Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-04
B. Berx, D. Volkov, J. Baehr, M. Baringer, P Brandt, Kristin Burmeister, S. Cunningham, M. D. de Jong, L. de Steur, Shenfu Dong, E. Frajka‐Williams, G. Goñi, P. Holliday, R. Hummels, R. Ingvaldsen, K. Jochumsen, W. Johns, S. Jónsson, J. Karstensen, D. Kieke, R. Krishfield, M. Lankhorst, K. Larsen, I. L. Le Bras, Craig M. Lee, Feili Li, S. Lozier, A. Macrander, G. McCarthy, C. Mertens, B. Moat, M. Moritz, R. Perez, I. Polyakov, A. Proshutinsky, B. Rabe, M. Rhein, C. Schmid, Ø. Skagseth, D. Smeed, M. Timmermans, Wilken-Jon von Appen, B. Williams, R. Woodgate, I. Yashayaev
and nutrients all around the globe. Because of their importance in regulating climate, weather, extreme events, sea level, fisheries, and ecosystems, large-scale ocean currents should be monitored continuously. The Atlantic is unique as the only ocean basin where heat is, on average, transported northward in both hemispheres as part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The largely unrestricted connection with the Arctic and Southern Oceans allows ocean currents to exchange heat, freshwater, and other properties with polar latitudes. A number of observational arrays, shown in Figure 1, together with the main circulation features, have been established across the Atlantic and in the Arctic Oceans to improve our understanding of and to monitor changes in the AMOC, as well as large-scale changes in water mass properties (e.g., temperature, salinity) and ocean transports (how much heat or salt is transported by currents). The arrays incorporate multiple observing platforms such as ship-based hydrographic transects, submarine cable measurements, moored sensor arrays (see Figure 2) at a number of latitudes, surface drifters, satellite observations,
{"title":"Climate-Relevant Ocean Transport Measurements in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans","authors":"B. Berx, D. Volkov, J. Baehr, M. Baringer, P Brandt, Kristin Burmeister, S. Cunningham, M. D. de Jong, L. de Steur, Shenfu Dong, E. Frajka‐Williams, G. Goñi, P. Holliday, R. Hummels, R. Ingvaldsen, K. Jochumsen, W. Johns, S. Jónsson, J. Karstensen, D. Kieke, R. Krishfield, M. Lankhorst, K. Larsen, I. L. Le Bras, Craig M. Lee, Feili Li, S. Lozier, A. Macrander, G. McCarthy, C. Mertens, B. Moat, M. Moritz, R. Perez, I. Polyakov, A. Proshutinsky, B. Rabe, M. Rhein, C. Schmid, Ø. Skagseth, D. Smeed, M. Timmermans, Wilken-Jon von Appen, B. Williams, R. Woodgate, I. Yashayaev","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-04","url":null,"abstract":"and nutrients all around the globe. Because of their importance in regulating climate, weather, extreme events, sea level, fisheries, and ecosystems, large-scale ocean currents should be monitored continuously. The Atlantic is unique as the only ocean basin where heat is, on average, transported northward in both hemispheres as part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The largely unrestricted connection with the Arctic and Southern Oceans allows ocean currents to exchange heat, freshwater, and other properties with polar latitudes. A number of observational arrays, shown in Figure 1, together with the main circulation features, have been established across the Atlantic and in the Arctic Oceans to improve our understanding of and to monitor changes in the AMOC, as well as large-scale changes in water mass properties (e.g., temperature, salinity) and ocean transports (how much heat or salt is transported by currents). The arrays incorporate multiple observing platforms such as ship-based hydrographic transects, submarine cable measurements, moored sensor arrays (see Figure 2) at a number of latitudes, surface drifters, satellite observations,","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41921293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-26
J. Triñanes, Chuanmin Hu, N. Putman, M. Olascoaga, F. Beron-Vera, G. Goñi, Shuai Zhang
{"title":"An Integrated Observing Effort for Sargassum Monitoring and Warning in the Caribbean Sea, Tropical Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico","authors":"J. Triñanes, Chuanmin Hu, N. Putman, M. Olascoaga, F. Beron-Vera, G. Goñi, Shuai Zhang","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47498050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-34
B. Thornton, A. Bodenmann, Takaki Yamada, David Stanley, M. Massot-Campos, V. Huvenne, J. Durden, B. Bett, H. Ruhl, D. Newborough
