Optical Switching and Networking最新文献_第2页

A Lean and fast optical datacenter internal network fabric with partial configurability 一个精简和快速的光数据中心内部网络结构，具有部分可配置性

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100827

Konstantinos Kontodimas , Konstantinos Christodoulopoulos , Emmanouel Varvarigos

The introduction of all-optical switching in datacenter internal networks (DCNs) marks a significant step toward overcoming the limitations of traditional electronic switching. However, challenges such as limited optical switch port counts and slow reconfiguration speeds demand new architectural approaches. In this paper, we propose a DCN fabric based on a “Lean” optical switch design that offers scalable, partially configurable switching. This architecture supports fast reconfiguration suitable for real-time scheduling and network control, while optimizing hardware complexity. To achieve this, we relax the non-blocking network constraint and adopt partially configurable switching modules, which reduce control complexity by limiting the scheduler's configuration space. We compare the proposed Lean network against two established optical DCN architectures: RotorNet, which relies on fully distributed control with minimal configurability, and optical Folded-Clos, which employs centralized control and fully reconfigurable optical crossbars. These architectures span different design trade-offs in terms of control and switching complexity. Our Lean design strikes a balance between the two, combining their respective benefits—offering moderate configurability, fast reconfiguration, and reduced control overhead. We analyze the crosspoint and scheduling complexities of all three architectures and evaluate their throughput and latency performance through packet level simulations.

在数据中心内部网络（DCNs）中引入全光交换标志着克服传统电子交换局限性的重要一步。然而，诸如有限的光交换机端口数量和缓慢的重新配置速度等挑战需要新的架构方法。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于“精益”光开关设计的DCN结构，提供可扩展的，部分可配置的交换。该架构支持适合实时调度和网络控制的快速重构，同时优化硬件复杂性。为了实现这一目标，我们放宽了非阻塞网络约束，采用部分可配置的交换模块，通过限制调度程序的配置空间来降低控制复杂性。我们将提出的Lean网络与两种已建立的光学DCN架构进行了比较：RotorNet依赖于具有最小可配置性的完全分布式控制，以及光学fold - clos，采用集中控制和完全可重构的光交叉棒。这些体系结构在控制和切换复杂性方面跨越了不同的设计权衡。我们的精益设计在两者之间取得了平衡，结合了它们各自的优点——提供适度的可配置性、快速的重新配置和减少的控制开销。我们分析了所有三种架构的交叉点和调度复杂性，并通过分组级模拟评估了它们的吞吐量和延迟性能。

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引用次数: 0

Selection of candidate paths based on diversity in resource allocation problems on optical networks 光网络资源分配问题中基于多样性的候选路径选择

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100826

Yuta Mori, Maiko Shigeno

Optical networks play an essential role as an infrastructure supporting advanced information and communication technology. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) have been designed to improve frequency resource utilization efficiency and enable flexible and efficient network operations. In EONs, the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) problem — which involves determining routes of transmission and allocating frequency resources — is a critical issue for efficient network operation. Traditionally, the k-Shortest Paths (kSP) approach has been widely used for candidate transmission routes. However, kSP often leads to the concentration of transmission on specific links, creating bottlenecks for resource allocation. To address this challenge, we propose three novel candidate path selection methods for the RSA problem: (1) ensuring path diversity through similarity constraints via 0–1 integer programming, (2) clustering based on path similarity, and (3) suppressing link sharing through node pair grouping. Numerical experiments performed to assure the effectiveness of our proposed methods, and confirmed that introducing path diversity can yield high-quality solutions to the RSA problem under specific scenarios.

光网络作为支撑先进信息通信技术的基础设施，发挥着重要作用。弹性光网络（Elastic Optical network, eon）是为了提高频率资源的利用效率，实现灵活高效的网络运行而设计的。在EONs中，路由和频谱分配（RSA）问题——包括确定传输路由和分配频率资源——是网络高效运行的关键问题。传统上，k-最短路径（kSP）方法被广泛用于候选传输路由。但是，kSP常常导致传输集中在特定的链路上，给资源分配造成瓶颈。为了解决这一挑战，我们提出了三种新的RSA问题候选路径选择方法：(1)通过0-1整数规划的相似性约束确保路径多样性，(2)基于路径相似性的聚类，以及(3)通过节点对分组抑制链路共享。通过数值实验验证了所提方法的有效性，并证实了在特定场景下引入路径多样性可以得到高质量的RSA问题解。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic heuristics for transmission band assignment in multiband elastic optical networks 多波段弹性光网络中传输频带分配的动态启发式算法

