Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.203
Robert Dziak, Haru Matsumoto, Samara Haver, David Mellinger, Lauren Roche, Joseph Haxel, Scott Stalin, Christian Meinig, Katie Kohlman, Angie Sremba, Jason Gedamke, Leila Hatch, Sofie Van Parijs
Passive acoustic monitoring of the global ocean has increased dramatically over the last decade, providing insights into seasonal sea ice and wind/wave variability, biodiversity, geophysical hazards, and anthropogenic noise impacts. All of these phenomena are sentinels of marine ecosystem health and ocean climate change. Recognizing the utility of underwater sound, the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) formed a passive acoustic research program with the goal of quantifying deep-ocean and coastal soundscapes in support of NOAA’s mission to conserve and manage marine ecosystems. PMEL Acoustics Program researchers have built a stable of novel ocean technologies, including autonomous stationary hydrophones, mobile platforms, and near-real-time surface buoys with satellite communication capability. These passive acoustic monitoring systems have been deployed in every major ocean basin on Earth, enabling significant advancements in understanding of natural and anthropogenic sounds. This progress includes evaluation of human-made sound levels across US waters, observations of ship noise fluctuations during the COVID-19 pandemic, and evaluation of noise levels from offshore wave-energy devices. Our natural sound research includes assessment of seasonal variability in the presence of endangered cetacean species due to population recovery and/or changing ocean temperatures as well as early detection of the collapse of an Antarctic ice shelf.
{"title":"PMEL Passive Acoustics Research: Quantifying the Ocean Soundscape from Whales to Wave Energy","authors":"Robert Dziak, Haru Matsumoto, Samara Haver, David Mellinger, Lauren Roche, Joseph Haxel, Scott Stalin, Christian Meinig, Katie Kohlman, Angie Sremba, Jason Gedamke, Leila Hatch, Sofie Van Parijs","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.203","url":null,"abstract":"Passive acoustic monitoring of the global ocean has increased dramatically over the last decade, providing insights into seasonal sea ice and wind/wave variability, biodiversity, geophysical hazards, and anthropogenic noise impacts. All of these phenomena are sentinels of marine ecosystem health and ocean climate change. Recognizing the utility of underwater sound, the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) formed a passive acoustic research program with the goal of quantifying deep-ocean and coastal soundscapes in support of NOAA’s mission to conserve and manage marine ecosystems. PMEL Acoustics Program researchers have built a stable of novel ocean technologies, including autonomous stationary hydrophones, mobile platforms, and near-real-time surface buoys with satellite communication capability. These passive acoustic monitoring systems have been deployed in every major ocean basin on Earth, enabling significant advancements in understanding of natural and anthropogenic sounds. This progress includes evaluation of human-made sound levels across US waters, observations of ship noise fluctuations during the COVID-19 pandemic, and evaluation of noise levels from offshore wave-energy devices. Our natural sound research includes assessment of seasonal variability in the presence of endangered cetacean species due to population recovery and/or changing ocean temperatures as well as early detection of the collapse of an Antarctic ice shelf.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135058282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.220
Sharon Walker
The NOAA Vents program was established in 1983 at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL; Hammond et al., 2015), just six years after the discovery of hydrothermal vents and their unique chemosynthetic ecosystems (Corliss et al., 1979). Because seafloor hydrothermal venting contributes significantly to the transfer of heat and mass from the solid Earth to the ocean, the program’s mission was to systematically explore, discover, and characterize the environmental impacts of submarine volcanism and hydrothermal venting on ocean physical, chemical, and biological processes. The program initially focused on the mid-ocean spreading centers in PMEL’s “backyard” (i.e., the Gorda, Juan de Fuca, and Endeavour Ridges in the Northeast Pacific) where segment-scale surveys detected plumes in the water column above the ridge crest that led to the discovery of numerous individual vent fields (see Hammond et al., 2015, and references therein). New technologies and techniques were created and/or adapted to address the challenges of finding and studying these vents. Repeat visits to the Northeast Pacific sites documented spatial and temporal changes, stimulating the development of new hypotheses about their associated biogeochemical processes. However, testing how broadly applicable these hypotheses would be on a global scale required discovering new vent sites from a far wider range of geological settings, and global-scale exploration requires significant resources.
