Optical Switching and Networking最新文献

Optical intelligent reflecting surface-assisted NOMA for VLC system: Fundamentals, potentials, open research issues, and future trends 用于VLC系统的光学智能反射表面辅助NOMA：基础、潜力、开放研究问题和未来趋势

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2026.100852

S.A.H. Mohsan , Haoyu Huang , Yi Hao , Qian Li , H.Y. Fu

Recently, visible light communication (VLC) has garnered substantial interest as a promising complement to radio frequency (RF) communication due to its low-cost, high data rate, huge bandwidth, RF-free interference, enhanced security, and license-free spectrum. However, owing to the propagation characteristics of light, VLC is vulnerable to critical challenges in practical scenarios such as short bandwidth of light emitting diodes (LEDs), pointing errors, beam misalignment and inevitable occlusion. In this context, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and optical intelligent reflecting surface (OIRS) are two emerging techniques to overcome performance degradation of existing VLC systems. These burgeoning technologies offer unique potentials within the realm of VLC systems. The operating principle of NOMA is power allocation based on channel conditions and OIRS can smartly control the optical propagation channel, which motivate us to study OIRS-assisted NOMA-VLC systems for multi-user high-speed communications. Particularly, this study is primarily attributed to OIRS integration for exploiting reflected propagation, which significantly addresses the inherent signal blockage problems encountered in VLC systems. Furthermore, we have categorized the advantages of such unique integration as: the improvement of signal quality, the control of optical channel, the enhancement of communication security, and interference cancellation. In addition, we have discussed key factors pertaining to the tuning mechanism, channel characteristics, deployment, and performance metrics of OIRS in detail. We have summarized key potentials and challenges for OIRS-assisted NOMA-VLC systems. Finally, we lay out a number of open research issues and trends for future breakthrough novelties in this domain.

最近，由于低成本、高数据速率、大带宽、无射频干扰、增强的安全性和免许可频谱，可见光通信（VLC）作为射频通信（RF）的一个有前途的补充，已经引起了人们的极大兴趣。然而，由于光的传播特性，VLC在实际应用中容易受到诸如发光二极管（led）带宽短、指向误差、光束错位和不可避免的遮挡等关键挑战。在这种背景下，非正交多址（NOMA）和光学智能反射面（OIRS）是克服现有VLC系统性能退化的两种新兴技术。这些新兴技术在VLC系统领域提供了独特的潜力。NOMA的工作原理是基于信道条件的功率分配，并且OIRS可以智能地控制光传播信道，这促使我们研究OIRS辅助的多用户高速通信NOMA- vlc系统。特别是，本研究主要归功于利用反射传播的OIRS集成，这极大地解决了VLC系统中遇到的固有信号阻塞问题。此外，我们还将这种独特集成的优势分类为：信号质量的改善、光通道的控制、通信安全性的增强和干扰的消除。此外，我们还详细讨论了与OIRS的调优机制、通道特征、部署和性能指标相关的关键因素。我们总结了oirs辅助的NOMA-VLC系统的主要潜力和挑战。最后，我们提出了该领域未来突破性创新的一些开放研究问题和趋势。

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引用次数: 0

Routing and spectrum allocation in elastic optical networks under unicast and multicast traffic: A survey 弹性光网络在单播和组播业务下的路由和频谱分配：综述

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2026.100855

Yaghoub Khorasani , Akbar Ghaffarpour Rahbar , Mohammad Jafari-Beyrami

With the rapid advancement of global bandwidth consumption rates and the increasing number of Internet users, Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) have become more prominent than ever. EONs can handle the required bandwidth by providing high bandwidth and flexibly allocating spectrum to each demand. However, there are several challenges, such as fragmentation, crosstalk, energy consumption, and routing and spectrum allocation in EONs. With the expansion of geographical coverage and the increase in the number of users, Routing and Spectrum allocation (RSA) have become one of the most important issues and challenges in EONs, which can affect the performance of EONs. RSA plays a central role in ensuring efficient spectrum utilization, low blocking probability, and enhanced network performance. In recent years, RSA has received a lot of attention from researchers in unicast traffic, while multicast traffic is used in many applications and is very popular. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic review of RSA strategies for unicast and multicast traffic, and a complete classification of RSA objectives in both types of traffic. Furthermore, we critically analyze the strengths and limitations of each category and highlight their applicability in practical scenarios. Performance comparisons and simulation results are included to provide insight into the efficiency of the different algorithms. Finally, we identify open challenges and outline promising research directions for future RSA design in EONs.