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100825

Felipe Cézar Maia e Silva, Danilo de Oliveira Melo, José Roberto do Nascimento Arcanjo, Helder Alves Pereira

In this paper, three dynamic transmission band assignment heuristics are proposed for multiband elastic optical networks. For that, five scenarios are considered involving three to five transmission bands. The amplified spontaneous emission noise, generated in the optical amplifiers, is considered as a physical layer impairment. The network performance is analyzed in terms of connection blocking probability and distribution of network accepted connections in each of the transmission bands, considering three well-known topologies in the literature. The results show that the proposed heuristics outperform the heuristics compared and available in the literature, in terms of connection blocking probability, in all scenarios analyzed. It is important to highlight that the order of the transmission bands must be taken into account during the assignment process so that, depending on the proposed heuristic, the difference in performance can be up to 76.5 percentage points in one of the scenarios analyzed.

针对多波段弹性光网络，提出了三种动态传输频带分配启发式算法。为此，考虑了涉及三到五个传输波段的五种情况。在光放大器中产生的被放大的自发发射噪声被认为是物理层损伤。考虑到文献中三种著名的拓扑结构，从连接阻塞概率和每个传输频带中网络可接受连接的分布来分析网络性能。结果表明，在所分析的所有场景中，所提出的启发式方法在连接阻塞概率方面优于文献中比较和可用的启发式方法。重要的是要强调，在分配过程中必须考虑传输频带的顺序，因此，根据所提出的启发式，在分析的一个场景中，性能差异可能高达76.5个百分点。

引用次数: 0

Visible light communication technologies: A tutorial and survey from fundamentals to cutting-edge innovations 可见光通信技术：从基础到前沿创新的教程和调查

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100824

Anass Kharbouche, Noureddine El-Haryqy, Hamza Ouamna, Zhour Madini, Younes Zouine

The integration of Visible Light Communication (VLC) has represented a major breakthrough by unlocking a new band of the spectrum, the visible light domain, while complementing the existing radio frequency spectrums. This innovation paves the way for applications that were previously inaccessible through traditional radio-based technologies. VLC has not only alleviated congestion in wireless networks but also offers a unique opportunity for expanding the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling communication between a multitude of connected devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review of VLC, tracing its development from its inception to the present state. The analysis is structured around the three essential components of a communication chain: the transmitter, the receiver, and the transmission channel. It is a synthesis of current knowledge, examining the various types of transmitters used, their adaptation to different applications, and their advantages and limitations. The paper also explores the methods for modeling transmission channels in VLC, detailing the differences between indoor and outdoor channels and how each type of channel corresponds to specific applications, along with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, particular attention is given to VLC receivers, analyzing their specificities based on channel types and the applications they are associated with. Through this review, the paper not only highlights the achievements made by researchers thus far but also discusses the challenges and future prospects in this ever-evolving field. Simulations and case studies are presented chronologically, providing a comprehensive view of the progress made and the results obtained, while identifying research avenues that need further exploration to advance this revolutionary technology.

可见光通信（VLC）的集成代表了一个重大突破，它解锁了一个新的频谱波段，即可见光域，同时补充了现有的射频频谱。这一创新为以前通过传统无线电技术无法实现的应用铺平了道路。VLC不仅缓解了无线网络的拥塞，而且为扩展物联网（IoT）提供了独特的机会，使众多连接设备之间的通信成为可能。本文对VLC进行了全面的回顾，追溯了它从诞生到现在的发展历程。该分析围绕通信链的三个基本组成部分进行：发送器、接收器和传输信道。它综合了当前的知识，研究了所使用的各种类型的发射机，它们对不同应用的适应性，以及它们的优点和局限性。本文还探讨了VLC中传输通道的建模方法，详细介绍了室内和室外通道之间的差异，以及每种类型的通道如何对应于特定应用，以及各自的优缺点。此外，还特别关注了VLC接收器，根据信道类型和与之相关的应用分析了它们的特性。通过回顾，本文不仅突出了迄今为止研究人员所取得的成就，还讨论了这一不断发展的领域所面临的挑战和未来的前景。模拟和案例研究按时间顺序呈现，提供了取得的进展和获得的结果的全面视图，同时确定了需要进一步探索的研究途径，以推进这一革命性技术。

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引用次数: 0

Survivable Elastic Optical Network: A survey of failure scenarios and solutions 可生存弹性光网络：故障场景和解决方案的综述

