Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-15
H. Tabisola, J. Duffy‐Anderson, C. Mordy, P. Stabeno
{"title":"EcoFOCI: A Generation of Ecosystem Studies in Alaskan Waters","authors":"H. Tabisola, J. Duffy‐Anderson, C. Mordy, P. Stabeno","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46704414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-31
J. Newton, P. MacCready, S. Siedlecki, D. Manalang, J. Mickett, S. Alin, E. Schumacker, Jennifer Hagen, Stephanie K. Moore, A. Sutton, R. Carini
Multiple stressors are affecting the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coastal ocean, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), ocean acidification, marine heatwaves, and hypoxia (low oxygen). While these conditions or events are tied to seasonal cycles such as upwelling periods and multiyear cycles such as El Niño/La Niña, they are becoming increasingly frequent and intense. Additionally, they can have devastating impacts on ecosystem health and human wellbeing, shutting down fisheries, stifling the local economy, threatening food security, and inhibiting cultural practices. For example, increasing ocean acidification has affected shellfish growers’ capability to secure reliable product. In 2015, a HAB associated with a marine heatwave shut down crab fisheries from Alaska to Baja for commercial and tribal fishers (McCabe et al., 2016), a closure so impactful that the US Congress included the Fishery Disaster Relief Program for Tribal Fisheries in the Budget Act of 2018. And, an unpredicted hypoxia event in 2015 resulted in the Quinault Indian Nation pulling up crab pots with dead crab. Regional projections indicate increases in warming, ocean acidification, and hypoxia by the end of the century (Siedlecki et al., 2021), so solutions are needed. The challenge of multi-stressor impacts can be addressed by engaging a variety of partners to collect multi-variable observing and forecast data while increasing both scientific knowledge and application of data and information to real-world needs. The Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems (NANOOS, http://www.nanoos. org/) helps sustain long-term observations and forecast models to help communities adapt to and plan for variable and changing ocean conditions, thus increasing resilience. NANOOS is the PNW regional coastal ocean observing system of the US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). It was recently designated a nexus organization for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development because of its work to sustain and integrate ocean observations and modeling to produce publicly accessible regional data products that help diverse coastal communities ensure safety, build economic resilience, and increase understanding of the coastal ocean. NANOOS, in collaboration with regional partners, provides observations of temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, pH, and HABs from buoy assets off the PNW coast (Figure 1). These observations also support several models such as LiveOcean, which provides 72-hour projections of ocean variables such as temperature, salinity, Multi-Stressor Observations and Modeling to Build Understanding of and Resilience to the Coastal Impacts of Climate Change
多种压力因素正在影响太平洋西北海岸，包括有害藻华(HABs)、海洋酸化、海洋热浪和缺氧(低氧)。虽然这些条件或事件与季节性周期(如上升期)和多年周期(如El Niño/La Niña)有关，但它们正变得越来越频繁和强烈。此外，它们可能对生态系统健康和人类福祉产生破坏性影响，导致渔业关闭，扼杀当地经济，威胁粮食安全，并抑制文化习俗。例如，海洋酸化加剧影响了贝类养殖者获得可靠产品的能力。2015年，与海洋热浪相关的赤潮导致从阿拉斯加到巴哈的商业和部落渔民的螃蟹渔业关闭(McCabe等人，2016年)，这一关闭的影响如此之大，以至于美国国会在2018年预算法中纳入了部落渔业渔业救灾计划。2015年，一场意想不到的缺氧事件导致奎诺特印第安人将蟹笼里的死蟹打捞出来。区域预估表明，到本世纪末，变暖、海洋酸化和缺氧将加剧(Siedlecki et al.， 2021)，因此需要解决方案。通过与各种合作伙伴合作，收集多变量观测和预测数据，同时增加科学知识，并将数据和信息应用于实际需求，可以解决多压力源影响的挑战。西北网络海洋观测系统协会(NANOOS, http://www.nanoos)。Org/)帮助维持长期观测和预测模型，以帮助社区适应和规划多变和不断变化的海洋条件，从而提高复原力。NANOOS是美国综合海洋观测系统(IOOS)的PNW区域沿海海洋观测系统。它最近被指定为联合国海洋科学促进可持续发展十年的联系组织，因为它致力于维持和整合海洋观测和建模，以生产可公开访问的区域数据产品，帮助不同的沿海社区确保安全，建立经济复原力，并增加对沿海海洋的了解。NANOOS与区域合作伙伴合作，提供PNW海岸浮标资产的温度、盐度、氧气、叶绿素、二氧化碳、pH值和有害藻华的观测数据(图1)。这些观测数据还支持LiveOcean等几个模型，该模型提供72小时海洋变量预测，如温度、盐度、多压力源观测和建模，以建立对气候变化对沿海影响的理解和恢复能力
