Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-24
Maria Paula Rey Baquero, Clea Parcerisas, K. Seger, Christina E Perazio, Natalia Botero Acosta, Felipe Mesa, Andrea Luna Acosta, D. Botteldooren, E. Debusschere
Sound travels further through water than light and is one reason why many marine animals use sound to communicate and gain information about their surroundings. Scientists collect recordings of these underwater sounds to gain information on species’ habitat use, abundance, distribution, density, and behavior. In waters where visibility is severely limited or access is difficult or cost-intensive, passive acoustic monitoring is a particularly important technique for obtaining such biological information over space and time. The “soundscape” of an ecosystem is defined as the characterization of all the acoustic sources present in a certain place (Wilford et al., 2021). A soundscape includes three fundamental sound source types (Figure 1): (1) anthropophony, or sounds associated with human activity; (2) biophony, or sounds produced by animals; and (3) geophony, or sounds generated by physical events such as waves, earthquakes, or rain (Pijanowski et al., 2011). Studying soundscapes can provide biological information for a specific habitat, which could then be linked to ecosystem health status and other bioindicators. This information can be used to monitor the habitat over time, allowing for rapid detection of habitat degradation, such as in response to human-driven events. Comparison of Two Soundscapes: An Opportunity to Assess the Dominance of Biophony Versus Anthropophony
{"title":"Comparison of Two Soundscapes: An Opportunity to Assess the Dominance of Biophony Versus Anthropophony","authors":"Maria Paula Rey Baquero, Clea Parcerisas, K. Seger, Christina E Perazio, Natalia Botero Acosta, Felipe Mesa, Andrea Luna Acosta, D. Botteldooren, E. Debusschere","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-24","url":null,"abstract":"Sound travels further through water than light and is one reason why many marine animals use sound to communicate and gain information about their surroundings. Scientists collect recordings of these underwater sounds to gain information on species’ habitat use, abundance, distribution, density, and behavior. In waters where visibility is severely limited or access is difficult or cost-intensive, passive acoustic monitoring is a particularly important technique for obtaining such biological information over space and time. The “soundscape” of an ecosystem is defined as the characterization of all the acoustic sources present in a certain place (Wilford et al., 2021). A soundscape includes three fundamental sound source types (Figure 1): (1) anthropophony, or sounds associated with human activity; (2) biophony, or sounds produced by animals; and (3) geophony, or sounds generated by physical events such as waves, earthquakes, or rain (Pijanowski et al., 2011). Studying soundscapes can provide biological information for a specific habitat, which could then be linked to ecosystem health status and other bioindicators. This information can be used to monitor the habitat over time, allowing for rapid detection of habitat degradation, such as in response to human-driven events. Comparison of Two Soundscapes: An Opportunity to Assess the Dominance of Biophony Versus Anthropophony","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47702666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.401
I. Lima, J. Rheuban
In this study, we examine how women’s representation in National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences (NSF-OCE) awards changed between 1987 and 2019 and how it varied across different programs, research topics, and award types. Women’s participation in NSF-OCE awards increased at a rate of approximately 0.6% per year from about 10% in 1987 to 30% in 2019, and the strong similarity between the temporal trends in the NSF-OCE awards and the academic workforce suggests that there was no gender bias in NSF funding throughout the 33-year study period. The programs, topics, and award types related to education showed the strongest growth, achieving and surpassing parity with men, while those related to the acquisition of shared instrumentation and equipment for research vessels had the lowest women’s representation and showed relatively little change over time. Despite being vastly outnumbered by men, women principal investigators (PIs) tended to do more collaborative work and had a more diversified “portfolio” of research and research-related activities than men. We also found no evidence of gender bias in the amount awarded to men and women PIs during the study period. These results show that, despite significant increases in women’s participation in oceanography over the past three decades, women have still not reached parity with men. Although there appears to be no gender bias in funding decisions or amount awarded, there are significant differences between women’s participation in specific research subject areas that may reflect overall systemic biases in oceanography and academia more broadly. These results highlight areas where further investment is needed to improve women’s representation.