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100823

Amit Khanjan Sarma, Sanjib K. Deka, Nityananda Sarma

Survivable Elastic Optical Networks (SEON) are at the forefront of high-speed, flexible, and bandwidth-efficient optical communication. Modern flex-grid Elastic Optical Networks (EON) allocate variable-width frequency slots to match heterogeneous traffic demands and modulation formats; the survivability mechanisms discussed here operate at the spectrum slot layer and are agnostic to the underlying transponder waveform. Despite these advantages, ensuring survivability against diverse failures, including single-link, multi-link, node and hardware outages, remains a major challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of SEON survivability, with a particular emphasis on classifying solutions according to different failure scenarios. State-of-the-art strategies such as Dedicated Path Protection, Shared Backup Path Protection, segmented and span restoration, and p-cycle protection are systematically analyzed and compared. Unlike previous surveys, this work integrates a classification framework with performance insights, highlighting how existing mechanisms fare under different types of failures. To bridge existing gaps, we also discuss open research challenges, including centralized control, spectrum management, AI-driven resilience, physical layer impairments and disaster recovery. Furthermore, we outline the potential of a hybrid protection paradigm combining state-aware traffic splitting, dynamic allocation, and vulnerability scoring to improve spectrum utilization and reduce blocking probability. By linking failure scenarios with recovery strategies and future research needs, this survey provides a unique perspective to guide the design of scalable, adaptive and intelligent SEON architectures.

可生存弹性光网络（SEON）是高速、灵活和带宽高效光通信的前沿。现代柔性网格弹性光网络（EON）通过分配变宽频率槽来适应异构业务需求和调制格式；这里讨论的生存性机制在频谱槽层工作，与底层应答器波形无关。尽管有这些优势，但确保在各种故障（包括单链路、多链路、节点和硬件中断）下的生存能力仍然是一个主要挑战。本文对SEON的生存能力进行了全面的研究，特别强调了根据不同的故障情况对解决方案进行分类。系统地分析和比较了专用路径保护、共享备份路径保护、分段和跨度恢复、p周期保护等最新策略。与之前的调查不同，这项工作将分类框架与性能见解相结合，突出了现有机制在不同类型故障下的表现。为了弥合现有的差距，我们还讨论了开放的研究挑战，包括集中控制、频谱管理、人工智能驱动的弹性、物理层损伤和灾难恢复。此外，我们概述了结合状态感知流量分割、动态分配和漏洞评分的混合保护范式的潜力，以提高频谱利用率并降低阻塞概率。通过将故障场景与恢复策略和未来研究需求联系起来，本研究为指导可扩展、自适应和智能SEON架构的设计提供了独特的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Locusts spiral navigation algorithm enabled high-speed data communication network for free space optics 蝗虫螺旋导航算法实现自由空间光学高速数据通信网络

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100815

Ankur Singhal , Anil Garg , Ajay Jangra , Poonam Rani , Priyanka Jangra , Deepti Chaudhary

Over the past two decades, the proliferation of data communication devices has significantly expanded to raise the standard of living for the majority of people. However, the integration of multiple devices into a limited space requires significant bandwidth capacity when building densely connected networks. In addition, conventional systems increase synchronization errors and high operational expenditures. Therefore, to mitigate the limitations this research offers a Locusts Spiral Navigation Algorithm enabled Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing for high-speed data communication network in free space optics (LSN-OFDM-FSO). The proposed model utilizing the LSN algorithm effectively selects the best phasor weight factors with minimal Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value. Moreover, the combination of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Mach–Zehnder Modulator systems ensure high-speed connectivity with maximum transmission capacity. When compared with other existing modulation methods, the LSN-OFDM-FSO offers less Bit Error Rate

3 \times 10^{- 5}

for a Free space optics length of 6 km. Additionally, the proposed model has less penalty total power of −966.674 dB, and total power of −33.2618 dBm. On the other hand, in terms of energy analysis, for 64 OLTs, the proposed model consumes a total energy of 9.29, and the ONU consumes less energy of 77.04. Moreover, the proposed system is well-suitable for high-speed data communication networks, with minimum information loss and delay.

在过去的二十年里，数据通信设备的激增大大提高了大多数人的生活水平。然而，在构建密集连接的网络时，将多个设备集成到有限的空间中需要大量的带宽容量。此外，传统系统增加了同步错误和高运营支出。因此，为了减轻这种局限性，本研究提出了一种基于蝗虫螺旋导航算法的正交频分复用技术，用于自由空间光学高速数据通信网络（LSN-OFDM-FSO）。该模型利用LSN算法有效地选取峰值平均功率比（PAPR）最小的相量权因子。此外，波分复用和马赫-曾德调制器系统的结合确保了高速连接和最大传输容量。与现有的其他调制方法相比，LSN-OFDM-FSO在自由空间光学长度为6 km的情况下具有更低的误码率。此外，该模型具有较小的惩罚总功率为-966.674 dB，总功率为-33.2618 dBm。另一方面，在能量分析方面，对于64个olt，所提模型消耗的总能量为9.29，而ONU消耗的能量较少，为77.04。此外，该系统非常适合高速数据通信网络，具有最小的信息丢失和延迟。

