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Editorial test of time 编辑对时间的考验
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2022.100680
Admela Jukan, Martin Reisslein, Andrea Bianco, George Rouskas
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引用次数: 0
Neural network-assisted decision-making for adaptive routing strategy in optical datacenter networks 光数据中心网络自适应路由策略的神经网络辅助决策
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2022.100677
Yuanyuan Hong , Xuezhi Hong , Jiajia Chen

To improve the blocking probability (BP) performance and enhance the resource utilization, a correct decision of routing strategy which is most adaptable to the network configuration and traffic dynamics is essential for adaptive routing in optical datacenter networks (DCNs). A neural network (NN)-assisted decision-making scheme is proposed to find the optimal routing strategy in optical DCNs by predicting the BP performance for various candidate routing strategies. The features of an optical DCN architecture (i.e., the rack number N, connection degree D, spectral slot number S and optical transceiver number M) and the traffic pattern (i.e., the ratio of requests of various capacities R, and the load of arriving request) are used as the input to the NN to estimate the optimal routing strategy. A case of two-strategy decision in the transparent optical multi-hop interconnected DCN is studied. Three metrics are defined for performance evaluation, which include (a) the ratio of the load range with wrong decision over the whole load range of interest (i.e., decision error E), (b) the maximum BP loss (BPL) and (c) the resource utilization loss (UL) caused by the wrong decision. Numerical results show that the ratio of error-free cases over tested cases always surpasses 83% and the average values of E, BPL and UL are less than 3.0%, 4.0% and 1.2%, respectively, which implies the high accuracy of the proposed scheme. The results validate the feasibility of the proposed scheme which facilitates the autonomous implementation of adaptive routing in optical DCNs.

为了提高阻塞概率(BP)性能和提高资源利用率,正确选择最能适应网络配置和流量动态的路由策略是光数据中心网络自适应路由的关键。提出了一种神经网络辅助决策方案,通过预测各种候选路由策略的BP性能,找到最优路由策略。将光DCN架构的特征(机架号N、连接度D、频谱槽号S、光模块号M)和业务模式(各种容量请求的比率R、到达请求的负载)作为神经网络的输入来估计最优路由策略。研究了透明光多跳互联DCN中的双策略决策问题。为性能评估定义了三个指标,包括(a)错误决策的负载范围占整个感兴趣的负载范围的比例(即决策错误E), (b)最大BP损失(BPL)和(c)错误决策造成的资源利用损失(UL)。数值结果表明,无错误案例与测试案例之比始终超过83%,E、BPL和UL的平均值分别小于3.0%、4.0%和1.2%,表明该方案具有较高的精度。实验结果验证了所提方案的可行性,有利于自适应路由在光DCNs中的自主实现。
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引用次数: 2
DROAD: Demand-aware reconfigurable optically-switched agile data center network DROAD:需求感知的可重构光交换敏捷数据中心网络
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2022.100683
Bartlomiej Siniarski , Dinh Danh Le , Conor McArdle , John Murphy , Liam Barry

We present a Demand-aware Reconfigurable Data Center Network architecture design (DROAD) with integrated fast-switching optics and space switches that allows dynamic reconfiguration and separation of intra- and inter-cluster connections. The performance analysis results show a 64% improvement in average Flow Completion Time and a significant reduction in TCP session time, as well as a reduced number of sessions needed to be opened compared to traditional electrically-switched leaf-spine networks.

我们提出了一种需求感知的可重构数据中心网络架构设计(DROAD),它集成了快速交换光学器件和空间交换机,允许集群内和集群间连接的动态重新配置和分离。性能分析结果显示,与传统的电交换叶脊网络相比,平均流量完成时间提高了64%,TCP会话时间显著减少,需要打开的会话数量也减少了。
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引用次数: 0
Software-defined optical intra-data center network and access control Strategy 软件定义光数据中心内网络及访问控制策略
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2022.100679
P.A. Baziana , G. Drainakis , E. Sykas