{"title":"Gender Differences in NSF Ocean Sciences Awards","authors":"I. Lima, J. Rheuban","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.401","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examine how women’s representation in National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences (NSF-OCE) awards changed between 1987 and 2019 and how it varied across different programs, research topics, and award types. Women’s participation in NSF-OCE awards increased at a rate of approximately 0.6% per year from about 10% in 1987 to 30% in 2019, and the strong similarity between the temporal trends in the NSF-OCE awards and the academic workforce suggests that there was no gender bias in NSF funding throughout the 33-year study period. The programs, topics, and award types related to education showed the strongest growth, achieving and surpassing parity with men, while those related to the acquisition of shared instrumentation and equipment for research vessels had the lowest women’s representation and showed relatively little change over time. Despite being vastly outnumbered by men, women principal investigators (PIs) tended to do more collaborative work and had a more diversified “portfolio” of research and research-related activities than men. We also found no evidence of gender bias in the amount awarded to men and women PIs during the study period. These results show that, despite significant increases in women’s participation in oceanography over the past three decades, women have still not reached parity with men. Although there appears to be no gender bias in funding decisions or amount awarded, there are significant differences between women’s participation in specific research subject areas that may reflect overall systemic biases in oceanography and academia more broadly. These results highlight areas where further investment is needed to improve women’s representation.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48077126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-12
A. Gates, S. Hartman, J. Campbell, Christopher Cardwell, J. Durden, A. Flohr, T. Horton, Steven Lankester, R. Lampitt, Charlotte Miskin-Hymas, C. Pebody, Nicholas Rundle, Amanda Serpell-Stevens, B. Bett
{"title":"Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory Monitors the Atmosphere to the Seafloor on Multidecadal Timescales","authors":"A. Gates, S. Hartman, J. Campbell, Christopher Cardwell, J. Durden, A. Flohr, T. Horton, Steven Lankester, R. Lampitt, Charlotte Miskin-Hymas, C. Pebody, Nicholas Rundle, Amanda Serpell-Stevens, B. Bett","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48172464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-23
Kamila Haule, W. Freda, H. Toczek, Karolina Borzycka, S. Sagan, M. Darecki
{"title":"A Novel Experiment in the Baltic Sea Shows that Dispersed Oil Droplets Can Be Distinguished by Remote Sensing","authors":"Kamila Haule, W. Freda, H. Toczek, Karolina Borzycka, S. Sagan, M. Darecki","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49138815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-18
Damaris Mutia, I. Sailale
10°S 38°E 38°E 38°E 42°E 42°E 42°E 40°E 40°E 40°E 44°E 44°E 44°E 0 100 200 300 Kilometers Two case studies demonstrate that the application of satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques can inform the development and improvement of fishing policies and fishery management in Kenya and Tanzania. Artisanal coastal fishing communities in both countries still rely on traditional methods to identify fishing grounds. The rudimentary techniques they use are based on conservative hunting methods that rely on recurrent experiences and evidence gathering among fisherfolk. However, multiple environmental factors determine the spatial structure and distribution of pelagic fisheries (Planque et al., 2011), and marine organisms are highly vulnerable to the rapid variations in oceanographic conditions that are being accelerated by global changes. These changes contribute to the broad diversity in species distribution and assemblages in space and time, further complicating fishers’ quests for productive grounds. Biophysical indicators of the sea surface environment such as temperature and chlorophyll concentration may serve as important determinants of the presence of marine life. Physical processes in the upper ocean such as currents, waves, and tides stimulate biological processes that ultimately determine the distribution of pelagic fish (Solanki et al., 2005). A thorough understanding of key environmental parameters and their influence on pelagic fish distribution can inform exploration for prospective fishing zones. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is a measure of the algae present in seawater and can be used as an indicator of fish production. The microscopic algae form the top of the marine food web and are consumed by zooplankton and small fish, which are then consumed by larger fish. Similarly, sea surface temperature (SST) is a significant physical factor that strongly influences the physiology and growth of ocean life, including phytoplankton and all other organisms at higher trophic levels (Tang et al., 2003), and can be used to help identify fishing grounds. Collecting measurements of oceanographic parameters from boats over large areas is time consuming and expensive and can be impractical for identifying commercially viable fishing areas due to the dynamic nature of the ocean. Consequently, there is a need for more effective methods that can capture changes instantaneously over broad regions. Satellite sensors can be used to gather information on global ocean SST and Chl-a concentration at relatively high resolutions over broad regions and long time periods. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques can then be used to integrate satellite images with spatial databases (e.g., Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, PostgreSQL) and statistical techniques to inform fisheries management. A pilot case study in Kenya involved the discovery of potential yellowfin tuna fishing grounds using satellite data on oceanographic parameters selected based on their
10°S 38°E 38°E 42°E 42度E 42度E 40°E 40°E 44°E 44度E 0 100 200 300公里两个案例研究表明，卫星遥感和地理信息系统技术的应用可以为肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚制定和改进渔业政策和渔业管理提供信息。这两个国家的个体沿海捕鱼社区仍然依靠传统方法来识别渔场。他们使用的基本技术是基于保守的狩猎方法，这些方法依赖于渔民的反复经验和证据收集。然而，多种环境因素决定了中上层渔业的空间结构和分布（Planque et al.，2011），海洋生物极易受到全球变化加速的海洋条件快速变化的影响。这些变化导致了物种分布和组合在空间和时间上的广泛多样性，使渔民对生产场地的追求更加复杂。海面环境的生物物理指标，如温度和叶绿素浓度，可能是海洋生物存在的重要决定因素。上层海洋的物理过程，如洋流、波浪和潮汐，刺激了最终决定中上层鱼类分布的生物过程（Solaki等人，2005年）。深入了解关键环境参数及其对中上层鱼类分布的影响，可以为勘探潜在捕鱼区提供信息。叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度是衡量海水中藻类含量的指标，可作为鱼类产量的指标。微小的藻类形成了海洋食物网的顶部，被浮游动物和小型鱼类吃掉，然后被大型鱼类吃掉。同样，海面温度（SST）是一个重要的物理因素，它强烈影响海洋生物的生理和生长，包括浮游植物和所有其他营养级较高的生物（Tang et al.，2003），并可用于帮助识别渔场。从大面积的船只上收集海洋学参数的测量值既耗时又昂贵，而且由于海洋的动态性质，对于确定商业上可行的捕鱼区来说可能不切实际。因此，需要更有效的方法，能够在大范围内即时捕捉变化。卫星传感器可用于在宽区域和长时间内以相对高的分辨率收集全球海洋SST和Chl-a浓度的信息。地理信息系统（GIS）技术可用于将卫星图像与空间数据库（例如，Microsoft SQL Server、Oracle、PostgreSQL）和统计技术集成，为渔业管理提供信息。肯尼亚的一项试点案例研究涉及利用卫星数据发现潜在的黄鳍金枪鱼渔场，这些数据是根据其相关性选择的海洋学参数，作为金枪鱼栖息地的描述符。应用遥感和GIS识别肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚沿海海洋渔业的SST、海面Chl-a和平均海平面异常
{"title":"Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to Identifying Marine Fisheries off the Coasts of Kenya and Tanzania","authors":"Damaris Mutia, I. Sailale","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-18","url":null,"abstract":"10°S 38°E 38°E 38°E 42°E 42°E 42°E 40°E 40°E 40°E 44°E 44°E 44°E 0 100 200 300 Kilometers Two case studies demonstrate that the application of satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques can inform the development and improvement of fishing policies and fishery management in Kenya and Tanzania. Artisanal coastal fishing communities in both countries still rely on traditional methods to identify fishing grounds. The rudimentary techniques they use are based on conservative hunting methods that rely on recurrent experiences and evidence gathering among fisherfolk. However, multiple environmental factors determine the spatial structure and distribution of pelagic fisheries (Planque et al., 2011), and marine organisms are highly vulnerable to the rapid variations in oceanographic conditions that are being accelerated by global changes. These changes contribute to the broad diversity in species distribution and assemblages in space and time, further complicating fishers’ quests for productive grounds. Biophysical indicators of the sea surface environment such as temperature and chlorophyll concentration may serve as important determinants of the presence of marine life. Physical processes in the upper ocean such as currents, waves, and tides stimulate biological processes that ultimately determine the distribution of pelagic fish (Solanki et al., 2005). A thorough understanding of key environmental parameters and their influence on pelagic fish distribution can inform exploration for prospective fishing zones. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is a measure of the algae present in seawater and can be used as an indicator of fish production. The microscopic algae form the top of the marine food web and are consumed by zooplankton and small fish, which are then consumed by larger fish. Similarly, sea surface temperature (SST) is a significant physical factor that strongly influences the physiology and growth of ocean life, including phytoplankton and all other organisms at higher trophic levels (Tang et al., 2003), and can be used to help identify fishing grounds. Collecting measurements of oceanographic parameters from boats over large areas is time consuming and expensive and can be impractical for identifying commercially viable fishing areas due to the dynamic nature of the ocean. Consequently, there is a need for more effective methods that can capture changes instantaneously over broad regions. Satellite sensors can be used to gather information on global ocean SST and Chl-a concentration at relatively high resolutions over broad regions and long time periods. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques can then be used to integrate satellite images with spatial databases (e.g., Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, PostgreSQL) and statistical techniques to inform fisheries management. A pilot case study in Kenya involved the discovery of potential yellowfin tuna fishing grounds using satellite data on oceanographic parameters selected based on their ","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43823074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-33
E. Organelli, E. Leymarie, O. Zielinski, J. Uitz, F. D’Ortenzio, H. Claustre
By installing biogeochemical sensors on 1,000 autonomous Argo profiling floats across the globe, the Biogeochemical (BGC)-Argo program is the only network capable of providing detailed observations of the physics, chemistry, and biology of the top 2,000 m of our ocean up to every 10 days, even in remote regions and during unfavorable conditions for manual sampling. This rapidly expanding network will yield large amounts of data that will help us understand marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry, evaluate the impact of increasing human-derived pressures on Earth’s climate, and develop science-based solutions for sustainable ocean and climate management. Officially established in 2016, the International BGC-Argo program has built its mission on five science pillars and two management needs. One of the grand science challenges, and also a primary element for improving management of all living marine resources, is observing the composition of phytoplankton communities (BGC-Argo Planning Group, 2016). These microscopic, drifting, unicellular algae use sunlight and seawater to transform the carbon dioxide exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean into oxygen and complex organic compounds. Phytoplankton create enough energy to benefit the entire food chain, from zooplankton to top predators. Phytoplankton are so diverse that collectively they maintain a variety of biogeochemical and ecosystem functions, including carbon cycling and storage. These organisms display a wide variety of types, sizes, shapes, photosynthetic efficiencies, pigmentations, and light absorption properties. While various methods can be used to identify phytoplankton, the traditional method requires water samples taken at sea and experts using microscopes to identify species, distinguishing features such as size and shape. A newer, more high-tech method employs satellite observations of ocean color to provide information on cellular Hyperspectral Radiometry on Biogeochemical-Argo Floats: A Bright Perspective for Phytoplankton Diversity