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引用次数: 0

Cost and power-consumption analysis for power profile monitoring with multiple monitors per link in optical networks 光网络中每链路多监测仪功率分布监测的成本和功耗分析

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100813

Qiaolun Zhang , Patricia Layec , Alix May , Annalisa Morea , Aryanaz Attarpour , Massimo Tornatore

As deploying large amounts of monitoring equipment results in elevated cost and power consumption, novel low-cost monitoring methods are being continuously investigated. A new technique called Power Profile Monitoring (PPM) has recently gained traction thanks to its ability to monitor an entire lightpath using a single post-processing unit at the lightpath receiver. PPM does not require to deploy an individual monitor for each span, as in the traditional monitoring technique using Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). In this work, we aim to quantify the cost and power consumption of PPM (using OTDR as a baseline reference), as this analysis can provide guidelines for the implementation and deployment of PPM. First, we discuss how PPM and OTDR monitors are deployed, and we formally state a new Optimized Monitoring Placement (OMP) problem for PPM. Solving the OMP problem allows to identify the minimum number of PPM monitors that guarantees that all links in the networks are monitored by at least

n

PPM monitors (note that using

n > 1

allows for increased monitoring accuracy). We prove the NP-hardness of the OMP problem and formulate it using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model. Finally, we also devise a heuristic algorithm for the OMP problem to scale to larger topologies. Our numerical results, obtained on realistic topologies, suggest that the cost (and power) of one PPM module should be lower than 2.6 times that of one OTDR for nation-wide and 10.2 times for continental-wide topology.

由于部署大量的监测设备会导致成本和功耗的增加，新的低成本监测方法正在不断被研究。一种被称为功率剖面监测（PPM）的新技术最近获得了广泛的关注，因为它能够在光路接收器上使用一个单一的后处理单元来监测整个光路。PPM不需要为每个时间段部署单独的监视器，这与使用光学时域反射计（OTDR）的传统监视技术不同。在这项工作中，我们的目标是量化PPM的成本和功耗（使用OTDR作为基准参考），因为该分析可以为PPM的实现和部署提供指导。首先，我们讨论如何部署PPM和OTDR监视器，并正式陈述PPM的一个新的优化监视放置（OMP）问题。解决OMP问题可以确定PPM监视器的最小数量，以确保网络中的所有链路都由至少n个PPM监视器监视（注意，使用n>；1可以提高监视精度）。我们证明了OMP问题的np -硬度，并用整数线性规划（ILP）模型将其形式化。最后，我们还为OMP问题设计了一种启发式算法，以扩展到更大的拓扑结构。我们在实际拓扑结构上获得的数值结果表明，在全国范围内，一个PPM模块的成本（和功率）应低于一个OTDR的2.6倍，在整个大陆的拓扑结构中应低于10.2倍。

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引用次数: 0

Quantum capacity of a deformed bosonic dephasing channel 变形玻色子脱相信道的量子容量

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100814

Shahram Dehdashti , Janis Nötzel , Peter van Loock

In this paper, using the notion of nonlinear coherent states, we define a deformed bosonic dephasing channel modeling the impact of a Kerr medium on a quantum state, as it occurs, for instance, in quantum communication based on optical fibers. We show that, in certain regimes, the Kerr nonlinearity is able to compensate the dephasing. In addition, our studies reveal that the quantum capacity of the deformed bosonic dephasing channel can be greater than that of the undeformed, standard bosonic dephasing channel for certain nonlinearity parameters.

在本文中，使用非线性相干态的概念，我们定义了一个变形玻色子脱相通道，模拟了克尔介质对量子态的影响，例如，在基于光纤的量子通信中。我们证明，在某些情况下，克尔非线性能够补偿减相。此外，我们的研究表明，在某些非线性参数下，变形玻色子脱相通道的量子容量可以大于未变形的标准玻色子脱相通道的量子容量。

引用次数: 0

Revolutionizing optical networks: The integration and impact of large language models 革命性的光网络：大型语言模型的集成和影响

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100812

Sergio Cruzes

The increasing complexity and scale of optical networks demand advanced automation frameworks capable of adapting to dynamic service requirements, physical-layer impairments, and multi-vendor environments. Traditional solutions—based on static rule sets or narrowly scoped machine learning models—struggle to manage real-time performance, heterogeneous data, and domain-specific variability. Large Language Models (LLMs), built on transformer architectures, offer a paradigm shift by enabling context-aware reasoning, multi-task generalization, and natural language interpretation. These models can automate configuration generation, fault diagnosis, alarm correlation, and routing and spectrum assignment (RSA), while enhancing Quality of Transmission (QoT) estimation and scenario modeling.