美国国家海洋和大气管理局喷口项目于1983年在太平洋海洋环境实验室(PMEL;Hammond et al.， 2015)，仅在发现热液喷口及其独特的化学合成生态系统六年后(Corliss et al.， 1979)。由于海底热液喷口对从固体地球到海洋的热量和质量的传递做出了重大贡献，因此该计划的任务是系统地探索、发现和描述海底火山活动和热液喷口对海洋物理、化学和生物过程的环境影响。该项目最初专注于PMEL“后院”的大洋中部扩散中心(即东北太平洋的Gorda、Juan de Fuca和Endeavour山脊)，在那里，分段规模的调查发现了山脊顶部上方水柱中的羽流，从而发现了许多单独的喷口场(见Hammond等人，2015，以及其中的参考文献)。为了解决寻找和研究这些喷口所面临的挑战，新技术和新工艺应运而生。对东北太平洋遗址的重复访问记录了空间和时间变化，刺激了有关其相关生物地球化学过程的新假设的发展。然而，要在全球范围内测试这些假设的广泛适用性，就需要从更广泛的地质环境中发现新的火山口，而全球范围的勘探需要大量的资源。
{"title":"MAPR: PMEL’s Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorder","authors":"Sharon Walker","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.220","url":null,"abstract":"The NOAA Vents program was established in 1983 at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL; Hammond et al., 2015), just six years after the discovery of hydrothermal vents and their unique chemosynthetic ecosystems (Corliss et al., 1979). Because seafloor hydrothermal venting contributes significantly to the transfer of heat and mass from the solid Earth to the ocean, the program’s mission was to systematically explore, discover, and characterize the environmental impacts of submarine volcanism and hydrothermal venting on ocean physical, chemical, and biological processes. The program initially focused on the mid-ocean spreading centers in PMEL’s “backyard” (i.e., the Gorda, Juan de Fuca, and Endeavour Ridges in the Northeast Pacific) where segment-scale surveys detected plumes in the water column above the ridge crest that led to the discovery of numerous individual vent fields (see Hammond et al., 2015, and references therein). New technologies and techniques were created and/or adapted to address the challenges of finding and studying these vents. Repeat visits to the Northeast Pacific sites documented spatial and temporal changes, stimulating the development of new hypotheses about their associated biogeochemical processes. However, testing how broadly applicable these hypotheses would be on a global scale required discovering new vent sites from a far wider range of geological settings, and global-scale exploration requires significant resources.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135057984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.211
Michael McPhaden, Kenneth Connell, Gregory Foltz, Renellys Perez, Karen Grissom
This paper describes the evolution of the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) over the past decade since the last comprehensive and coordinated overview of the Pacific-Atlantic-Indian Ocean system in 2010. GTMBA provides sustained and systematic observations in real time for weather and climate research, forecasting, and assessments. It is maintained through multi-national consortia that support the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array and the Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) in the Pacific, the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), and the Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) in the Indian Ocean. Phenomena of interest span a wide range of weather and climate timescales, including tropical cyclones, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, the seasonal cycle, monsoon circulations, El Niño-Southern Oscillation, climate variations on decadal timescales, and trends related to climate change. Recent scientific advances enabled by GTMBA are reviewed along with array design changes that respond to new scientific imperatives and operational exigencies, and future directions are discussed.
{"title":"Tropical Ocean Observations for Weather and Climate: A Decadal Overview of the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array","authors":"Michael McPhaden, Kenneth Connell, Gregory Foltz, Renellys Perez, Karen Grissom","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the evolution of the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) over the past decade since the last comprehensive and coordinated overview of the Pacific-Atlantic-Indian Ocean system in 2010. GTMBA provides sustained and systematic observations in real time for weather and climate research, forecasting, and assessments. It is maintained through multi-national consortia that support the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array and the Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) in the Pacific, the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), and the Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) in the Indian Ocean. Phenomena of interest span a wide range of weather and climate timescales, including tropical cyclones, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, the seasonal cycle, monsoon circulations, El Niño-Southern Oscillation, climate variations on decadal timescales, and trends related to climate change. Recent scientific advances enabled by GTMBA are reviewed along with array design changes that respond to new scientific imperatives and operational exigencies, and future directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135056663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2022.129
P. Pulsifer, Craig Lee
Established and emerging observing technologies provide the potential for expanding our view and understanding of the many dimensions of the Arctic, including its physical, biological, and social domains. New sensors, platforms, survey tools, and a community-driven monitoring program are generating what is referred to as “big data,” a term used to describe not only the size of data resources but also the increasing speed of data collection and delivery, the many kinds of data, and the challenges of establishing the accuracy of these data streams. Without an appropriate system for managing data, observations are ephemeral, and their value is limited.