The continuously emerging cloud services provide an unprecedented traffic growth into the large-scale data centers (DCs) globally. In this paper, we introduce an optical DC network (DCN) architecture to organize the servers into computing clusters. Since a high percentage of the total DCΝ traffic is served within a cluster, we assume two distinct networks: the intra-cluster passive optical network that handles the traffic destined to any server of the same cluster and the inter-cluster one to route the traffic to any other cluster. The servers interconnection within the passive optical intra-cluster network causes low power consumption, while the Top-of-Cluster (ToC) switch requires less ports than a relative Top-of-Rack (ToR) one to interconnect the same number of servers within the intra network, reducing even more the total power consumption. In the data plane, the intra- and the inter-cluster networks use separate wavelengths. In the control plane, the software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm is followed. Especially, in each cluster we adopt a cluster controller to coordinate the medium access control (MAC) in both the intra and inter-cluster networks. Unlike other studies that assume electrical connectivity with the controller, we consider that it is performed in the optical domain to guarantee the effective synchronized operation of the control and data planes. In our work, we focus on the intra-cluster network. We propose a synchronous transmission software-defined bandwidth allocation (SD-BA) MAC protocol to fairly coordinate the collisions-free transmission of different quality of service traffic categories in the intra-cluster network, based on the wavelength and time division multiplexing (W&TDM) techniques. The proposed DCN architecture along with the SD-MAC protocol provides scalability and efficiency. Simulations results show that the proposed SD-BA MAC protocol achieves almost 100% bandwidth utilization, while it reaches at high loads 145% higher throughput, 573% lower delay and 233% less dropped packets as compared to the relative DMAC network architecture (Zheng and Sun, Apr. 2020) [24]. Also, the proposed intra-cluster DCN architecture is compared to some other currently leading relative ones in terms of throughput and power consumption and it is proven to be a performance and energy efficient DCN solution.

不断涌现的云服务为全球范围内的大型数据中心提供了前所未有的流量增长。本文介绍了一种将服务器组织成计算集群的光数据中心网络(DCN)架构。由于总DCΝ流量的很大一部分是在集群内提供服务的,因此我们假设有两个不同的网络:集群内无源光网络,处理发送到同一集群的任何服务器的流量;集群间无源光网络,将流量路由到任何其他集群。在无源光集群内网络中,服务器之间的互连具有较低的功耗,而在相同数量的集群内,使用ToC (Top-of-Cluster)交换机比使用ToR (Top-of-Rack)交换机所需的端口更少,从而进一步降低了总功耗。在数据平面上,集群内和集群间的网络使用不同的波长。在控制平面,遵循软件定义网络(SDN)范式。特别是,在每个集群中,我们采用一个集群控制器来协调集群内和集群间网络的介质访问控制(MAC)。与其他假设与控制器电连接的研究不同,我们认为它是在光域中进行的,以保证控制平面和数据平面的有效同步操作。在我们的工作中,我们主要关注集群内网络。基于波长和时分复用(W&TDM)技术,提出了一种同步传输软件定义带宽分配(SD-BA) MAC协议,以公平协调集群内网络中不同业务质量流量类别的无冲突传输。提出的DCN体系结构和SD-MAC协议提供了可扩展性和效率。仿真结果表明,与相对的DMAC网络架构相比,所提出的SD-BA MAC协议实现了几乎100%的带宽利用率,而在高负载下,它的吞吐量提高了145%,延迟降低了573%,丢包减少了233% (Zheng and Sun, Apr. 2020)[24]。此外,本文还将所提出的集群内DCN架构与目前一些领先的DCN架构在吞吐量和功耗方面进行了比较,并证明了它是一种性能和节能的DCN解决方案。
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引用次数: 1
Routing and spectrum assignment employing long short-term memory technique for elastic optical networks 弹性光网络中基于长短期记忆的路由和频谱分配
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2022.100684
Lina Cheng, Yang Qiu

With the prevalence of some high bandwidth-demanding applications, such as cloud computing, traditional wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical networks have difficulties in satisfying such growing bandwidth demands due to its limited allocation-flexibility and utilization-efficiency. Therefore, elastic optical networks (EONs). In order to realize the flexibility in EONs, sophisticated routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) algorithms areone of the keyenabling technologies. However, most of the previous RSA algorithms were proposed with invariant routing and spectrum allocation strategies, which ignored considering the time-varying characteristics of EONs due to the variable network architecture and service provisioning. And such time-varying characteristics can deteriorate the spectrum fragmentation and the service blocking performances of EONs, which stimulates the application of various machine-learning technologies in EONs. In this paper, a long short-term memory based routing and spectrum assignment (LSTM-RSA) algorithm is proposed for EONs. By employing the long short-term memory technique to sense the complex status of EONs (e.g. spectral usage on the selected paths), the proposed LSTM-RSA algorithm gradually learns successful strategies through accumulating operation experience in the process of interaction and obtains higher returns through enhanced operation, which helps improve the spectrum fragmentation and the service blocking performances in EONs. Simulation results show that the spectrum fragmentation rate and the blocking rate of the proposed LSTM-RSA algorithm are reduced by about 6% and 8.9%, respectively, when compared to the traditional shortest-path-routing first-fitting RSA algorithm.