随着全球带宽消耗率的快速提高和互联网用户的不断增加，弹性光网络（Elastic Optical network, EONs）变得越来越突出。eon可以通过提供高带宽和灵活分配频谱来满足需求。然而，在eon中存在一些挑战，如碎片化、串扰、能耗、路由和频谱分配等。随着地理覆盖范围的扩大和用户数量的增加，路由和频谱分配（RSA）问题已经成为影响网络性能的重要问题和挑战之一。RSA在有效利用频谱、降低阻塞概率和提高网络性能方面发挥着核心作用。近年来，RSA在单播业务中受到了研究者的广泛关注，而组播业务在很多应用中都得到了广泛的应用。本文对单播和组播流量的RSA策略进行了全面和系统的回顾，并对这两种类型的流量中的RSA目标进行了完整的分类。此外，我们批判性地分析了每个类别的优势和局限性，并强调了它们在实际场景中的适用性。性能比较和仿真结果包括提供洞察不同算法的效率。最后，我们确定了开放式挑战，并概述了未来EONs中RSA设计的有前途的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

A survey on general and optical ISAC: Fundamental limits, design approaches, and future directions 通用和光学ISAC综述：基本限制、设计方法和未来方向

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2026.100853

Alireza Ghazavi Khorasgani

This survey provides a comprehensive study of the fundamental performance limits and design principles of general and optical Integrated Sensing and Communication (O-ISAC) systems, addressing critical gaps in the existing literature. We introduce the concept of ISAC, emphasising its pivotal role in next-generation networks for applications such as Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and smart cities, while highlighting the advantages of O-ISAC, particularly in high-bandwidth, low-latency, and interference-reduced Free-Space Optics (FSO) systems. A detailed comparison of optical sensing and communication systems with RF-centric designs reveals the absence of a fundamental performance tradeoff analysis for O-ISAC, motivating further investigation from an information-theoretic perspective. Our contributions include the characterisation of Pareto-optimal rate–distortion (R–D) and capacity–distortion (C–D) regions for O-ISAC, leveraging multi-antenna configurations and nonlinear SRC relationships to enhance system performance. We introduce practical estimators, such as Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), which asymptotically achieve the Cramer–Rao Bound (CRB) in high-SNR regimes. Furthermore, we propose novel algorithms to determine optimal input distributions for the C–D region. These findings lay the foundation for future research in practical transceiver design, probabilistic shaping, and optimisation of O-ISAC systems, with potential applications in multi-antenna and distributed target systems. Our work sets the stage for O-ISAC to emerge as a transformative technology in next-generation wireless networks, particularly for ITS and high-performance optical systems.

本调查提供了通用和光学集成传感和通信（O-ISAC）系统的基本性能限制和设计原则的全面研究，解决了现有文献中的关键空白。我们介绍了ISAC的概念，强调了其在智能交通系统（its）和智慧城市等下一代应用网络中的关键作用，同时强调了O-ISAC的优势，特别是在高带宽，低延迟和减少干扰的自由空间光学（FSO）系统中。以射频为中心设计的光学传感和通信系统的详细比较表明，O-ISAC缺乏基本的性能权衡分析，这激发了从信息论角度进一步研究。我们的贡献包括表征O-ISAC的帕累托最优速率失真（R-D）和容量失真（C-D）区域，利用多天线配置和非线性SRC关系来提高系统性能。我们引入了实用的估计方法，如最大A后验估计（MAP）和最大似然估计（MLE），它们在高信噪比条件下渐近地实现了Cramer-Rao界（CRB）。此外，我们提出了新的算法来确定C-D区域的最佳输入分布。这些发现为未来在实际收发器设计、概率整形和O-ISAC系统优化方面的研究奠定了基础，并具有在多天线和分布式目标系统中的潜在应用。我们的工作为O-ISAC成为下一代无线网络，特别是ITS和高性能光学系统的变革性技术奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