when mapping the seafloor. And it is important because the type of data we choose to collect fundamentally changes the science that can follow. Photos taken by cameraequipped autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) represent one extreme of the range/resolution trade-off, where sub-centimeter resolutions can be achieved, but typically only from close ranges of 2 m to 3 m. Taking images from higher altitudes increases the area mapped during visual surveys in two ways. First, a larger footprint can be observed in each image, and second, the lower risk of collision with rugged terrains when operating at higher altitudes allows use of flight-style AUVs (e.g., Autosub6000 shown in Figure 1), which are faster and more energy efficient than the hover-capable vehicles typically used for visual surveys. Combined, these factors permit several tens to more than a hundred hectares of the seafloor to be mapped in a single AUV deployment. BioCam is a high-altitude three-dimensional (3D) imaging system that uses a stereo pair of highdynamicrange scientific complementary metaloxide semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras, each with 2,560 × 2,160 pixel resolution, that are mounted in a 4,000 m rated titanium housing. The housing has domed windows to minimize image distortion and also includes low-power electronics for communication, data storage, and control of the dual LED strobes and dual line lasers BioCam uses to acquire 3D imagery. The LED strobes each emit 200,000 lumens of warm hue white light for 4 milli seconds. The lasers each project a green line (525 nm, 1 W Class 4) onto the seafloor at right angles to the AUV’s direction of travel to measure the shape of the terrain. The optical components are arranged along the bottom of the AUV, with an LED and a laser each mounted fore and aft of the cameras (Figure 1). A large distance between these illumination sources and the cameras ensures high-quality images, and high-resolution bathymetry data can be gathered from target altitudes of 6 m to 10 m. The large dynamic range of the sCMOS cameras is necessary for high-altitude imaging because red light attenuates much more strongly than green and blue light in water (Figure 2). A large dynamic range allows detection of low intensity red light with sufficient bit resolution to restore color information, while simultaneously detecting the more intense light of the other color channels without saturation. Range information from the dual lasers allows the distance light travels from the strobes to each detected pixel to be calculated for accurate color rectification (see Figure 2). Rectified color is projected onto the laser point cloud and fused with AUV navigation data to generate texturemapped, 3D visual reconstructions (Bodenmann et al., 2017). The BioCam processing pipeline calibrates the dual laser setup so that quantitative length, area, and volumetric measurements can be made together with estimates of dimensional uncertainty, without the need for artificial field calibr
绘制海底地图时。这一点很重要，因为我们选择收集的数据类型从根本上改变了可以遵循的科学。配备相机的自动水下航行器（AUV）拍摄的照片代表了距离/分辨率权衡的一个极端，在这种情况下，可以达到亚厘米的分辨率，但通常只能在2米至3米的近距离拍摄。首先，在每张图像中都可以观察到更大的足迹，其次，在更高的高度操作时，与崎岖地形碰撞的风险较低，这允许使用飞行型AUV（例如，图1中所示的Autosub6000），它比通常用于视觉调查的悬停型AUV更快、更节能。综合这些因素，可以在一次AUV部署中绘制几十到一百多公顷的海底地图。BioCam是一种高空三维（3D）成像系统，使用一对高动态科学互补金属氧化物半导体（sCMOS）相机，每个相机的分辨率为2560×2160像素，安装在4000米额定钛外壳中。外壳有圆顶窗，可最大限度地减少图像失真，还包括用于通信、数据存储和控制BioCam用于获取3D图像的双LED频闪和双线激光器的低功耗电子设备。LED频闪每个发出200000流明的暖色调白光，持续4毫秒。每个激光器将一条绿线（525 nm，1 W 4级）投射到海底，与AUV的行进方向成直角，以测量地形形状。光学组件沿AUV底部排列，每个LED和激光器安装在相机的前部和后部（图1）。这些照明源和相机之间的大距离确保了高质量的图像，并且可以从6米到10米的目标高度收集高分辨率测深数据。sCMOS相机的大动态范围对于高空成像是必要的，因为红光在水中的衰减比绿光和蓝光强得多（图2）。大的动态范围允许以足够的位分辨率检测低强度红光以恢复颜色信息，同时检测其他颜色通道的更强烈的光而不饱和。双激光器的距离信息允许计算光从频闪到每个检测像素的传播距离，以进行精确的颜色校正（见图2）。将校正后的颜色投影到激光点云上，并与AUV导航数据融合，以生成纹理重映射的3D视觉重建（Bodenmann等人，2017）。BioCam处理管道校准双激光设置，以便在不需要人工现场校准目标的情况下，可以进行长度、面积和体积的定量测量以及尺寸不确定性的估计（Leat等人，2018）。尽管三维重建对于研究详细的海底信息很有用，但探索它们既耗时又主观。为了帮助在研究探险期间计划更有效的数据采集，能够在探险相关的时间框架内快速了解大型地理参考图像数据集是很有价值的。为此，我们开发了位置引导的无监督学习方法（Yamada et al.，2021），该方法可以使用BioCam自动学习地理参考可视化多公顷海底栖息地中最能描述图像的特征