{"title":"Arctic Data Management and Sharing","authors":"P. Pulsifer, Craig Lee","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2022.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.129","url":null,"abstract":"Established and emerging observing technologies provide the potential for expanding our view and understanding of the many dimensions of the Arctic, including its physical, biological, and social domains. New sensors, platforms, survey tools, and a community-driven monitoring program are generating what is referred to as “big data,” a term used to describe not only the size of data resources but also the increasing speed of data collection and delivery, the many kinds of data, and the challenges of establishing the accuracy of these data streams. Without an appropriate system for managing data, observations are ephemeral, and their value is limited.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49596478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2022.102
D. Forcucci, I. Rigor, W. Ermold, H. Stern
{"title":"Float Your Boat: Launching Students into the Arctic Ocean","authors":"D. Forcucci, I. Rigor, W. Ermold, H. Stern","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2022.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46626810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2022.101
K. Stafford, E. Farley, M. Ferguson, Kathy J. Kuletz, R. Levine
Studies of the impacts of climate change on Arctic marine ecosystems have largely centered on endemic species and ecosystems, and the people who rely on them. Fewer studies have focused on the northward expansion of upper trophic level (UTL) subarctic species. We provide an overview of changes in the temporal and spatial distributions of subarctic fish, birds, and cetaceans, with a focus on the Pacific Arctic Region. Increasing water temperatures throughout the Arctic have increased “thermal habitat” for subarctic fish species, resulting in northward shifts of species including walleye pollock and pink salmon. Ecosystem changes are altering the community composition and species richness of seabirds in the Arctic, as water temperatures change the available prey field, which dictates the presence of planktivorous versus piscivorous seabird species. Finally, subarctic whales, among them killer and humpback whales, are arriving earlier, staying later, and moving consistently farther north, as evidenced by aerial survey and acoustic detections. Increasing ice-free habitat and changes in water mass distributions in the Arctic are altering the underlying prey structure, drawing UTL species northwards by increasing their spatial and temporal habitat. A large-scale shuffling of subarctic and Arctic communities is reorganizing high-latitude marine ecosystems.
{"title":"Northward Range Expansion of Subarctic Upper Trophic Level Animals into the Pacific Arctic Region","authors":"K. Stafford, E. Farley, M. Ferguson, Kathy J. Kuletz, R. Levine","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2022.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.101","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of the impacts of climate change on Arctic marine ecosystems have largely centered on endemic species and ecosystems, and the people who rely on them. Fewer studies have focused on the northward expansion of upper trophic level (UTL) subarctic species. We provide an overview of changes in the temporal and spatial distributions of subarctic fish, birds, and cetaceans, with a focus on the Pacific Arctic Region. Increasing water temperatures throughout the Arctic have increased “thermal habitat” for subarctic fish species, resulting in northward shifts of species including walleye pollock and pink salmon. Ecosystem changes are altering the community composition and species richness of seabirds in the Arctic, as water temperatures change the available prey field, which dictates the presence of planktivorous versus piscivorous seabird species. Finally, subarctic whales, among them killer and humpback whales, are arriving earlier, staying later, and moving consistently farther north, as evidenced by aerial survey and acoustic detections. Increasing ice-free habitat and changes in water mass distributions in the Arctic are altering the underlying prey structure, drawing UTL species northwards by increasing their spatial and temporal habitat. A large-scale shuffling of subarctic and Arctic communities is reorganizing high-latitude marine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48110291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-25DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2022.203
B. Monger
{"title":"Teaching Oceanography by Engaging Students in Civic Activism","authors":"B. Monger","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2022.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44584975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.405
M. Glessmer, K. Daae
Using active methods to involve students in teaching improves student learning (Deslauriers et al., 2011, 2019; Freeman et al., 2014). For many teachers, breaking up a lecture with multiple choice questions and peer instruction has become an integral part of their teaching (Stains et al., 2018). We suggest involving students in creating the framework in which they learn together with their teachers (Cook-Sather et al., 2014; Bovill, 2020). Teaching then becomes more inclusive, and students try out new roles that support them in becoming more independent, secure, and responsible (Bovill, 2020). Co-creation gives students the chance to feel competent both in class and in their lives, as formative interactions make taught content more relevant to them (Boston, 2002; Black and William, 2009). Experiencing competency, autonomy, and relatedness is what makes intrinsic motivation possible (Deci and Ryan, 2000). It is thus not surprising that co-creation enhances learning and leads to more positive interactions between students and teachers (Bovill, 2020; Kaur and Noman, 2020).