{"title":"Multi-Stressor Observations and Modeling to Build Understanding of and Resilience to the Coastal Impacts of Climate Change","authors":"J. Newton, P. MacCready, S. Siedlecki, D. Manalang, J. Mickett, S. Alin, E. Schumacker, Jennifer Hagen, Stephanie K. Moore, A. Sutton, R. Carini","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-31","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple stressors are affecting the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coastal ocean, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), ocean acidification, marine heatwaves, and hypoxia (low oxygen). While these conditions or events are tied to seasonal cycles such as upwelling periods and multiyear cycles such as El Niño/La Niña, they are becoming increasingly frequent and intense. Additionally, they can have devastating impacts on ecosystem health and human wellbeing, shutting down fisheries, stifling the local economy, threatening food security, and inhibiting cultural practices. For example, increasing ocean acidification has affected shellfish growers’ capability to secure reliable product. In 2015, a HAB associated with a marine heatwave shut down crab fisheries from Alaska to Baja for commercial and tribal fishers (McCabe et al., 2016), a closure so impactful that the US Congress included the Fishery Disaster Relief Program for Tribal Fisheries in the Budget Act of 2018. And, an unpredicted hypoxia event in 2015 resulted in the Quinault Indian Nation pulling up crab pots with dead crab. Regional projections indicate increases in warming, ocean acidification, and hypoxia by the end of the century (Siedlecki et al., 2021), so solutions are needed. The challenge of multi-stressor impacts can be addressed by engaging a variety of partners to collect multi-variable observing and forecast data while increasing both scientific knowledge and application of data and information to real-world needs. The Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems (NANOOS, http://www.nanoos. org/) helps sustain long-term observations and forecast models to help communities adapt to and plan for variable and changing ocean conditions, thus increasing resilience. NANOOS is the PNW regional coastal ocean observing system of the US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). It was recently designated a nexus organization for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development because of its work to sustain and integrate ocean observations and modeling to produce publicly accessible regional data products that help diverse coastal communities ensure safety, build economic resilience, and increase understanding of the coastal ocean. NANOOS, in collaboration with regional partners, provides observations of temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, pH, and HABs from buoy assets off the PNW coast (Figure 1). These observations also support several models such as LiveOcean, which provides 72-hour projections of ocean variables such as temperature, salinity, Multi-Stressor Observations and Modeling to Build Understanding of and Resilience to the Coastal Impacts of Climate Change","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45918307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-19
K. Kimoto
{"title":"Quantification of the Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marine Calcifiers","authors":"K. Kimoto","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45075358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-08
L. Krug, S. Sarker, Samiul Huda, A. González-Silvera, A. Edward, Carla Berghoff, Christian Naranjo, Edem Mahu, Jorge López-Calderón, Luís Escudero, M. Tapia, M. Noernberg, Mohamed Ahmed, Nandini Menon, Stella Betancur
{"title":"Putting Training into Practice: An Alumni Network Global Monitoring Program","authors":"L. Krug, S. Sarker, Samiul Huda, A. González-Silvera, A. Edward, Carla Berghoff, Christian Naranjo, Edem Mahu, Jorge López-Calderón, Luís Escudero, M. Tapia, M. Noernberg, Mohamed Ahmed, Nandini Menon, Stella Betancur","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41988733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-29
A. Hibbert, Liz Bradshaw, Jeff Pugh, S. Williams, P. Woodworth