{"title":"Visualizing Multi-Hectare Seafloor Habitats with BioCam","authors":"B. Thornton, A. Bodenmann, Takaki Yamada, David Stanley, M. Massot-Campos, V. Huvenne, J. Durden, B. Bett, H. Ruhl, D. Newborough","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-34","url":null,"abstract":"when mapping the seafloor. And it is important because the type of data we choose to collect fundamentally changes the science that can follow. Photos taken by cameraequipped autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) represent one extreme of the range/resolution trade-off, where sub-centimeter resolutions can be achieved, but typically only from close ranges of 2 m to 3 m. Taking images from higher altitudes increases the area mapped during visual surveys in two ways. First, a larger footprint can be observed in each image, and second, the lower risk of collision with rugged terrains when operating at higher altitudes allows use of flight-style AUVs (e.g., Autosub6000 shown in Figure 1), which are faster and more energy efficient than the hover-capable vehicles typically used for visual surveys. Combined, these factors permit several tens to more than a hundred hectares of the seafloor to be mapped in a single AUV deployment. BioCam is a high-altitude three-dimensional (3D) imaging system that uses a stereo pair of highdynamicrange scientific complementary metaloxide semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras, each with 2,560 × 2,160 pixel resolution, that are mounted in a 4,000 m rated titanium housing. The housing has domed windows to minimize image distortion and also includes low-power electronics for communication, data storage, and control of the dual LED strobes and dual line lasers BioCam uses to acquire 3D imagery. The LED strobes each emit 200,000 lumens of warm hue white light for 4 milli seconds. The lasers each project a green line (525 nm, 1 W Class 4) onto the seafloor at right angles to the AUV’s direction of travel to measure the shape of the terrain. The optical components are arranged along the bottom of the AUV, with an LED and a laser each mounted fore and aft of the cameras (Figure 1). A large distance between these illumination sources and the cameras ensures high-quality images, and high-resolution bathymetry data can be gathered from target altitudes of 6 m to 10 m. The large dynamic range of the sCMOS cameras is necessary for high-altitude imaging because red light attenuates much more strongly than green and blue light in water (Figure 2). A large dynamic range allows detection of low intensity red light with sufficient bit resolution to restore color information, while simultaneously detecting the more intense light of the other color channels without saturation. Range information from the dual lasers allows the distance light travels from the strobes to each detected pixel to be calculated for accurate color rectification (see Figure 2). Rectified color is projected onto the laser point cloud and fused with AUV navigation data to generate texturemapped, 3D visual reconstructions (Bodenmann et al., 2017). The BioCam processing pipeline calibrates the dual laser setup so that quantitative length, area, and volumetric measurements can be made together with estimates of dimensional uncertainty, without the need for artificial field calibr","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44916671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-01
E. Kappel, K. Juniper, S. Seeyave, Emily A. Smith, M. Visbeck
{"title":"Introduction to the Ocean Observing Supplement to Oceanography","authors":"E. Kappel, K. Juniper, S. Seeyave, Emily A. Smith, M. Visbeck","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48636710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-30
R. Kudela, C. Anderson, H. Ruhl
of the food chain in most freshwater and marine systems and provide many positive benefits, including production of about half the oxygen on the planet and transformation of sunlight and inorganic elements into the organic material and energy that drive productive aquatic ecosystems. A subset of the phytoplankton, referred to as harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, such as the domoicacidproducing Pseudo-nitzschia, are persistent threats to coastal resources, local economies, and human and animal health throughout US waters. HABs will likely intensify in response to anthropogenic climate change, and there is an immediate need for more effective strategies for monitoring and communicating the risks of HABs to human and ecosystem health. The ocean science community has developed several novel sensors and methods for monitoring and predicting this diversity of HAB events. These include the Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) and various biophysical modeling systems optimized for HAB prediction. Research efforts funded by agencies such as California Sea Grant and the NOAA competitive HAB programs have resulted in