DenseFormer-UVLC: Intelligent hybrid deep learning framework for adaptive beam steering and modulation in underwater visible light communication DenseFormer-UVLC：水下可见光通信中自适应光束转向和调制的智能混合深度学习框架

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2026.100851

Wessam M. Salama , Moustafa H. Aly , Samah Alshathri , Walid El-Shafai

Underwater Visible Light Communication (UVLC) is a promising solution for short-range underwater applications due to its high data rates and spectral efficiency. This paper presents an intelligent bidirectional UVLC system that incorporates real-time beam adaptation and intelligent modulation control to enhance communication robustness. The system integrates Software-Defined Radios (SDRs), an ultra-wide field-of-view photodetector, and a 470 nm Li-Fi transmitter, all coordinated through a simulated servo-driven beam-steering mechanism. This configuration enables dynamic adjustment of beam divergence angles to maximize received optical power and maintain stable communication across diverse underwater environments. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is employed, and a comparative evaluation between 4-PPM and 8-PPM is conducted. While 8-PPM provides higher data throughput, 4-PPM demonstrates superior noise robustness and lower Bit Error Rate (BER), particularly under misalignment and degraded channel conditions. A key contribution of this work is DenseFormer, a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) architecture that combines the global contextual modeling capability of Transformer encoders with the spatial feature extraction strengths of DenseNet169. Trained on a large synthetic dataset, DenseFormer effectively predicts the complex interdependencies among angular position, divergence angle, modulation type, and received optical power, thereby enabling data-driven BER and power optimization. Comparative analysis shows that DenseFormer substantially outperforms the baseline DenseNet169 model in prediction accuracy and generalization. Simulation results demonstrate up to 98 % BER reduction in Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) scenarios, 50 % BER reduction at critical misalignment angles, and a 47.4 % increase in received power in low-signal angular regions. Overall, this work demonstrates that combining deep learning, SDR-based Li-Fi transceivers, and adaptive beam control enables durable, high-throughput, and resilient UVLC suitable for next-generation underwater communication systems.

水下可见光通信（UVLC）由于其高数据速率和频谱效率，是一种很有前途的近距离水下应用解决方案。本文提出了一种结合实时波束自适应和智能调制控制的双向UVLC智能系统，以提高通信鲁棒性。该系统集成了软件定义无线电（sdr）、超宽视场光电探测器和470nm Li-Fi发射机，所有这些都通过模拟伺服驱动的波束导向机制进行协调。这种配置可以动态调整光束发散角，以最大限度地提高接收光功率，并在不同的水下环境中保持稳定的通信。采用脉冲位置调制（PPM），并对4-PPM和8-PPM进行了比较评价。8-PPM提供更高的数据吞吐量，而4-PPM表现出更好的噪声鲁棒性和更低的误码率（BER），特别是在不校准和信道退化条件下。这项工作的一个关键贡献是DenseFormer，这是一种混合深度学习（DL）架构，它结合了Transformer编码器的全局上下文建模能力和DenseNet169的空间特征提取优势。在大型合成数据集上进行训练后，DenseFormer可以有效预测角度位置、散度角、调制类型和接收光功率之间复杂的相互依赖关系，从而实现数据驱动的误码率和功率优化。对比分析表明，DenseFormer在预测精度和泛化方面明显优于基线DenseNet169模型。仿真结果表明，在非视距（NLoS）场景下，误码率降低高达98%，在临界不对准角下误码率降低50%，在低信号角区域接收功率增加47.4%。总的来说，这项工作表明，将深度学习、基于sdr的Li-Fi收发器和自适应波束控制相结合，可以实现适用于下一代水下通信系统的耐用、高通量和弹性UVLC。