{"title":"Hyperspectral Radiometry on Biogeochemical-Argo Floats: A Bright Perspective for Phytoplankton Diversity","authors":"E. Organelli, E. Leymarie, O. Zielinski, J. Uitz, F. D’Ortenzio, H. Claustre","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-33","url":null,"abstract":"By installing biogeochemical sensors on 1,000 autonomous Argo profiling floats across the globe, the Biogeochemical (BGC)-Argo program is the only network capable of providing detailed observations of the physics, chemistry, and biology of the top 2,000 m of our ocean up to every 10 days, even in remote regions and during unfavorable conditions for manual sampling. This rapidly expanding network will yield large amounts of data that will help us understand marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry, evaluate the impact of increasing human-derived pressures on Earth’s climate, and develop science-based solutions for sustainable ocean and climate management. Officially established in 2016, the International BGC-Argo program has built its mission on five science pillars and two management needs. One of the grand science challenges, and also a primary element for improving management of all living marine resources, is observing the composition of phytoplankton communities (BGC-Argo Planning Group, 2016). These microscopic, drifting, unicellular algae use sunlight and seawater to transform the carbon dioxide exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean into oxygen and complex organic compounds. Phytoplankton create enough energy to benefit the entire food chain, from zooplankton to top predators. Phytoplankton are so diverse that collectively they maintain a variety of biogeochemical and ecosystem functions, including carbon cycling and storage. These organisms display a wide variety of types, sizes, shapes, photosynthetic efficiencies, pigmentations, and light absorption properties. While various methods can be used to identify phytoplankton, the traditional method requires water samples taken at sea and experts using microscopes to identify species, distinguishing features such as size and shape. A newer, more high-tech method employs satellite observations of ocean color to provide information on cellular Hyperspectral Radiometry on Biogeochemical-Argo Floats: A Bright Perspective for Phytoplankton Diversity","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48428737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-07
T. Morris, D. Rudnick, J. Sprintall, J. Hermes, G. Goñi, Justine Parks, F. Bringas, E. Heslop
0° FIGURE 2. Trajectories and nearsurface velocity estimates from Global Drifter Program drifters in the western Pacific and marginal seas. Paths of various boundary currents are clearly visible. From Todd et al. (2018) Boundary currents dominate the poleward transport of warm water and the equatorward transport of cold water and are major drivers of climate variability, extreme weather events (e.g.,hurricanes), and marine heatwaves (Figure 1). The western boundary regions have some of the most dynamic and energetic currents in the ocean and are key to the transport of mass, heat, salt, biogeochemical properties, and plankton. The eastern boundary currents are often upwelling systems that comprise some of the most biologically productive regions in the world. Boundary currents in marginal seas provide the major means of exchange with the open ocean and impact regional ecosystems. Communication between the coast and open ocean is regulated by the boundary currents that flow along the continental slopes, affecting ecosystems, sea level, flood levels, erosion, and commercial activity. Current strategies used to monitor boundary currents vary and are composed of individual and partially coordinated efforts. At global scales, the Argo array of profiling floats collects a growing suite of ocean physical and biogeochemical parameters, providing comprehensive coverage offshore of the continental shelf. Satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature, salinity, and ocean color clearly identify the signals of mesoscale features at the ocean surface. Surface drifters take measurements of currents (e.g., Figure 2). The need for finer spatial and temporal resolution closer to shore is addressed with more regionally focused efforts (Figure 3). Ocean gliders provide sustained or targeted observations across a few boundary current systems that connect the coast to the open ocean. The OceanSites network of moorings has some of the longest in situ time series at strategic locations within Monitoring Boundary Currents Using Ocean Observing Infrastructure