使用积极的方法让学生参与教学可以改善学生的学习（Deslauriers等人，20112019；Freeman等人，2014）。对许多教师来说，用选择题和同伴指导来分解课堂已经成为他们教学中不可或缺的一部分（Stains等人，2018）。我们建议让学生参与创建一个框架，让他们与老师一起学习（Cook-Sather et al.，2014；Bovill，2020）。然后，教学变得更加包容，学生们尝试新的角色，支持他们变得更加独立、安全和负责任（Bovill，2020）。共同创造让学生有机会在课堂和生活中感受到自己的能力，因为形成性的互动使教学内容与他们更相关（波士顿，2002；布莱克和威廉，2009年）。体验能力、自主性和关联性是内在动机成为可能的原因（Deci和Ryan，2000）。因此，共同创造可以增强学习，并在学生和教师之间带来更积极的互动，这并不奇怪（Bovill，2020；Kaur和Noman，2020）。
{"title":"Co-Creating Learning in Oceanography","authors":"M. Glessmer, K. Daae","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.405","url":null,"abstract":"Using active methods to involve students in teaching improves student learning (Deslauriers et al., 2011, 2019; Freeman et al., 2014). For many teachers, breaking up a lecture with multiple choice questions and peer instruction has become an integral part of their teaching (Stains et al., 2018). We suggest involving students in creating the framework in which they learn together with their teachers (Cook-Sather et al., 2014; Bovill, 2020). Teaching then becomes more inclusive, and students try out new roles that support them in becoming more independent, secure, and responsible (Bovill, 2020). Co-creation gives students the chance to feel competent both in class and in their lives, as formative interactions make taught content more relevant to them (Boston, 2002; Black and William, 2009). Experiencing competency, autonomy, and relatedness is what makes intrinsic motivation possible (Deci and Ryan, 2000). It is thus not surprising that co-creation enhances learning and leads to more positive interactions between students and teachers (Bovill, 2020; Kaur and Noman, 2020).","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43344283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-17
E. Fondo, J. Omukoto
Ungwana Bay, located along the north coast of Kenya (Figures 1 and 2), began in the 1970s after exploratory fishing surveys identified the existence of fishable penaeid prawn stocks (Iversen, 1984). Small-scale fishers were also targeting the prawn resources in the bay. As trawlers fishing close to the shore destroyed nearshore habitats and the gear of small-scale fishers, resource-use conflicts arose between the trawler companies and small-scale fishers. To reduce these conflicts, in 1991, Kenya Fisheries Act Chapter 378 limited prawn trawling to beyond 5 NM from shore, with no industrial trawling allowed within a 0–3 NM zone. In 2010, a Prawn Fishery Management Plan recommended that trawling vessels carry a fisheries observer. However, it was not until this became a requirement in Article 147 of the 2016 Fisheries Management and Development Act that Kenya Fisheries Service (KeFS) observers began to work aboard trawlers; this article also expanded the observer program to cover all other commercial fishing operations such as longliners, purse seiners, and deepwater trawlers. The observer program provides data and information on fish catches and their composition, on the fate of target and non-target species, and on the fishing effort to enable evaluation of the status of the fishery and to inform reviews of the regulations in management plans. In this study, we analyzed the species composition of retained and discarded catches from 2016 to 2019 (using data collected by observers) and trawl catches between 2011 and 2019 (with fishing vessel log data provided by the trawl industry). The first KeFS-trained scientific observers were deployed in 2016 on four Kenyan-flagged industrial trawlers licensed to fish in the Malindi-Ungwana Bay during the prawn fishing season. They observed and recorded operations between April 1 and October 31 every year from 2016 to 2019 (Figure 1) aboard trawlers that were fitted with double rigged nets of 55–60 mm and 40–45 mm at the funnel and cod ends, respectively. Thirty-seven observer trips were executed for 168 days between 2016 and 2019 and recorded 1,371 out of 8,531 hauls. The catch composition data collected by