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引用次数: 0

Optical Integrated Sensing and Communication: Fundamentals, Applications, Challenges and Future Aspects 光学集成传感与通信：基础、应用、挑战和未来展望

IF 2.2 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2026.100854

S.A.H. Mohsan, Siyu Bai, Haoyu Huang, Yi Hao, Shichen Zheng, Qian Li, H.Y. Fu

引用次数: 0

Intelligent service RMSA in elastic optical networks: deep Q-networks 弹性光网络中的智能业务RMSA：深度q网络

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100841

Huanlin Liu , Dongxin An , Yong Chen , Xiang Chen , Jiachen Zou , Haonan Chen , Bing Ma

Elastic optical networks (EONs) face with more intense resource competition and difficulties in ensuring service quality for time-varying services. This study uses deep Q-network to optimize routing, modulation and spectrum allocation (DQN-RMSA) for time-varying services. The DQN is introduced to combine the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework and Q-network to manage RMSA by sliding windows for time-varying services. Specifically, a priority-aware state representation is adopted to integrate time-varying service characteristics and network resource state capturing by the DRL agent. An enhanced prioritized experience replay mechanism with a Sumtree structure is used to accelerate convergence by prioritizing critical learning samples. Moreover, a delayed action is designed by using Markov decision process (MDP) to monitor state transition for improving the performance of RMSA, and the delay action is reflected in the reward function to balance delay and resource utilization in terms of decreasing blocking probability. Simulation results demonstrate that DQN-RMSA can achieve superior performance over traditional heuristic and other DRL methods, with notable improvements in service blocking probability, delay tolerance, and spectrum utilization. The DQN-RMSA can adapt to fluctuations in time-varying service, highlighting its potential for achieving self-optimization and robust resource allocation in dynamic environments.

弹性光网络面临着更激烈的资源竞争和时变业务的服务质量保障难题。本研究利用深度q网络优化时变业务的路由、调制和频谱分配（DQN-RMSA）。将深度强化学习（DRL）框架与q网络相结合，引入DQN，通过滑动窗口对时变服务进行RMSA管理。具体来说，采用一种优先级感知的状态表示，将时变服务特征与DRL代理捕获的网络资源状态相结合。一种带有Sumtree结构的增强的优先体验回放机制通过对关键学习样本进行优先排序来加速收敛。此外，利用马尔可夫决策过程（MDP）设计了一个延迟动作来监控状态转移，以提高RMSA的性能，延迟动作体现在奖励函数中，以降低阻塞概率来平衡延迟和资源利用率。仿真结果表明，DQN-RMSA算法在业务阻塞概率、延迟容忍度和频谱利用率等方面都优于传统的启发式算法和其他DRL算法。DQN-RMSA能够适应时变服务的波动，突出了其在动态环境中实现自优化和鲁棒资源分配的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A semi-supervised ML-driven strategy for fault detection and localization in optical networks 一种半监督机器学习驱动的光网络故障检测与定位策略

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100831

Andrei N. Ribeiro , Fabrício R. Lobato , Moisés F. Silva , João C.W.A. Costa

The continuous emergence of data-intensive online applications has required efforts to ensure the reliability of high data transmissions provided by optical networks. Considering that these systems are susceptible to faults that can affect their functioning, providing practical and accurate fault management approaches becomes vital. Therefore, this paper presents a semi-supervised approach based on an autoencoder (AE) model for detecting and localizing faults in optical networks. Since data from fault conditions is often absent in practical scenarios, a semi-supervised training strategy is applied, using only data from normal operating conditions. We can track fault occurrences based on the reconstruction error (RE) generated by the AE, which can serve as fault indicators (FIs), as data from normal and faulty conditions will produce different REs. Moreover, the proposed approach can localize faults by detecting them individually for each piece of equipment in the network. A dataset derived from an optical testbed is used for performance evaluation, focusing on accuracy and Type I and Type II errors. Results demonstrate that the standard AE outperformed PCA and other semi-supervised methods, including Variational AE and LSTM-AE, achieving an average fault detection accuracy of approximately 92.05%, with Type I and Type II error rates of about 7% and 0.9%, respectively.

