Optical Switching and Networking最新文献

The routing, modulation level, and spectrum allocation (RMLSA) problem is crucial for efficient elastic optical networks. This problem has been approached by optimal-and-non-scalable and sub-optimal-and-scalable solutions. In the second approach, we can distinguish the routing-based and permutation-based meta-heuristics. These approaches explore a sub-set of the RMLSA solutions, and consequently, the calculation of high-quality solutions can be limited.

This work proposes an RMLSA solution that considers the routing and request permutation simultaneously to explore a larger portion of the set of RMLSA solutions than state-of-the-art meta-heuristics. The proposed RMLSA solution is based on a genetic algorithm (GA) whose chromosome structure encodes routing and permutation genes.

Performance analysis of the proposed route-permutation-based GA (RPGA) has been compared to the state-of-the-art based on integer linear programming (ILP), route-based GA (RGA), and permutation-based GA (PGA) in offline and online traffic scenarios. Offline traffic simulations show that RPGA is promising since it obtains similar results to ILP. RGA gets worst as the traffic load increases compared to PGA and RPGA approaches. RGA, PGA, and RPGA achieve the same performance in all dynamic scenarios concerning blocking and entropy measures, given the set of requests is small.

Metropolitan optical networks are undergoing significant transformations to continue being able to provide services that meet the requirements of the applications of the future. The current deployment of the 5G networks and the envisioned 6G cyber–physical systems would expand the possibilities for offering IoT applications, autonomous vehicles, and smart city services while imposing strong pressure on the physical infrastructure. In order to guarantee the strictest quality of service and quality of experience requirements for users, new architectures have been proposed in the literature for metropolitan optical networks, with a growing interest in the last five years. However, due to the proliferation of a dozen new architectures in the last years, many questions need to be investigated regarding the planning, implementation, and management of these architectures, before they could be considered for practical application. This work presents a comprehensive survey of the new proposed single-layer (purely optical) architectures for metropolitan optical networks. First, we discuss the structural organization of the new metro ecosystems. Second, the already established and novel architectures are presented, highlighting their characteristics and application. Third, we carry out a comparative analysis of these architectures to identify future technological trends. Finally, we have drawn outstanding research questions to help direct future research in the field.

Time division multiplexed passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) such as EPON, XG-PON, XGS-PON, etc. have become widely accepted network architectures for meeting the bandwidth requirement of high-end consumer applications. The available bandwidth is still limited and needs to be utilized efficiently. There are scenarios when one ONU may completely dominate the network bandwidth leading to starvation of another ONUs. This may happen for an ONU in every allocation cycle. This enforces the OLT to provide such a fair allocation scheme that would provide a chance to different ONUs during polling and scheduling mechanism. This paper presents two novel DBA schemes namely the analytic hierarchy process proportional allocation scheme (AHP-PAS) and weighted sum model proportional allocation scheme (WSM-PAS) to determine the order of a transmission container (T-CONT) of an ONU for polling and scheduling. The proposed schemes are implemented in the network simulator (NS-3) and compared with the existing proportional allocation scheme (PAS) for inter-ONU and intra-ONU. The obtained results confirm that the proposed DBA schemes significantly improve the network performance in terms of delay fairness index, upstream mean delay, packet loss ratio, and packet jitter for T-CONT 2, 3, and 4.

In this paper, the joint problem of user association and power allocation for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-visible light communication (VLC) systems is investigated. First, a novel intelligent user association (UA) method for multi-user NOMA-VLC is proposed to improve the multiplexing efficiency. Second, a new adaptive optimal power allocation scheme based on the UA method is presented and three corresponding mathematical optimization problems are established, aiming to optimize the system throughput while each user's illumination requirement, quality of service demand, eye safety, and transmission power limit are satisfied simultaneously. Third, for the error propagation at the NOMA receiver, the perfect and imperfect interference cancellations are considered in the established power allocation models. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme on the VLC network capacity under perfect and imperfect interference cancellation. Furthermore, it is also found that the proposed scheme could achieve higher system throughput by modifying users' field-of-views (FOVs).

The rise of traffic intensive services and applications is pushing the limits of conventional single band Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. As an answer to this challenge, new data plane technologies are being investigated. Multi-band optical networks have raised as a very interesting candidate due to the potential increased capacity they offer thanks to the exploitation of multiple bands of the optical spectrum. Considering the whole telecom ecosystem, multi-band optical networks will coexist with other technological segments (e.g., Radio Access Network (RAN)) with the aim of provisioning services across the end-to-end infrastructure. With the advent of 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) architectures, novel provisioning paradigms are taking preponderance, such as the case of network slicing, which represents a radical paradigm change with respect to legacy business and provisioning models. As such, proper solutions for supporting network slice provisioning and runtime maintenance at the data plane are required. With this in mind, in this paper we present a control and orchestration architecture for the configuration and maintenance of network slices in multi-band optical networks, in support of B5G end-to-end services. Indeed, quality assurance and maintenance at all levels is seen as a cornerstone in B5G architectures. Thus, proper mechanisms adapted to the nature of the underlying sliceable multi-band data plane are required to ensure the quality of deployed slices. In this regard, we also present a novel band-adaptive protection scheme which takes advantage of the properties of the multi-band data plane so as to enhance the robustness of slices against quality degradations. We showcase the provisioning and maintenance of multi-band optical network slices by means of an experimental demonstration in a real testbed deployed at our premises. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the proposed band-adaptive protection scheme for slice quality assurance in front of other strategies by means of extensive simulation analysis in larger network scenarios.