FIGURE 1. An example of a visual “tide gauge” engraved on a harbor wall, showing tide level markings at the entrance to Canning Half-Tide Dock, Liverpool, relative to the Old Dock Sill datum, a reference datum defined around 1715 in terms of the sill of Liverpool’s first dock. Photo credit: Philip Woodworth, National Oceanography Centre As the name suggests, tide gauges were originally devised for the singular purpose of monitoring tidal fluctuations in sea level in order to aid safe navigation and port operations. Early tide gauges, such as that used by the famous dockmaster William Hutchinson at Liverpool in the late eighteenth century, consisted of little more than graduated markers on sea walls or posts, against which the sea surface could be measured by eye (Figure 1). These were used to record and then forecast the times and heights of high and low water each day; printed in local tide tables, they provided rudimentary information on variations in the tide. Within 50 years, automatic (or “self-registering”) stilling well and float systems were developed, consisting of a float housed in a large vertical tube, with an opening to the sea. The float would rise and fall with the sea surface and, by means of a pen connected to the float via a pulley system, its movements were captured on a paper chart fixed to a clock-driven chart recorder. This, for the first time, produced a continuous sea level trace, allowing other phenomena such as seiches, storm surges, and tsunamis to be clearly identified. Very high frequency variations in sea level, such as wave action, remained unsampled due to the damping effect of the stilling wells. Through continued operation of these gauges over many decades, evidence of longer-term hazards emerged from their records, such as climate change-related sea level rise (SLR), a topic that is now considered in the important regular assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Over the past few decades, a transition to radar, acoustic, or pressure-based tide gauges, together with advances in data-logging capacity, has enabled high frequency sampling (~1 Hz) that is also necessary for monitoring wave action; in addition, the co-location of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers with tide gauges has allowed scientists to infer the contributions of vertical land motion to rates of SLR. As a result, modern tide gauge networks are better equipped to monitor a wide range of sea level phenomena and are, therefore, viewed as multi-hazard warning systems. Of course, robust warning systems demand a comprehensive network of monitoring stations together with coordinated and timely notifications of impending hazards. Sadly, the impetus for such developments has often been provided by natural disasters. The UK Tide Gauge Network (UKTGN), for example, was formed primarily for the purposes of storm surge monitoring and forecasting following the 1953 North Sea storm surge that led to the loss of ~2,400
{"title":"Tide Gauges: From Single Hazard to Multi-Hazard Warning Systems","authors":"A. Hibbert, Liz Bradshaw, Jeff Pugh, S. Williams, P. Woodworth","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-29","url":null,"abstract":"FIGURE 1. An example of a visual “tide gauge” engraved on a harbor wall, showing tide level markings at the entrance to Canning Half-Tide Dock, Liverpool, relative to the Old Dock Sill datum, a reference datum defined around 1715 in terms of the sill of Liverpool’s first dock. Photo credit: Philip Woodworth, National Oceanography Centre As the name suggests, tide gauges were originally devised for the singular purpose of monitoring tidal fluctuations in sea level in order to aid safe navigation and port operations. Early tide gauges, such as that used by the famous dockmaster William Hutchinson at Liverpool in the late eighteenth century, consisted of little more than graduated markers on sea walls or posts, against which the sea surface could be measured by eye (Figure 1). These were used to record and then forecast the times and heights of high and low water each day; printed in local tide tables, they provided rudimentary information on variations in the tide. Within 50 years, automatic (or “self-registering”) stilling well and float systems were developed, consisting of a float housed in a large vertical tube, with an opening to the sea. The float would rise and fall with the sea surface and, by means of a pen connected to the float via a pulley system, its movements were captured on a paper chart fixed to a clock-driven chart recorder. This, for the first time, produced a continuous sea level trace, allowing other phenomena such as seiches, storm surges, and tsunamis to be clearly identified. Very high frequency variations in sea level, such as wave action, remained unsampled due to the damping effect of the stilling wells. Through continued operation of these gauges over many decades, evidence