Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.1.070-092
S. Kapelyuk, I. Karelin
This paper examines regional differences in the demand for digital skills based on an analysis of 9 million vacancies posted on the Unified Digital Platform ‘Work in Russia’ in 2018–2022. We examine approaches used in the literature to classify digital skills and using it develop our own classification. The paper studies the advantages and limitations of various indicators of the demand for digital skills. We suggest that the ratio between the share of vacancies requiring digital skills of a certain group in the region and the labor force population should be used as the most appropriate one. The results of the study show that in Russia there is still a significant regional differentiation in the employer’s demand for all selected groups. Differentiation increased with the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, and decreased slightly in 2021–2022. We reveal that regions with a higher level of economic development have higher requirements for digital skills. Digital skills are more often required in regions specialized on primary production and less often in agricultural regions. Of the federal districts, a slightly higher level of demand for digital skills is observed in the Ural and Far Eastern federal districts, while a significantly lower level is observed in the North Caucasus federal district
{"title":"Demand on Digital Skills in Russia: Regional Differences","authors":"S. Kapelyuk, I. Karelin","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.1.070-092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.1.070-092","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines regional differences in the demand for digital skills based on an analysis of 9 million vacancies posted on the Unified Digital Platform ‘Work in Russia’ in 2018–2022. We examine approaches used in the literature to classify digital skills and using it develop our own classification. The paper studies the advantages and limitations of various indicators of the demand for digital skills. We suggest that the ratio between the share of vacancies requiring digital skills of a certain group in the region and the labor force population should be used as the most appropriate one. The results of the study show that in Russia there is still a significant regional differentiation in the employer’s demand for all selected groups. Differentiation increased with the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, and decreased slightly in 2021–2022. We reveal that regions with a higher level of economic development have higher requirements for digital skills. Digital skills are more often required in regions specialized on primary production and less often in agricultural regions. Of the federal districts, a slightly higher level of demand for digital skills is observed in the Ural and Far Eastern federal districts, while a significantly lower level is observed in the North Caucasus federal district","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74206560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.2.070-093
N. Galtseva, O. Sharypova
The deliberate fragmentation of the world market as a result of the establishment of a global sanctions regime provoked a complete transition of both the Russian and the entire world economy to non-stationary modes of operation, one of the fundamental features of which are the deformations of the global monetary and financial system, which only two years ago seemed to have no alternative to the one based on the US dollar. One of the consequences of these events is the objective strengthening of the role of gold as the basis for the stability of national reserves and a single base in the transition to a plurality of global means of payment. The only source of replenishing gold reserves is gold mining, especially for modern Russia, which Western sanctions have effectively cut off from the world trade in gold. Russia has traditionally been one of the world leaders in terms of gold reserves and resources, ranking third in world production. Gold production in Russia increased by a factor of 1.5 in 2012–2021, facilitated by the growth rate of the Russian gold price relative to the global price due to the rise in the dollar exchange rate after 2014. At the same time, the share of gold in Russia’s gold and foreign exchange reserves is three times smaller than that of developed countries. This article discusses the problems of production localised in the regions of the Russian Far East and Siberia, its impact on the socio-economic development of these regions and the role of gold in the country’s economy. The impact of sanctions on the circulation of precious metals, including gold, is assessed. The authors assess the effects of external sanctions and the macroeconomic policy of the Russian Central Bank in terms of replenishing gold reserves and the volatility of the Russian ruble on gold production, the structure of gold consumption, and the economic situation in the gold mining industry
{"title":"Russia’s Gold Mining Industry: Sanctions Shocks","authors":"N. Galtseva, O. Sharypova","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.2.070-093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.2.070-093","url":null,"abstract":"The deliberate fragmentation of the world market as a result of the establishment of a global sanctions regime provoked a complete transition of both the Russian and the entire world economy to non-stationary modes of operation, one of the fundamental features of which are the deformations of the global monetary and financial system, which only two years ago seemed to have no alternative to the one based on the US dollar. One of the consequences of these events is the objective strengthening of the role of gold as the basis for the stability of national reserves and a single base in the transition to a plurality of global means of payment. The only source of replenishing gold reserves is gold