{"title":"Monitoring Boundary Currents Using Ocean Observing Infrastructure","authors":"T. Morris, D. Rudnick, J. Sprintall, J. Hermes, G. Goñi, Justine Parks, F. Bringas, E. Heslop","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-07","url":null,"abstract":"0° FIGURE 2. Trajectories and nearsurface velocity estimates from Global Drifter Program drifters in the western Pacific and marginal seas. Paths of various boundary currents are clearly visible. From Todd et al. (2018) Boundary currents dominate the poleward transport of warm water and the equatorward transport of cold water and are major drivers of climate variability, extreme weather events (e.g.,hurricanes), and marine heatwaves (Figure 1). The western boundary regions have some of the most dynamic and energetic currents in the ocean and are key to the transport of mass, heat, salt, biogeochemical properties, and plankton. The eastern boundary currents are often upwelling systems that comprise some of the most biologically productive regions in the world. Boundary currents in marginal seas provide the major means of exchange with the open ocean and impact regional ecosystems. Communication between the coast and open ocean is regulated by the boundary currents that flow along the continental slopes, affecting ecosystems, sea level, flood levels, erosion, and commercial activity. Current strategies used to monitor boundary currents vary and are composed of individual and partially coordinated efforts. At global scales, the Argo array of profiling floats collects a growing suite of ocean physical and biogeochemical parameters, providing comprehensive coverage offshore of the continental shelf. Satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature, salinity, and ocean color clearly identify the signals of mesoscale features at the ocean surface. Surface drifters take measurements of currents (e.g., Figure 2). The need for finer spatial and temporal resolution closer to shore is addressed with more regionally focused efforts (Figure 3). Ocean gliders provide sustained or targeted observations across a few boundary current systems that connect the coast to the open ocean. The OceanSites network of moorings has some of the longest in situ time series at strategic locations within Monitoring Boundary Currents Using Ocean Observing Infrastructure","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49323949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-27
D. Sumy, Sara K. Mcbride, Christa von Hillebrandt-Andrade, M. Kohler, J. Orcutt, S. Kodaira, K. Moran, D. McNamara, T. Hori, E. Vanacore, B. Pirenne, J. Collins
FIGURE 1. Schematic of ocean-based geophysical instrumentation and data communications installation. A wave glider and a Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) tsunameter communicate with a satellite. An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) collects data from the water column for later transmission via the satellite. Other instrumentation includes a recoverable geodetic transponder, a trawl-resistant and current-protected seismometer, and a self-calibrating pressure gauge. The 2004 magnitude (M) 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggered the deadliest tsunami ever, killing more than 230,000 people. In response, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established three additional Intergovernmental Coordination Groups (ICGs) for the Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Early Warning System: for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (ICG/CARIBE-EWS), for the Indian Ocean, and for the Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Connected Seas. Along with the ICG for the Pacific Ocean, which was established in 1965, one of the goals of the new ICGs was to improve earthquake and tsunami monitoring and early warning. This need was further demonstrated by the 2011 Great East Japan (Tōhoku-oki) earthquake and tsunami, which killed more than 20,000 people, and other destructive tsunamis that occurred in the Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Chile, Indonesia, and Peru. In response to the call to action by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021– 2030), as well as the desired safe ocean outcome (von Hillebrandt-Andrade et al., 2021), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO approved the Ocean Decade Tsunami Programme in