数据密集型在线应用的不断出现，要求人们努力确保光网络提供的高数据传输的可靠性。考虑到这些系统容易受到可能影响其功能的故障的影响，提供实用和准确的故障管理方法变得至关重要。因此，本文提出了一种基于自编码器（AE）模型的半监督方法来检测和定位光网络中的故障。由于实际场景中往往缺乏故障条件下的数据，因此采用半监督训练策略，仅使用正常运行条件下的数据。我们可以基于声发射产生的重构误差（RE）来跟踪故障的发生，重构误差可以作为故障指示器（fi），因为正常和故障状态的数据会产生不同的RE。此外，本文提出的方法可以通过对网络中每台设备单独检测故障来定位故障。来自光学试验台的数据集用于性能评估，重点是精度和I型和II型误差。结果表明，标准声发射优于PCA和其他半监督方法，包括变分声发射和LSTM-AE，平均故障检测准确率约为92.05%，I型和II型错误率分别约为7%和0.9%。

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引用次数: 0

Uplink postponing with downlink matching: A low-latency and energy-efficient resource allocation scheme for TDM-PONs having heterogeneous ONU propagation delays 基于下行匹配的上行延迟：针对异构ONU传播延迟的tdm - pon，一种低时延、高能效的资源分配方案

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100828

Yunxin Lv, Pengcheng Li, Meihua Bi, Yanrong Zhai, Hao Chi

A low-latency and energy-efficient resource allocation scheme is proposed and investigated for time division multiplexing passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) having heterogeneous optical network unit (ONU) propagation delays. By (a) properly postponing the uplink transmissions of ONUs and (b) in each polling cycle, searching the postponed uplink transmissions and selecting the next ONU to poll based on the time overlap between uplink and downlink transmissions as well as the resultant channel idle time, the proposed scheme minimizes both the overall operating time of each ONU and the channel idle time caused by heterogeneous ONU propagation delays. Consequently, available sleep time for each ONU is ensured, and high channel utilization efficiency is secured, thereby resulting in the energy-efficient and low-latency performance of the proposed scheme. Simulation results indicate that for a 10G-EPON with ONU propagation delays distributed in the range from 25 μs to 200 μs, the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the average packet delay compared to the conventional schemes, and is more energy-efficient in delivering data under a 1 ms delay constraint.

针对具有异构光网络单元（ONU）传播延迟的时分复用无源光网络（tdm - pon），提出并研究了一种低时延、高能效的资源分配方案。该方案通过(a)适当推迟ONU的上行传输，(b)在每个轮询周期中，根据上行和下行传输的时间重叠以及由此产生的信道空闲时间，搜索延迟的上行传输并选择下一个ONU进行轮询，从而使每个ONU的总体运行时间和异构ONU传播延迟导致的信道空闲时间最小化。从而保证了每个ONU的可用睡眠时间，保证了较高的信道利用效率，从而实现了本方案的高能效和低延迟性能。仿真结果表明，对于ONU传输延迟分布在25 μs ~ 200 μs范围内的10G-EPON，与传统方案相比，该方案可以显著降低平均分组延迟，并且在延迟约束为1 ms的情况下传输数据更加节能。

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引用次数: 0

Selection of candidate paths based on diversity in resource allocation problems on optical networks 光网络资源分配问题中基于多样性的候选路径选择

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100826

Yuta Mori, Maiko Shigeno

Optical networks play an essential role as an infrastructure supporting advanced information and communication technology. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) have been designed to improve frequency resource utilization efficiency and enable flexible and efficient network operations. In EONs, the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) problem — which involves determining routes of transmission and allocating frequency resources — is a critical issue for efficient network operation. Traditionally, the k-Shortest Paths (kSP) approach has been widely used for candidate transmission routes. However, kSP often leads to the concentration of transmission on specific links, creating bottlenecks for resource allocation. To address this challenge, we propose three novel candidate path selection methods for the RSA problem: (1) ensuring path diversity through similarity constraints via 0–1 integer programming, (2) clustering based on path similarity, and (3) suppressing link sharing through node pair grouping. Numerical experiments performed to assure the effectiveness of our proposed methods, and confirmed that introducing path diversity can yield high-quality solutions to the RSA problem under specific scenarios.