This article provides a comprehensive survey of current automation approaches in optical networks, including software-defined networking (SDN), intent-based networking (IBN), machine learning (ML)-based orchestration, and cognitive control architectures. Special attention is given to emerging paradigms that integrate LLMs for intent interpretation, fault analysis, configuration generation, and reasoning.

Building on these foundations, we propose a hybrid framework that integrates LLMs with Digital Twin (DT) technologies to enable closed-loop control, predictive optimization, and explainable, intent-driven decision-making. Telemetry streams feed both DT simulations and LLM-based reasoning agents, supporting proactive reconfiguration and fault mitigation. To address LLM limitations—such as hallucinations and inference latency —the framework incorporates prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), domain-specific fine-tuning, and simulation-based validation.

The proposed architecture paves the way for resilient, autonomous, and sustainable optical networks that can self-optimize and adapt in real time.

光网络日益增长的复杂性和规模要求先进的自动化框架能够适应动态服务需求、物理层缺陷和多供应商环境。基于静态规则集或范围狭窄的机器学习模型的传统解决方案难以管理实时性能、异构数据和特定于领域的可变性。建立在转换器架构上的大型语言模型（llm）通过支持上下文感知推理、多任务泛化和自然语言解释，提供了一种范式转换。这些模型可以自动生成配置、故障诊断、告警关联、路由和频谱分配（RSA），同时增强传输质量（QoT）估计和场景建模。本文全面介绍了当前光网络中的自动化方法，包括软件定义网络（SDN）、基于意图的网络（IBN）、基于机器学习（ML）的编排和认知控制架构。特别关注的是将llm集成到意图解释、故障分析、配置生成和推理的新兴范例。在此基础上，我们提出了一个将法学硕士与数字孪生（DT）技术集成在一起的混合框架，以实现闭环控制、预测优化和可解释的、意图驱动的决策。遥测流为DT模拟和基于llm的推理代理提供数据，支持主动重新配置和故障缓解。为了解决LLM的局限性——比如幻觉和推理延迟——框架结合了即时工程、检索增强生成（RAG）、特定领域的微调和基于仿真的验证。所提出的架构为弹性、自治和可持续的光网络铺平了道路，这些光网络可以实时自我优化和适应。

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引用次数: 0

Quantum-secure protocols for privacy preserving location based services 用于保护隐私的基于位置服务的量子安全协议

IF 1.9 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100811

Sushmita Sarkar , Tapaswini Mohanty , Vikas Srivastava , Debasish Roy , Sumit Kumar Debnath , Sihem Mesnager , Sourav Mukhopadhyay

Location Based Service (LBS) uses users’ geographic location to provide relevant and personalized services. However, privacy concerns arise for both users and service providers. Users wish to receive necessary information based on location-related queries without revealing the content of their queries to preserve privacy. At the same time, the location server must protect its valuable data from unauthorized access, as this data is a critical asset. In this manuscript, we address this problem and provide a solution to it by utilizing an oblivious transfer (OT) protocol. We propose a

k

-out-of-

n

quantum oblivious transfer protocol (namely GqOT) as a solution to the above-mentioned problem. We describe the problem and the application of our proposed GqOT to solve the privacy preserving issues of users and service providers during LBS. The solution is practical and efficient as the source of quantum states for GqOT is single photons. Consequently, simple projective measurements are required to measure the quantum states. Moreover, GqOT also provides long-term security, ensuring a significant solution to the problem LBS addresses.

LBS （Location Based Service）利用用户的地理位置信息，提供与用户相关的个性化服务。然而，用户和服务提供商都担心隐私问题。用户希望在不泄露其查询内容的情况下，接收基于位置相关查询的必要信息，以保护隐私。同时，位置服务器必须保护其有价值的数据免受未经授权的访问，因为这些数据是关键资产。在本文中，我们解决了这个问题，并通过使用无关传输（OT）协议提供了一个解决方案。我们提出了一个k- of-n量子无关传输协议（即GqOT）作为上述问题的解决方案。我们描述了这个问题以及我们提出的GqOT在解决LBS过程中用户和服务提供商的隐私保护问题上的应用。由于GqOT的量子态源为单光子，因此该方法具有实用性和高效性。因此，需要简单的射影测量来测量量子态。此外，GqOT还提供了长期的安全性，确保了对LBS所要解决的问题的有效解决。

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引用次数: 0