June 2021. One of its goals is to develop the capability to issue actionable alerts for tsunamis from all sources with minimum uncertainty within 10 minutes (Angove et al., 2019). While laudable, this goal presents complexities. Currently, warning depends on quick detection as well as the location and initial magnitude estimates of an earthquake that may generate a tsunami. Other factors that affect tsunamis, such as the faulting mechanism (how the faults slide past each other) and areal extent of the earthquake, currently take at least 20–30 minutes to forecast and are still subject to large uncertainties. Hence, agencies charged with tsunami early warning need to broadcast public alerts within minutes after an earthquake occurs but may struggle to meet this 10-minute goal without further technological advances, some of which are outlined in this article. To reduce loss of life through adequate tsunami warning requires global ocean-based seismic, sea level, and geodetic initiatives to detect high-impact earthquakes and tsunamis, combined with sufficient communication and education so that people know how to respond when they receive alerts and warnings. The United Nations
图1所示。海洋地球物理仪器和数据通信装置原理图。波浪滑翔机和深海海啸评估和报告(DART)海啸仪与卫星通信。一个自主水下航行器(AUV)从水柱收集数据，稍后通过卫星传输。其他仪器包括一个可回收的大地测量应答器，一个抗拖网和电流保护的地震仪，以及一个自校准压力表。2004年印度洋苏门答腊-安达曼群岛9.1级地震引发了有史以来最致命的海啸，造成超过23万人死亡。作为回应，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)为海啸和其他沿海灾害预警系统增设了三个政府间协调小组(ICGs):加勒比及邻近地区协调小组(ICG/ Caribbean - ews)、印度洋协调小组、东北大西洋协调小组、地中海协调小组和连通海协调小组。与1965年建立的太平洋国际灾害监测小组一样，新的国际灾害监测小组的目标之一是改善地震和海啸的监测和预警。2011年造成2万多人死亡的东日本大地震和海啸(Tōhoku-oki)以及发生在所罗门群岛、萨摩亚、汤加、智利、印度尼西亚和秘鲁的其他破坏性海啸进一步证明了这一需求。为响应联合国海洋科学促进可持续发展十年(2021 - 2030年)的行动呼吁，以及期望的海洋安全成果(von Hillebrandt-Andrade et al.， 2021)，教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会(IOC)于2021年6月批准了海洋十年海啸计划。其目标之一是发展在10分钟内以最小的不确定性对所有来源的海啸发出可操作警报的能力(Angove等人，2019)。这一目标虽然值得称赞，但也带来了复杂性。目前，预警依赖于快速探测以及可能引发海啸的地震的位置和初步震级估计。影响海啸的其他因素，如断层机制(断层如何相互滑动)和地震的面积范围，目前至少需要20-30分钟才能预测出来，而且仍然存在很大的不确定性。因此，负责海啸预警的机构需要在地震发生后几分钟内广播公众警报，但如果没有进一步的技术进步，可能很难达到这10分钟的目标，其中一些在本文中概述。要通过充分的海啸预警来减少生命损失，就需要全球海洋地震、海平面和大地测量倡议，以探测高影响地震和海啸，并结合充分的沟通和教育，使人们知道如何在收到警报和预警时作出反应。联合国
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Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.402
Alfredo Giron‐Nava, H. Harden‐Davies
The year 2021 marked the beginning of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The world now has fewer than 10 years to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In this article, we reflect on some of the challenges and opportunities this presents for Early Career Ocean Professionals (ECOPs) who will be instrumental in designing, delivering, and using ocean knowledge toward a more sustainable and equitable future. How can Ocean Decade programs and partnerships equip ECOPs with the necessary tools, skills, and opportunities to engage meaningfully with policy processes and to develop practical solutions for societal benefit? We propose some key questions for discussion among ocean scientists, ocean-dependent communities, and policymakers.
{"title":"A Generational Shift in Ocean Stewardship","authors":"Alfredo Giron‐Nava, H. Harden‐Davies","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.402","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2021 marked the beginning of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The world now has fewer than 10 years to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In this article, we reflect on some of the challenges and opportunities this presents for Early Career Ocean Professionals (ECOPs) who will be instrumental in designing, delivering, and using ocean knowledge toward a more sustainable and equitable future. How can Ocean Decade programs and partnerships equip ECOPs with the necessary tools, skills, and opportunities to engage meaningfully with policy processes and to develop practical solutions for societal benefit? We propose some key questions for discussion among ocean scientists, ocean-dependent communities, and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-22
N. Maximenko, A. Palacz, L. Biermann, J. Carlton, L. Centurioni, M. Crowley, J. Hafner, L. Haram, Rebecca R Helm, Verena Hormann, C. Murray, Gregory Ruiz, A. Shcherbina, J. Stopa, D. Streett, T. Tanhua, Cynthia Wright, C. Zabin
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