光网络作为支撑先进信息通信技术的基础设施，发挥着重要作用。弹性光网络（Elastic Optical network, eon）是为了提高频率资源的利用效率，实现灵活高效的网络运行而设计的。在EONs中，路由和频谱分配（RSA）问题——包括确定传输路由和分配频率资源——是网络高效运行的关键问题。传统上，k-最短路径（kSP）方法被广泛用于候选传输路由。但是，kSP常常导致传输集中在特定的链路上，给资源分配造成瓶颈。为了解决这一挑战，我们提出了三种新的RSA问题候选路径选择方法：(1)通过0-1整数规划的相似性约束确保路径多样性，(2)基于路径相似性的聚类，以及(3)通过节点对分组抑制链路共享。通过数值实验验证了所提方法的有效性，并证实了在特定场景下引入路径多样性可以得到高质量的RSA问题解。

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引用次数: 0

Incremental placement of wavelength-selective switching nodes in Semi-Filterless Optical Networks 半无滤波器光网络中波长选择交换节点的增量布局

IF 3.1 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optical Switching and Networking

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2025.100830

Ting-Yi Cheng, Der-Rong Din

We study Semi-Filterless Optical Networks (Semi-FON), where a limited number of Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) nodes are deployed incrementally to improve spectrum utilization at low cost. We address two coupled problems under new WSS placements: (i) reconstructing the fiber-tree substrate and (ii) allocating spectrum to minimize the maximum spectrum-slot usage. We propose two complementary reconstruction strategies — Subtree and Single-Link — combined with a greedy spectrum-minimization allocator. The methods support single- and two-level FON architectures and guarantee connectivity for arbitrary source–destination pairs.

Simulations on connected fixed topologies and several random topologies across multiple sizes and edge densities (under fixed and random traffic) reveal a robust two-phase behavior: early selections deliver sharp objective reductions, followed by diminishing returns. Subtree consistently achieves lower objectives with only a few WSS placements and reaches a plateau quickly, making it attractive under tight budgets. With larger budgets, Single-Link can continue making small but steady improvements and may eventually match or surpass Subtree. Runtime scales more strongly with network size than density, but remains practical for the evaluated regimes. Overall, Semi-FON with the proposed strategies substantially reduces peak spectrum usage while enabling cost-aware, incremental deployment.

我们研究了半无滤波器光网络（Semi-FON），其中有限数量的波长选择开关（WSS）节点增量部署以提高频谱利用率，以低成本。我们在新的WSS布局下解决了两个耦合问题：(i)重建光纤树基板和（ii）分配频谱以最小化最大频谱槽使用量。我们提出了两种互补的重建策略-子树和单链路-结合贪婪频谱最小化分配器。这些方法支持单级和两级FON架构，并保证任意源-目标对的连通性。在多个尺寸和边缘密度（固定和随机流量下）的连接固定拓扑和几种随机拓扑上的模拟显示了稳健的两阶段行为：早期选择提供了急剧的目标减少，随后是收益递减。Subtree只需要少量的WSS位置就可以实现较低的目标，并且很快达到平台期，这使得它在预算紧张的情况下具有吸引力。有了更大的预算，Single-Link可以继续进行小而稳定的改进，最终可能会赶上或超过Subtree。运行时随网络大小的变化比密度的变化更大，但对于评估的机制来说仍然是实用的。总体而言，采用拟议策略的Semi-FON大大减少了峰值频谱的使用，同时实现了成本意识和增量部署。

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引用次数: 0