitzek
Quantum networks are essential for secure quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. However, their performance is highly vulnerable to targeted attacks that disrupt entanglement distribution, leading to significant network degradation. To address this challenge, we propose two heuristic routing algorithms Quantum Entanglement Distribution Algorithm 1 (QEDA1) and Quantum Entanglement Distribution Algorithm 2 (QEDA2) that minimize loss of fidelity by reducing the number of intermediate nodes while optimizing entanglement swapping and purification strategies. In QEDA1 we only applied purification as a recovery mechanism, while in QEDA2 we utilized a purification-rerouting approach. Furthermore, unlike previous studies, which relied primarily on idealized or small-scale topologies, we evaluated our approach on a real-world network topology (Surfnet), analyzing throughput variations under both normal conditions and targeted attacks. Furthermore, we compare the performance of the algorithm in memory-assisted and memoryless quantum networks, demonstrating the impact of quantum memory on network resilience. In addition, we introduce an attack model based on centrality-driven node failures and propose a recovery mechanism that integrates rerouting and entanglement purification to mitigate the effects of targeted attacks. Our results indicate that QEDA2 is more effective in mitigating the effect of attacks on throughput. Moreover, our findings highlight the trade-offs between network robustness, resource allocation, and fidelity constraints, providing valuable insights for the design of resilient large-scale quantum networks.
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