{"title":"Observations of Industrial Shallow-Water Prawn Trawling in Kenya","authors":"E. Fondo, J. Omukoto","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-17","url":null,"abstract":"Ungwana Bay, located along the north coast of Kenya (Figures 1 and 2), began in the 1970s after exploratory fishing surveys identified the existence of fishable penaeid prawn stocks (Iversen, 1984). Small-scale fishers were also targeting the prawn resources in the bay. As trawlers fishing close to the shore destroyed nearshore habitats and the gear of small-scale fishers, resource-use conflicts arose between the trawler companies and small-scale fishers. To reduce these conflicts, in 1991, Kenya Fisheries Act Chapter 378 limited prawn trawling to beyond 5 NM from shore, with no industrial trawling allowed within a 0–3 NM zone. In 2010, a Prawn Fishery Management Plan recommended that trawling vessels carry a fisheries observer. However, it was not until this became a requirement in Article 147 of the 2016 Fisheries Management and Development Act that Kenya Fisheries Service (KeFS) observers began to work aboard trawlers; this article also expanded the observer program to cover all other commercial fishing operations such as longliners, purse seiners, and deepwater trawlers. The observer program provides data and information on fish catches and their composition, on the fate of target and non-target species, and on the fishing effort to enable evaluation of the status of the fishery and to inform reviews of the regulations in management plans. In this study, we analyzed the species composition of retained and discarded catches from 2016 to 2019 (using data collected by observers) and trawl catches between 2011 and 2019 (with fishing vessel log data provided by the trawl industry). The first KeFS-trained scientific observers were deployed in 2016 on four Kenyan-flagged industrial trawlers licensed to fish in the Malindi-Ungwana Bay during the prawn fishing season. They observed and recorded operations between April 1 and October 31 every year from 2016 to 2019 (Figure 1) aboard trawlers that were fitted with double rigged nets of 55–60 mm and 40–45 mm at the funnel and cod ends, respectively. Thirty-seven observer trips were executed for 168 days between 2016 and 2019 and recorded 1,371 out of 8,531 hauls. The catch composition data collected by","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42049173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-10
W. Smith, David Ainley, K. Heywood, G. Ballard
Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae), as well as substantial numbers of Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), and pelagic birds (Smith et al., 2014). Among these, the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Resources (CCAMLR) has designated the Adélie penguin an “indicator species” for monitoring ecosystem structure and function in the newly designated Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area (RSR-MPA). This penguin, among the best-known seabirds, has been studied for decades at multiple locations with investigations that have delved into its population history (both recent and through thousands of years), survival strategies, responses to environmental changes, and feeding ecology (summarized in Ainley, 2002, with numerous papers published thereafter). Penguin populations are increasing in the southern Ross Sea, potentially indicating a broad response to an environment being altered by climate change and increased fishing activity. Despite extensive research, our understanding of the species’ response to its changing habitat and food web is incomplete. Sea ice in the Ross Sea region has been increasing, at least until recent years, and this would be expected to affect populations of species that depend on the ice for predator avoidance and availability of New Technologies Aid Understanding of the Factors Affecting Adélie Penguin Foraging
还有大量的帝王企鹅(Aptenodytes forsteri)、威德尔海豹(Leptonychotes weddellii)和远洋鸟类(Smith et al.， 2014)。其中，南极海洋资源保护委员会(CCAMLR)已将adsamlie企鹅指定为监测新指定的罗斯海区域海洋保护区(RSR-MPA)生态系统结构和功能的“指示物种”。这种企鹅是最著名的海鸟之一，几十年来，人们在多个地点研究了它的种群历史(最近和几千年)、生存策略、对环境变化的反应和摄食生态(2002年Ainley总结了这一点，此后发表了许多论文)。罗斯海南部的企鹅数量正在增加，这可能表明气候变化和捕鱼活动增加对环境的改变做出了广泛的反应。尽管进行了广泛的研究，但我们对该物种对其不断变化的栖息地和食物网的反应的了解尚不完整。罗斯海地区的海冰一直在增加，至少直到最近几年，这可能会影响依赖于冰面躲避捕食者的物种的数量，以及新技术的可用性，这有助于了解影响企鹅觅食的因素
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