mining, especially for modern Russia, which Western sanctions have effectively cut off from the world trade in gold. Russia has traditionally been one of the world leaders in terms of gold reserves and resources, ranking third in world production. Gold production in Russia increased by a factor of 1.5 in 2012–2021, facilitated by the growth rate of the Russian gold price relative to the global price due to the rise in the dollar exchange rate after 2014. At the same time, the share of gold in Russia’s gold and foreign exchange reserves is three times smaller than that of developed countries. This article discusses the problems of production localised in the regions of the Russian Far East and Siberia, its impact on the socio-economic development of these regions and the role of gold in the country’s economy. The impact of sanctions on the circulation of precious metals, including gold, is assessed. The authors assess the effects of external sanctions and the macroeconomic policy of the Russian Central Bank in terms of replenishing gold reserves and the volatility of the Russian ruble on gold production, the structure of gold consumption, and the economic situation in the gold mining industry","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87492162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.2.028-046
A. Savchenko, T. Borodina, A. Treivish
The experience of exploration and development of the Russia’s Far East from different directions, at different scales of time and space is summarized, starting from the foundation of Vladivostok in 1860, the most remote large city from both Russian capitals. It is shown that the maritime (eastern) route in the past and the space route today play no less a role in the development of the macroregion than the traditional overland (western) path. The sea ways played a decisive role until the launch of the Trans-Siberian Railway entirely across the territory of Russia in 1916, and since the beginning of the 1970s, the symbiosis of digital and space technologies makes it possible to remove restrictions on the spatial accessibility of an ever wider range of functions, land and water areas, concurrently expanding the opportunities for their consolidation and integration into both the national territory of Russia, and Greater Eurasia. Exploration of Space as a part of geosphere laid the foundation for the transformation of the traditional model of the Far East spatial development, with competition and alternating dominance of the land and sea routes. Since the early 1970s, within the framework of this transformation, the division of labor between modes and systems of transport and directions of communication has been gradually harmonized, when the development of the macroregion from the sea and by land are increasingly acting not as competing, but as complementary
{"title":"The Russia’s Far East: Traditional Routes of Spatial Development and Their Modern Transformation","authors":"A. Savchenko, T. Borodina, A. Treivish","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.2.028-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.2.028-046","url":null,"abstract":"The experience of exploration and development of the Russia’s Far East from different directions, at different scales of time and space is summarized, starting from the foundation of Vladivostok in 1860, the most remote large city from both Russian capitals. It is shown that the maritime (eastern) route in the past and the space route today play no less a role in the development of the macroregion than the traditional overland (western) path. The sea ways played a decisive role until the launch of the Trans-Siberian Railway entirely across the territory of Russia in 1916, and since the beginning of the 1970s, the symbiosis of digital and space technologies makes it possible to remove restrictions on the spatial accessibility of an ever wider range of functions, land and water areas, concurrently expanding the opportunities for their consolidation and integration into both the national territory of Russia, and Greater Eurasia. Exploration of Space as a part of geosphere laid the foundation for the transformation of the traditional model of the Far East spatial development, with competition and alternating dominance of the land and sea routes. Since the early 1970s, within the framework of this transformation, the division of labor between modes and systems of transport and directions of communication has been gradually harmonized, when the development of the macroregion from the sea and by land are increasingly acting not as competing, but as complementary","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80697688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.1.168-186
A. Novoselov, Alexander Faleev
The problems of transforming the elements of the global monetary and financial system in the direction of regionalization are discussed. The issues of prospects for de-dollarization and possible scenarios for switching to alternative means of payment in regional trade are discussed, five main scenarios for the development of the de-dollarization course are identified. The vulnerabilities of the Jamaican system in the context of global risks are identified. The analysis of the actual conditions for the formation of exchange rates is carried out. The main factors of the US dollar exchange rate formation are considered. A comparative analysis of the euro as a tool for replacing the world reserve currency is carried out, the weak position of the euro as a promising ‘donor’ of the US dollar has been revealed. The main threats to the economies of developing countries with weak national monetary institutions are formulated. An assessment of the structure of the distribution of investment gold among the national banks of the largest holders of reserves in precious metals is given, the dynamics of gold production and the dynamics of increment of reserves by national banks of the largest countries are considered, the prospects of gold mining and its distribution in the system of international finance are assessed. The applicability of futures of the main commodity markets as investment reserves is considered, the volatility of oil futures in terms of gold has been assessed. The prospects of the cryptocurrency market instruments as instruments for replacing the world reserve currency are assessed, the strengths and weaknesses of the processes of formation of crypto-tools markets are revealed