随着云计算等对带宽要求较高的应用的普及,传统的波分复用无源光网络由于其分配灵活性和利用率有限,难以满足日益增长的带宽需求。因此,弹性光网络(EONs)。为了实现eon的灵活性,复杂的路由和频谱分配(RSA)算法是密钥使能技术之一。然而,以往的RSA算法大多采用不变的路由和频谱分配策略,忽略了考虑网络结构和业务提供的时变特性。而这种时变特性会使eon的频谱碎片化和业务阻塞性能恶化,从而刺激了各种机器学习技术在eon中的应用。本文提出了一种基于长短期记忆的eon路由和频谱分配(LSTM-RSA)算法。本文提出的LSTM-RSA算法利用长短期记忆技术感知eon的复杂状态(如所选路径上的频谱使用情况),在交互过程中通过积累操作经验逐步学习成功策略,并通过增强操作获得更高的收益,从而改善eon的频谱碎片化和业务阻塞性能。仿真结果表明,与传统的最短路径路由首次拟合RSA算法相比,LSTM-RSA算法的频谱碎片率和阻塞率分别降低了约6%和8.9%。
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引用次数: 5
Optical network design and analysis tools: A test of time 光网络设计分析工具:一个经得起时间考验的工具
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2021.100651
Miquel Garrich Alabarce , Pablo Pavón Mariño

Telecom operators' infrastructure is sustained by optical communication networks that provide the means for exchanging large amounts of information, which is essential for many modern society needs. Optical networks are characterized by rapid breakthroughs in a variety of technologies. Relevantly, the last decade encompassed remarkable advances in optical networks’ subfields of signal processing, electronics, photonics, communications, protocols, and control-plane architectures. Hence, these advancements unlocked unprecedented transmission capacities, reconfigurability and programmability, entailing an evolution in the way which networks were designed, planned, and analyzed. In this paper, we review the historical status of optical planning and design tools by focusing on the major enabling technologies and relevant landmarks of the last decade(s). We begin by pinpointing the major breakthroughs in the optical data plane, estimation models capturing the transmission medium behavior and the control plane. We then distil the implications that these advancements entail in the landscape of optical network design and analysis tools, which commonly sit “on top” of the control plane or as a fully separated entity. Then, we speculate with our view for the future, in which automatic validation of optical network operations and dimensioning jointly with learning/artificial intelligence mechanisms will permit zero-touch optical networking: i.e. updating, provisioning, and upgrading network capacities, by means of automation with minimal human intervention. We conclude with a proposal of an architecture that encompasses data and control planes in a comprehensive manner for paving the way towards zero-touch optical networking.

电信运营商的基础设施是由光通信网络维持的,光通信网络提供了交换大量信息的手段,这对许多现代社会的需求至关重要。光网络的特点是各种技术的快速突破。与此相关的是,过去十年在光网络的信号处理、电子、光子学、通信、协议和控制平面架构等子领域取得了显著进展。因此,这些进步释放了前所未有的传输能力、可重构性和可编程性,导致了网络设计、规划和分析方式的演变。在本文中,我们回顾了光学规划和设计工具的历史地位,重点介绍了过去十年的主要使能技术和相关里程碑。我们首先指出光学数据平面、捕获传输介质行为的估计模型和控制平面的重大突破。然后,我们提炼出这些进步在光网络设计和分析工具领域所带来的影响,这些工具通常位于控制平面的“顶部”或作为一个完全分离的实体。然后,我们推测了我们对未来的看法,其中光网络运营和维度的自动验证与学习/人工智能机制联合将允许零接触光网络:即更新,供应和升级网络容量,通过自动化的方式,以最少的人为干预。最后,我们提出了一个包含数据和控制平面的综合架构,为零接触光网络铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 4
Circuits/cutsets duality and theoretical foundation of a structural approach to survivable logical topology mapping in IP-over-WDM optical networks 电路/切割集对偶性和IP-over-WDM光网络中可生存逻辑拓扑映射的结构方法的理论基础
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2021.100653
Krishnaiyan Thulasiraman , Tachun Lin , Muhammad Javed , Guoliang Xue , Zhili Zhou