advances in understanding and monitoring HABs in California and elsewhere, but outcomes were necessarily focused on specific regions, organisms, and impacts. California HAB researchers, stakeholders, and monitoring programs identified a needed statewide capacity that encompasses existing and emerging HAB issues and more effectively leverages new technologies in a coordinated manner. This led to development of the California Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Alert Program (Cal-HABMAP) with an ambitious set of goals, including studies to normalize the diverse methodologies used in HAB research and monitoring, development of an economic analysis of resources along the California coast and the potential impact of HABs on these resources, and design and development of an integrated network of observations and models that are accessible to all HAB stakeholders. The California Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Alert Program: A Success Story for Coordinated Ocean Observing
{"title":"The California Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Alert Program: A Success Story for Coordinated Ocean Observing","authors":"R. Kudela, C. Anderson, H. Ruhl","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-30","url":null,"abstract":"of the food chain in most freshwater and marine systems and provide many positive benefits, including production of about half the oxygen on the planet and transformation of sunlight and inorganic elements into the organic material and energy that drive productive aquatic ecosystems. A subset of the phytoplankton, referred to as harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, such as the domoicacidproducing Pseudo-nitzschia, are persistent threats to coastal resources, local economies, and human and animal health throughout US waters. HABs will likely intensify in response to anthropogenic climate change, and there is an immediate need for more effective strategies for monitoring and communicating the risks of HABs to human and ecosystem health. The ocean science community has developed several novel sensors and methods for monitoring and predicting this diversity of HAB events. These include the Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) and various biophysical modeling systems optimized for HAB prediction. Research efforts funded by agencies such as California Sea Grant and the NOAA competitive HAB programs have resulted in advances in understanding and monitoring HABs in California and elsewhere, but outcomes were necessarily focused on specific regions, organisms, and impacts. California HAB researchers, stakeholders, and monitoring programs identified a needed statewide capacity that encompasses existing and emerging HAB issues and more effectively leverages new technologies in a coordinated manner. This led to development of the California Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Alert Program (Cal-HABMAP) with an ambitious set of goals, including studies to normalize the diverse methodologies used in HAB research and monitoring, development of an economic analysis of resources along the California coast and the potential impact of HABs on these resources, and design and development of an integrated network of observations and models that are accessible to all HAB stakeholders. The California Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Alert Program: A Success Story for Coordinated Ocean Observing","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42215781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.403
M. Behl
In the Golden Isles of Georgia, the Gullah art of braiding sweetgrass into baskets can be traced back over 400 years to its West African roots. This skill is passed on from generation to generation, preserving the oral history, sovereignty, and culture of the Gullah people. Local and indigenous coastal communities, like the Gullah-Geechee, have a deep connection with their natural environment as they depend on forests, fisheries, and wildlife resources for their livelihood and culture. These frontline communities are also facing a complex web of challenges that include rising sea levels, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, encroaching development and increasing property taxes, and loss of fisheries and other coastal livelihoods. As communities develop strategies to address these complex challenges, they need access to place-based research and education that is unique to their people, culture, and ecology.