{"title":"Transformation of Money and Financial Instruments of the Market in Conditions of Regionalization of the World Economy","authors":"A. Novoselov, Alexander Faleev","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.1.168-186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.1.168-186","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of transforming the elements of the global monetary and financial system in the direction of regionalization are discussed. The issues of prospects for de-dollarization and possible scenarios for switching to alternative means of payment in regional trade are discussed, five main scenarios for the development of the de-dollarization course are identified. The vulnerabilities of the Jamaican system in the context of global risks are identified. The analysis of the actual conditions for the formation of exchange rates is carried out. The main factors of the US dollar exchange rate formation are considered. A comparative analysis of the euro as a tool for replacing the world reserve currency is carried out, the weak position of the euro as a promising ‘donor’ of the US dollar has been revealed. The main threats to the economies of developing countries with weak national monetary institutions are formulated. An assessment of the structure of the distribution of investment gold among the national banks of the largest holders of reserves in precious metals is given, the dynamics of gold production and the dynamics of increment of reserves by national banks of the largest countries are considered, the prospects of gold mining and its distribution in the system of international finance are assessed. The applicability of futures of the main commodity markets as investment reserves is considered, the volatility of oil futures in terms of gold has been assessed. The prospects of the cryptocurrency market instruments as instruments for replacing the world reserve currency are assessed, the strengths and weaknesses of the processes of formation of crypto-tools markets are revealed","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79079258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.1.020-051
B. Alekhin
This paper examines economic and demographic determinants of fertility, using panel data for 82 regions of the Russian Federation for 2000–2021. Panel co-integration technique is used to find out whether there exists a long-term equilibrium relationship between total fertility rate (TFR) and these determinants. We show that the growth of TFR is due largely to the growth of nuptiality rate, old age demographic burden, female wages, domestic labor migration and female unemployment rate, while the decline is associated with female economic activity and urbanization. In 2000–2011 the combined effect of stimulants prevailed over the combined effect of inhibitors, and TFR tended to grow. In 2011–2021 the negative impact of female economic activity and urbanization increased, and TFR began to decline. Pairwise Granger causality test shows that female unemployment, economic activity and urbanization cause fertility, but not vice versa, while causation is bidirectional in other cases. These results support some theoretical predictions and empirical evidence and contradict some others
{"title":"Fertility and Female Unemployment in Russian Regions","authors":"B. Alekhin","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.1.020-051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.1.020-051","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines economic and demographic determinants of fertility, using panel data for 82 regions of the Russian Federation for 2000–2021. Panel co-integration technique is used to find out whether there exists a long-term equilibrium relationship between total fertility rate (TFR) and these determinants. We show that the growth of TFR is due largely to the growth of nuptiality rate, old age demographic burden, female wages, domestic labor migration and female unemployment rate, while the decline is associated with female economic activity and urbanization. In 2000–2011 the combined effect of stimulants prevailed over the combined effect of inhibitors, and TFR tended to grow. In 2011–2021 the negative impact of female economic activity and urbanization increased, and TFR began to decline. Pairwise Granger causality test shows that female unemployment, economic activity and urbanization cause fertility, but not vice versa, while causation is bidirectional in other cases. These results support some theoretical predictions and empirical evidence and contradict some others","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86477384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.2.188-190
O. Vasilyeva
{"title":"XXIV Yasin (April) International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development","authors":"O. Vasilyeva","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.2.188-190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.2.188-190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78684369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.1.007-019
P. Minakir