of longer-term hazards emerged from their records, such as climate change-related sea level rise (SLR), a topic that is now considered in the important regular assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Over the past few decades, a transition to radar, acoustic, or pressure-based tide gauges, together with advances in data-logging capacity, has enabled high frequency sampling (~1 Hz) that is also necessary for monitoring wave action; in addition, the co-location of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers with tide gauges has allowed scientists to infer the contributions of vertical land motion to rates of SLR. As a result, modern tide gauge networks are better equipped to monitor a wide range of sea level phenomena and are, therefore, viewed as multi-hazard warning systems. Of course, robust warning systems demand a comprehensive network of monitoring stations together with coordinated and timely notifications of impending hazards. Sadly, the impetus for such developments has often been provided by natural disasters. The UK Tide Gauge Network (UKTGN), for example, was formed primarily for the purposes of storm surge monitoring and forecasting following the 1953 North Sea storm surge that led to the loss of ~2,400 ","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49402495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02
D. Roemmich, L. Talley, N. Zilberman, E. Osborne, Kenneth S. Johnson, L. Barbero, H. Bittig, N. Briggs, A. Fassbender, Gregory Johnson, Brian King, E. McDonagh, S. Purkey, S. Riser, T. Suga, Y. Takeshita, V. Thierry, S. Wijffels
{"title":"The Technological, Scientific, and Sociological Revolution of Global Subsurface Ocean Observing","authors":"D. Roemmich, L. Talley, N. Zilberman, E. Osborne, Kenneth S. Johnson, L. Barbero, H. Bittig, N. Briggs, A. Fassbender, Gregory Johnson, Brian King, E. McDonagh, S. Purkey, S. Riser, T. Suga, Y. Takeshita, V. Thierry, S. Wijffels","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41641337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-28
T. Miles, Dongxiao Zhang, G. Foltz, Jun Zhang, C. Meinig, F. Bringas, J. Trinanes, M. Le Hénaff, Maria Aristizabal Vargas, S. Coakley, Catherine Edwards, D. Gong, R. Todd, M. Oliver, Douglas Wilson, K. Whilden, B. Kirkpatrick, P. Chardón-Maldonado, J. Morell, D. Hernandez, G. Kuska, Cheyenne D. Stienbarger, K. Bailey, Chidong Zhang, S. Glenn, G. Goñi
By Travis N. Miles, Dongxiao Zhang, Gregory R. Foltz, Jun A. Zhang, Christian Meinig, Francis Bringas, Joaquin Triñanes, Matthieu Le Hénaff, Maria F. Aristizabal Vargas, Sam Coakley, Catherine R. Edwards, Donglai Gong, Robert E. Todd, Matthew J. Oliver, W. Douglas Wilson, Kerri Whilden, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Patricia Chardon-Maldonado, Julio M. Morell, Debra Hernandez, Gerhard Kuska, Cheyenne D. Stienbarger, Kathleen Bailey, Chidong Zhang, Scott M. Glenn, and Gustavo J. Goni
{"title":"Uncrewed Ocean Gliders and Saildrones Support Hurricane Forecasting and Research","authors":"T. Miles, Dongxiao Zhang, G. Foltz, Jun Zhang, C. Meinig, F. Bringas, J. Trinanes, M. Le Hénaff, Maria Aristizabal Vargas, S. Coakley, Catherine Edwards, D. Gong, R. Todd, M. Oliver, Douglas Wilson, K. Whilden, B. Kirkpatrick, P. Chardón-Maldonado, J. Morell, D. Hernandez, G. Kuska, Cheyenne D. Stienbarger, K. Bailey, Chidong Zhang, S. Glenn, G. Goñi","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-28","url":null,"abstract":"By Travis N. Miles, Dongxiao Zhang, Gregory R. Foltz, Jun A. Zhang, Christian Meinig, Francis Bringas, Joaquin Triñanes, Matthieu Le Hénaff, Maria F. Aristizabal Vargas, Sam Coakley, Catherine R. Edwards, Donglai Gong, Robert E. Todd, Matthew J. Oliver, W. Douglas Wilson, Kerri Whilden, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Patricia Chardon-Maldonado, Julio M. Morell, Debra Hernandez, Gerhard Kuska, Cheyenne D. Stienbarger, Kathleen Bailey, Chidong Zhang, Scott M. Glenn, and Gustavo J. Goni","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46308263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-14
N. Bates, Rodney C. Johnson
{"title":"Ocean Observing in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre","authors":"N. Bates, Rodney C. Johnson","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45062758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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