{"title":"Science in Service of our Communities","authors":"M. Behl","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.403","url":null,"abstract":"In the Golden Isles of Georgia, the Gullah art of braiding sweetgrass into baskets can be traced back over 400 years to its West African roots. This skill is passed on from generation to generation, preserving the oral history, sovereignty, and culture of the Gullah people. Local and indigenous coastal communities, like the Gullah-Geechee, have a deep connection with their natural environment as they depend on forests, fisheries, and wildlife resources for their livelihood and culture. These frontline communities are also facing a complex web of challenges that include rising sea levels, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, encroaching development and increasing property taxes, and loss of fisheries and other coastal livelihoods. As communities develop strategies to address these complex challenges, they need access to place-based research and education that is unique to their people, culture, and ecology.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46415579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-36
S. Ackleson
mental consequences of a warming global climate. Ocean heating, rising sea level, and increasing coastal storm frequency and intensity are imposing stresses on coastal environments that historically were less frequent and less severe. At the same time, human population within 100 km of the coast is projected to nearly double by mid-century, increasing pressure on a variety of marine services including fisheries and recreation. Shallow water environments are key components of healthy coastal ecosystems as they provide feeding grounds and nurseries for fish and crustaceans and act to buffer the impacts of coastal storms on adjacent land areas. But they are also susceptible to rapid degradation because stresses are distributed within a compressed water volume. To address these challenges, policymakers and natural resource managers increasingly rely on more accurate and timely environmental data. The past two decades of robotic and sensor technology development have resulted in ocean observing systems that can monitor and survey water column properties autonomously at temporal and spatial scales and in environmental conditions that exceed what is possible with traditional human-based operations involving ships and divers (Chai et al., 2020). Most recently, new system concepts are providing more complete environmental descriptions of shallow water environments, including water quality and the shape and composition of the seafloor. In 2017, the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) began developing robotic surveying approaches that support remote sensing of shallow coastal environments (Ackleson et al., 2017). The initial approach was to use a modified,
全球气候变暖的心理后果。海洋变暖、海平面上升以及沿海风暴频率和强度的增加，给沿海环境带来了历史上不那么频繁和不那么严重的压力。与此同时，预计到本世纪中叶，沿海100公里范围内的人口将增加近一倍，这将增加包括渔业和娱乐在内的各种海洋服务的压力。浅水环境是健康沿海生态系统的关键组成部分，因为它们为鱼类和甲壳类动物提供了觅食场所和苗圃，并起到缓冲沿海风暴对邻近陆地地区的影响的作用。但它们也容易迅速降解，因为应力分布在压缩的水体积内。为了应对这些挑战，政策制定者和自然资源管理者越来越依赖更准确和及时的环境数据。过去二十年来，机器人和传感器技术的发展已经产生了海洋观测系统，可以在时空尺度和环境条件下自主监测和调查水柱特性，这超出了涉及船舶和潜水员的传统人工操作的可能性(Chai et al.， 2020)。最近，新的系统概念为浅水环境提供了更完整的环境描述，包括水质和海底的形状和组成。2017年，美国海军研究实验室(NRL)开始开发支持浅海环境遥感的机器人测量方法(Ackleson et al.， 2017)。最初的方法是使用一种改良的，
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Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-06
E. Shadwick, A. Rigual-Hernández, R. Eriksen, P. Jansen, D. Davies, Cathryn Wynn‐Edwards, A. Sutton, Christina Schallenberg, T. Trull
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Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.404
C. Dybas