This paper considers the role of foreign trade interactions in forming a new macroeconomic equilibrium and equilibrium in the commodity market in the context of massive sanctions. The author analyzes the relations between the tools and conditions for maintaining foreign trade dynamics, and the role and proportion of traditional and new commodity markets in adapting to sanctions regimes. It is shown that in 2022 the spatial reformatting of foreign markets for Russian importers and exporters was more characteristic of import supplies. It is concluded that amid extraordinary financial and economic turmoil of 2022, which suddenly hit not only the Russian economy, but the entire global economy, the Russian economic system, for all its losses, held on to acceptable parameters, and foreign trade played an important role in this. It was determined that the instruments used in 2022 to reformat the spatial structure of markets could be substantially weakened over a long period
{"title":"The Foreign Trade Factor of the Force Majeure Economy: A Spatial Manoeuvre","authors":"P. Minakir","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.1.007-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.1.007-019","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the role of foreign trade interactions in forming a new macroeconomic equilibrium and equilibrium in the commodity market in the context of massive sanctions. The author analyzes the relations between the tools and conditions for maintaining foreign trade dynamics, and the role and proportion of traditional and new commodity markets in adapting to sanctions regimes. It is shown that in 2022 the spatial reformatting of foreign markets for Russian importers and exporters was more characteristic of import supplies. It is concluded that amid extraordinary financial and economic turmoil of 2022, which suddenly hit not only the Russian economy, but the entire global economy, the Russian economic system, for all its losses, held on to acceptable parameters, and foreign trade played an important role in this. It was determined that the instruments used in 2022 to reformat the spatial structure of markets could be substantially weakened over a long period","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81645104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.2.007-027
P. Minakir
In this paper, it is shown that, despite a tremendous number of sanctions that significantly modify the conditions of financial and economic equilibrium in Russia, the basic mechanisms, priorities and construction of the goals of the financial and economic policy have not changed. This is especially true for monetary and fiscal policy. The analysis of the parameters and results of budget planning for 2022–2023 has been carried out. Although there are no catastrophic failures of macroeconomic indicators according to the Ministry of Finance in 2022 and the official projections of the 2023 budget do not promise an increase in problems, the discrepancy between the actual possibilities to increase revenues and the imperative requirements to increase budget expenditures signal a serious deterioration of the budget situation, which requires urgent and adequate solutions. The author discusses the prospect of the state budget deficit turning into a permanent phenomenon accompanying the country’s economic development for a long period, due to the indefinite period of revenue suppression and acceleration of state budget expenditures, the reasons of which are long military expenditures and the duration of restructuring the structure and mechanisms of global and subglobal financial and economic interactions. In this paper, estimates of the budget deficit, which are alternative to the official data, have been made; estimates of real sizes and dynamics of budget deficits are proposed; and the concept of hierarchy and target concentration of budget expenditures is argued. The main tools for financing budget deficits (the National Welfare Fund, ruble devaluation, money emission, government borrowings) are analyzed, the possibilities and potential limits of their use are shown. It is shown that all of them, except domestic government borrowings, give a short-term effect and at the same time have a negative impact on macroeconomic equilibrium. The possibilities, direct and indirect consequences of the policy of reduction of budget expenditures are considered
{"title":"The Economics of Force Majeure: The Price of ‘Financial Stability’","authors":"P. Minakir","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.2.007-027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.2.007-027","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, it is shown that, despite a tremendous number of sanctions that significantly modify the conditions of financial and economic equilibrium in Russia, the basic mechanisms, priorities and construction of the goals of the financial and economic policy have not changed. This is especially true for monetary and fiscal policy. The analysis of the parameters and results of budget planning for 2022–2023 has been carried out. Although there are no catastrophic failures of macroeconomic indicators according to the Ministry of Finance in 2022 and the official projections of the 2023 budget do not promise an increase in problems, the discrepancy between the actual possibilities to increase revenues and the imperative requirements to increase budget expenditures signal a serious deterioration of the budget situation, which requires urgent and adequate solutions. The author discusses the prospect of the state budget deficit turning into a permanent phenomenon accompanying the country’s economic development for a long period, due to the indefinite period of revenue suppression and acceleration of state budget expenditures, the reasons of which are long military expenditures and the duration of restructuring the structure and mechanisms of global and subglobal financial and economic interactions. In this paper, estimates of the budget deficit, which are alternative to the official data, have been made; estimates of real sizes and dynamics of budget deficits are proposed; and the concept of hierarchy and target concentration of budget expenditures is argued. The main tools for financing budget deficits (the National Welfare Fund, ruble devaluation, money emission, government borrowings) are analyzed, the possibilities and potential limits of their use are shown. It is shown that all of them, except domestic government borrowings, give a short-term effect and at the same time have a negative impact on macroeconomic equilibrium. The possibilities, direct and indirect consequences of the policy of reduction of budget expenditures are considered","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81834779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.2.169-186