The survivable logical topology mapping (SLTM) problem in IP-over-WDM networks is to map each link in the logical topology (IP layer) onto a lightpath in the physical topology (optical layer) such that a failure of a physical link does not cause the logical topology to become disconnected. This problem is known to be NP-complete. For this SLTM problem, two lines of investigations have been reported in the literature: the mathematical programming approach [1] and the structural approach introduced by Kurant and Thiran in [2] and pursued by Thulasiraman et al. [3,4,5]. In this paper we present an integrated treatment of the theoretical foundation of the survivable topology mapping problem presented in [3,4,5]. We believe that the algorithmic strategy developed in this paper will serve as an important phase in any strategy in the emerging area of resilient slicing of elastic optical networks. We conclude with a comparative evaluation, based on simulations, of the different algorithmic strategies developed in the paper, and also pointing to applications beyond IP-over-WDM optical networks, in particular, survivable design of inter-dependent multi-layer cyber physical systems such as smart power grids.

IP-over- wdm网络中的生存性逻辑拓扑映射(SLTM)问题是将逻辑拓扑(IP层)中的每条链路映射到物理拓扑(光层)中的光路上,以便物理链路的故障不会导致逻辑拓扑断开。这个问题被称为np完全问题。对于这个SLTM问题,文献中报道了两种研究方法:数学规划方法[1]和Kurant和Thiran在[2]中引入的结构方法,Thulasiraman等人[3,4,5]继续研究。本文对文献[3,4,5]中提出的可生存拓扑映射问题的理论基础进行了综合处理。我们相信本文提出的算法策略将成为弹性光网络弹性切片这一新兴领域中任何策略的重要阶段。最后,我们基于模拟对本文中开发的不同算法策略进行了比较评估,并指出了IP-over-WDM光网络之外的应用,特别是相互依赖的多层网络物理系统(如智能电网)的可生存设计。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of resource delayed release strategy in software-defined OTN over WDM networks for uniform and non-uniform traffic WDM网络上软件定义OTN中均匀和非均匀业务的资源延迟释放策略性能
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2021.100663
Shideh Yavary Mehr , Byrav Ramamurthy , Yu Zhou , Bingli Guo , Shanguo Huang

In today's wide area networks, especially in Optical Transport Networks (OTN) with Software Defined Networking (SDN) features enabled over Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Bandwidth on Demand (BoD) is an important service that can be satisfied by dynamic end-to-end service provisioning. Service provisioning time (SPT) and Blocking Probability (BP) are critical performance metrics for the users and carriers. This paper extends the concept of the Resource Delayed Release (RDR) strategy for WDM networks. The basic idea of this strategy is to introduce a delay in releasing the optical channel, when the channel is no longer carrying any services. This delay can help speed up the provisioning time for carrying the next service request, avoiding the time usually taken to establish a new optical channel. The main goals of the RDR method are to reduce SPT and BP while simultaneously satisfying the quality of service (QoS) constraints. In this paper, we investigate the effects of uniform and non-uniform traffic on the performance of RDR strategy. For non-uniform traffic simulation, we use a mesh topology with the 14 most populous cities in USA as of 2018 and model the non-uniform traffic based on population density. Further, we introduce a new metric called the Bandwidth Blocking Probability (BBP) to measure the quality of the service offered by the network. Simulation results show advantages of using the RDR method under a wide variety of traffic scenarios for both uniform and non-uniform traffic distributions compared to the traditional method. RDR reduces SPT by 45–90% for uniform traffic and 41–75% for non-uniform traffic. RDR reduces BP by 35–85% for uniform traffic and 30–75% for non-uniform traffic. Additionally, RDR lowers BBP by 31–73% for uniform traffic and 29–68% for non-uniform traffic.