{"title":"High-Stakes Mudbank Chase: At Low Tide, US Southeast Dolphins “Beach” Their Prey","authors":"C. Dybas","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45876734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-09
P. Hablützel, I. Rombouts, Nick Dillen, Rune Lagaisse, J. Mortelmans, Anouk Ollevier, Michiel Perneel, K. Deneudt
oceans where they dominate life in terms of abundance and biomass (Bar-On and Milo, 2019). They are essential players in the functioning of marine ecosystems. Among them, microscopic algae called phytoplankton use sunlight to generate biomass from carbon dioxide and water, forming the basis of planktonic food webs, contributing about half of global primary productivity through photosynthesis, and producing about half of the world’s oxygen (Field et al., 1998). Phytoplankton are grazed by slightly larger, yet often still minuscule, animals called zooplankton that in turn are eaten by large predators such as fish or whales. Fish and many seabed-dwelling organisms such as corals or starfish commonly start their lives as zooplankton larvae. But plankton also include protists (flagellates, broadly defined), bacteria, and viruses, far tinier organisms that may feast on zooplankton leftovers or dead cells, or may live as parasites within the bodies of larger plankton cells. DNA analyses have revealed that less than 10% of the estimated total plankton biodiversity is known and formally described today—and most of the unknown species are smaller than the width of a hair (de Vargas et al., 2015). Plankton diversity is not equally distributed across the ocean. At the global scale, plankton differ from pole to pole according to temperature gradients and the degree of seasonal changes in the environment (Righetti et al., 2019). At local scales, nutrient availability, seasonal environmental variation, and interactions among species or with anthropogenic stressors determine plankton community composition (Beaugrand, 2014). Because plankton have short lifespans (often days or weeks) and their internal dynamics are tightly linked to global and local environmental conditions, they react quickly to environmental changes. These changes have cascading effects through the food web and significantly impact, for example, commercial fish recruitment. With the ocean under increasing stress from human activities, measuring changes in plankton communities is critical for addressing ocean health and food security and for tracking changes in nutrient and carbon cycles (including the effectiveness or disruption of the biological carbon pump; Zhang et al., 2018). Plankton diversity can serve as an indicator for tracking anthropogenic environmental disturbances brought about by the maritime industry (e.g., Figure 1), eutrophication, industrial wastewater, invasive species, overfishing, TOPIC 2. ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR DIVERSITY
在海洋中，它们在丰度和生物量方面主宰着生命（Bar-On和Milo，2019）。它们是海洋生态系统运作的重要参与者。其中，被称为浮游植物的微小藻类利用阳光从二氧化碳和水中产生生物量，形成浮游生物食物网的基础，通过光合作用贡献了全球约一半的初级生产力，并产生了世界约一半的氧气（Field et al.，1998）。浮游植物由体型稍大但通常仍然很小的浮游动物捕食，这些动物反过来又被鱼类或鲸鱼等大型捕食者吃掉。鱼类和许多海底生物，如珊瑚或海星，通常以浮游动物幼虫的身份开始生活。但浮游生物也包括原生生物（广义的鞭毛虫）、细菌和病毒，这些更小的生物可能以浮游动物的残渣或死细胞为食，也可能在较大的浮游生物细胞体内作为寄生虫生活。DNA分析显示，目前已知和正式描述的浮游生物生物多样性估计总数不到10%，而且大多数未知物种都小于一根头发的宽度（de Vargas等人，2015）。浮游生物的多样性在海洋中的分布并不均匀。在全球范围内，浮游生物因温度梯度和环境的季节变化程度而异（Righetti等人，2019）。在当地范围内，营养物质的可用性、季节性环境变化以及物种之间或与人为压力源的相互作用决定了浮游生物群落的组成（Beaugrand，2014）。由于浮游生物的寿命较短（通常为几天或几周），其内部动力学与全球和当地环境条件密切相关，因此它们对环境变化反应迅速。这些变化通过食物网产生连锁效应，并对商业鱼类的招募产生重大影响。随着海洋受到人类活动越来越大的压力，测量浮游生物群落的变化对于解决海洋健康和粮食安全问题以及跟踪营养和碳循环的变化至关重要（包括生物碳泵的有效性或破坏性；Zhang等人，2018）。浮游生物多样性可以作为跟踪海洋工业（例如，图1）、富营养化、工业废水、入侵物种、过度捕捞、TOPIC 2带来的人为环境干扰的指标。生态系统及其多样性
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