Ismail Amani, Farah Naima Guechairi
This paper aims to assess the factors affecting the accession to the WTO and hence evaluate Algeria’s potential to complete its accession. Literature identifies 4 principal factors that can affect the process: economical, political, commercial and institutional. Thus, a comparative and empirical study has been done based on a weighted score method, this method put all factors in the same scale from 0 to 10 points for the three countries: Algeria, Russia and Saudi Arabia. Results show that Algeria has have an acceptable rating compared to the two other countries in institutional factor, as they have average governance scores, and political, as none of the three countries is aligned with WTO major. While it is much lower than Russia in economic framework, even if Saudi Arabia is at same level, this is mainly due to lack of diversification and subsidies, especially fuel prices. In the commercial factor Algeria is far from the other two countries as it lacks many adjustments in this sector, mainly in applied tariffs, FDI, exports and PTAs. Negotiation duration is also holding back the accession process, this can become even more difficult as it extend more. In the other hand, oil prices fluctuations can enhance institutional factors while new regional trade agreement can constitute a more interesting alternative to WTO accession
{"title":"WTO Accession Factors and Algeria’s Potential: A Comparative Study with Russia and Saudi","authors":"Ismail Amani, Farah Naima Guechairi","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.2.169-186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.2.169-186","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to assess the factors affecting the accession to the WTO and hence evaluate Algeria’s potential to complete its accession. Literature identifies 4 principal factors that can affect the process: economical, political, commercial and institutional. Thus, a comparative and empirical study has been done based on a weighted score method, this method put all factors in the same scale from 0 to 10 points for the three countries: Algeria, Russia and Saudi Arabia. Results show that Algeria has have an acceptable rating compared to the two other countries in institutional factor, as they have average governance scores, and political, as none of the three countries is aligned with WTO major. While it is much lower than Russia in economic framework, even if Saudi Arabia is at same level, this is mainly due to lack of diversification and subsidies, especially fuel prices. In the commercial factor Algeria is far from the other two countries as it lacks many adjustments in this sector, mainly in applied tariffs, FDI, exports and PTAs. Negotiation duration is also holding back the accession process, this can become even more difficult as it extend more. In the other hand, oil prices fluctuations can enhance institutional factors while new regional trade agreement can constitute a more interesting alternative to WTO accession","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85076254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14530/se.2023.1.093-120
R. Goncharov, Egor Kotov, V. Molodtsova
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the lack of consideration of the local specifics of territories, such as the specifics of socio-economic interactions, labor market characteristics, leads to serious social or economic consequences when developing response measures to epidemiological threats. The creation of a typology of territories (urban districts / okrugs) makes it possible to more accurately select measures to regulate socio-economic interactions in the event of future complications of the epidemiological situation. Clustering of municipalities according to a set of local factors that significantly explain the severity of the pandemic in the first year made it possible to identify three types of urban districts that differ in population size and intensity of socio-economic interactions (SEI): these are key service centers with a high intensity of SEI, local centers with medium SEI intensity, small towns with low SEI intensity
{"title":"Local Factors and COVID-19 Severity: Typological Analysis of Urban Districts in Russia","authors":"R. Goncharov, Egor Kotov, V. Molodtsova","doi":"10.14530/se.2023.1.093-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.1.093-120","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the lack of consideration of the local specifics of territories, such as the specifics of socio-economic interactions, labor market characteristics, leads to serious social or economic consequences when developing response measures to epidemiological threats. The creation of a typology of territories (urban districts / okrugs) makes it possible to more accurately select measures to regulate socio-economic interactions in the event of future complications of the epidemiological situation. Clustering of municipalities according to a set of local factors that significantly explain the severity of the pandemic in the first year made it possible to identify three types of urban districts that differ in population size and intensity of socio-economic interactions (SEI): these are key service centers with a high intensity of SEI, local centers with medium SEI intensity, small towns with low SEI intensity","PeriodicalId":54733,"journal":{"name":"Networks & Spatial Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74602664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：