在当今的广域网中,特别是在基于波分复用(WDM)的软件定义网络(SDN)特性的光传输网络(OTN)中,带宽按需(BoD)是一项重要的业务,可以通过动态端到端业务提供来满足。业务发放时间(SPT)和阻塞概率(BP)是用户和运营商的关键性能指标。本文扩展了WDM网络中资源延迟释放策略的概念。该策略的基本思想是,当光通道不再承载任何业务时,在释放光通道时引入延迟。这种延迟可以帮助加快传送下一个服务请求的准备时间,避免通常建立新光通道所花费的时间。RDR方法的主要目标是在满足服务质量(QoS)约束的同时降低SPT和BP。本文研究了均匀流量和非均匀流量对RDR策略性能的影响。对于非均匀交通模拟,我们使用了截至2018年美国人口最多的14个城市的网格拓扑,并基于人口密度对非均匀交通建模。此外,我们引入了一个名为带宽阻塞概率(BBP)的新度量来衡量网络提供的服务质量。仿真结果表明,与传统方法相比,RDR方法在各种流量均匀分布和非均匀分布场景下都具有优势。对于均匀流量,RDR可将SPT降低45-90%,对于非均匀流量,可将SPT降低41-75%。对于均匀流量,RDR将BP降低35-85%,对于非均匀流量,RDR将BP降低30-75%。此外,对于均匀流量,RDR降低BBP 31-73%,对于非均匀流量,RDR降低BBP 29-68%。
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引用次数: 1
Nonblocking conditions for a multicast WSW architecture based on subtree scheme for elastic optical networks 弹性光网络中基于子树的组播WSW结构的非阻塞条件
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2021.100660
Bey-Chi Lin

Elastic optical networks (EONs) are a promising solution for future high-speed optical communication, and multicasting in EONs can efficiently support many emerging services. Different schemes, such as path, tree and subtree schemes, serve multicast services. In this paper, we consider a three-stage wavelength-space-wavelength (WSW) node architecture, which adopts wavelength switches in the first and last stages and space switches in the middle stage, and uses the path scheme to accommodate multicast requests, as proposed in an earlier work for elastic optical networks. We also enhance the WSW architecture to serve multicast requests in a more spectrum-efficient way, namely, using the subtree scheme, by making each switch support multicast capacity, and we term the resulting architecture M-WSW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the WSW architecture using the subtree scheme to support multicast capacity. We prove the sufficient and necessary conditions, in terms of the number of middle switches, of the M-WSW architecture for being strictly nonblocking (SNB) and wide-sense nonblocking (WSNB) under the two routing algorithms proposed in this paper. Our results show that the number of middle switches required for the architecture to be WSNB under each of the two proposed routing algorithms is much less than the number of middle switches required for SNB, especially when the SNB results meet the boundary condition.

弹性光网络是未来高速光通信的一种很有前途的解决方案,弹性光网络中的组播可以有效地支持许多新兴业务。提供组播服务的方案有路径方案、树方案和子树方案。在本文中,我们考虑了一种三级波长-空间-波长(WSW)节点架构,该架构在第一和最后阶段采用波长交换,在中间阶段采用空间交换,并使用路径方案来容纳多播请求,这是先前在弹性光网络中提出的。我们还改进了WSW架构,通过使每个交换机支持组播容量,以更有效的频谱方式服务组播请求,即使用子树方案,我们将最终的架构称为M-WSW。据我们所知,这是第一个使用子树方案来支持多播容量的WSW架构的研究。从中间交换机数量的角度证明了在本文提出的两种路由算法下,M-WSW结构是严格非阻塞(SNB)和广义非阻塞(WSNB)的充要条件。结果表明,在两种路由算法下,实现WSNB所需的中间交换机数量都远少于实现SNB所需的中间交换机数量,特别是当SNB结果满足边界条件时。
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引用次数: 4
Why Optical Packet Switching failed and can Elastic Optical Networks take its place? 光分组交换失败的原因和弹性光网络可以代替它吗?
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.osn.2021.100664
Franco Callegati , Davide Careglio , Luiz Henrique Bonani , Mario Pickavet , Josep Solé-Pareta

In this special issue devoted to the memory of Prof. Fabio Neri we would like to look back at the time of the international research projects where some of us collaborated with him. On the basis of our personal experience of the time and the current viewpoint, we will discuss why Optical Packet Switching (OPS) is a technology that never came to market in spite of the great amount of research that was devoted to it. Then we will explore how Elastic Optical Network came to the stage more recently, somewhat overcoming the OPS technical proposal both in the interest of the researchers as well as of the industry.

在这一期纪念法比奥·内里教授的特刊中,我们想回顾一下我们中的一些人与他合作进行国际研究项目的时期。根据我们个人的经验和当前的观点,我们将讨论为什么光分组交换(OPS)是一项尽管进行了大量研究却从未进入市场的技术。然后,我们将探讨弹性光网络是如何在最近出现的,在一定程度上克服了OPS技术提案,这既符合研究人员的利益,也符合行业的利益。
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引用次数: 1
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