The paper presents a Q-learning based dynamic routing algorithm for C+L band elastic optical networks (EONs) considering fiber impairments such as cross-phase modulation (XPM), self-phase modulation (SPM), amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), and inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS). The effect of fragmentation is considered in the Q-learning process in addition to considering constraints related to spectrum continuity, contiguity, and non-overlapping. Three classical spectrum allocation strategies, first-fit, last-fit, and exact-fit are used after the Q-learning routing algorithm. The proposed routing, modulation, and spectrum allocation (RMSA) approach is shown to have a lower blocking probability compared with using K-shortest path routing combined with the three classical spectrum allocation strategies.

Wavelength division multiplexingtime division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM-PON) is the attractive candidate for PON bandwidth sharing among multiple service providers, featuring massive bandwidth and longer reach. This infrastructure reduces the overall cost of the Fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) services and offers relatively lower tariffs for the end customers. The dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation (DBWA) process in such PON networks ensure the fair sharing of the available bandwidth resources among the virtual network operators ($\mathrm{vNOs}$). The earlier reported DBWA schemes with multiple $\mathrm{vNOs}$ have not efficiently utilized the unused and residual upstream bandwidth. This study presents a novel load adaptive merging algorithm (LAMA) for converting various individual virtual bandwidth maps($\mathrm{vBWmaps}$) into a single physical bandwidth map ($\mathrm{phyBWMap})$. The LAMA scheme modifies the existing strict priority scheme called the Priority-Based Merging Algorithm (PBMA) scheme and improves the performance of the merging engine by allocating the $\mathrm{phyBWMap}$ in a load adaptive manner to the $\mathrm{vNOs}$ in the multi-tenant PON architecture. The proposed algorithm is compared with PBMA in terms of throughput efficiency, upstream delay, and capacity utilization under self-similar and Poison traffic scenarios. The results show that the proposed scheme offers higher bandwidth utilization resulting in increased throughput with lower upstream delays in the multi-tenant PON environment.

Flexible Ethernet (FlexE)-over-WDM is one of the promising technologies of 5G transport networks that aims to provide a variety of Ethernet MAC rates over large capacity wavelength channels. Ultra-reliable communication is a key scenario of 5G, which poses a big challenge to the transport networks. To achieve ultra-reliability, frame replication and elimination for reliability (FRER) was proposed by IEEE. 802.1CB to provide redundant transmission in layer 2. However, previous studies of FRER considered to replicate MAC frames at source node and eliminate them at the destination, which may cause a waste of network resources, especially for the services that require different reliabilities in a condition of network with different packet loss rates of link and node. To this end, we propose a novel redundant routing scheme, called segment FRER (S-FRER), to balance the reliability and network efficiency. And a FlexE group allocation scheme is coming with S-FRER to assign the Flexible Ethernet channels along the path. Two heuristic algorithms, which are end-to-end FRER (E-FRER) and ordinal FRER (O-FRER), are compared with S-FRER. Simulation results show that S-FRER can satisfy diverse reliability requirements of services, and the resource redundancy and equipment cost are condensed.We further take the resource utilization efficiency as the optimization goal, and propose a FlexE Group allocation strategy based on segmented frame repetition and elimination to realize the resource redistribution of service flows on redundant routes. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the scheme in terms of resource utilization efficiency.

Light fidelity (LiFi) is a wireless optical communication (WOC) technology that holds the key to solving the challenges of 5th and higher generation mobile networks. LiFi is a two-way wireless communication technology that enables high-speed transmission on both up and down links simultaneously. Today, researchers and manufacturers consider LiFi technology as an essential solution for radio frequency (RF) spectrum limitation due to growing demand of Internet users. In addition, integration of various communication technologies such as wireless fidelity (WiFi) and LiFi can help to overcome the traffic restriction challenge caused by the growing demand of Internet users. Although LiFi provides high-speed data transfer capability, it has some weaknesses such as coverage. So, hybrid WiFi/LiFi network can uses fast data transfer from LiFi and wide coverage from WiFi. Their integration can complement the shortcomings of each of these technologies and increases the network performance. In this work, while describing LiFi theory, the recent studies in this field are presented. Theoretical and practical concepts of LiFi-based indoor networks, issues such as network structures, cell deployment models, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, criteria for measuring network performance, and scenario-based architectures for implementing a real LiFi-based indoor network based on up-to-date equipment manufactured by some LiFi manufacturers are discussed in detail.