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Two-step quantum dialogue protocols against collective noises 两步量子对话协议对抗集体噪声
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00300-7
Jason Lin, Chen-Yu Chang, Chia-Wei Tsai, Chun-Wei Yang

By designing two-step transmissions, this paper presents two quantum dialogue (QD) protocols that can resist different types of collective noise in the quantum channel. The message carrier of the proposed scheme utilizes decoherence-free subspaces to remain invariant under the impact of collective noise. We employ combinations of these quantum states to form decoy photon pairs, ensuring secure transmission and preventing message distortion. Based on the principle that a single photon in an EPR pair reveals no information about its actual state, an EPR pair requires only one photon for protection during transmission. This property effectively reduces the number of decoy photons needed to ensure the security of quantum transmission, which can also be applied to the logical EPR pair consisting of logical qubits. A quantum logic circuit is also designed to demonstrate the practical implementation of shuffling the logical qubits within each logical EPR pair. Therefore, the proposed two-step QD protocols require only half as many decoy photons to achieve the same security level as other state-of-the-art QD schemes. The significant reduction in the utilization of decoy photons improves the qubit efficiency of the proposed QD protocols compared to other existing works in the field. Additionally, the security analysis of the proposed QD schemes ensures the absence of information leakage and resistance to common quantum attacks.

通过设计两步传输,本文提出了两种量子对话(QD)协议,可以抵御量子信道中不同类型的集体噪声。拟议方案的信息载体利用无退相干子空间在集体噪声影响下保持不变。我们利用这些量子态的组合形成诱饵光子对,确保安全传输并防止信息失真。基于 EPR 对中的单个光子不会泄露其实际状态信息的原理,EPR 对在传输过程中只需要一个光子进行保护。这一特性有效减少了确保量子传输安全所需的诱饵光子数量,也可应用于由逻辑量子比特组成的逻辑 EPR 对。此外,还设计了一个量子逻辑电路,以演示在每个逻辑 EPR 对中对逻辑量子比特进行洗牌的实际实现。因此,所提出的两步量子点协议只需要一半的诱饵光子,就能达到与其他最先进的量子点方案相同的安全级别。与该领域的其他现有研究相比,诱饵光子使用量的大幅减少提高了拟议 QD 协议的量子位效率。此外,对所提出的 QD 方案进行的安全性分析确保了不存在信息泄露并能抵御常见的量子攻击。
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引用次数: 0
Undergraduate setup for measuring the Bell inequalities and performing quantum state tomography 本科生设置测量贝尔不等式和执行量子态断层扫描
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00298-y
Raul Lahoz Sanz, Lidia Lozano Martín, Adrià Brú i Cortés, Martí Duocastella, Jose M. Gomez, Bruno Juliá-Díaz

The growth of quantum technologies is attracting the interest of many students eager to learn concepts such as quantum entanglement or quantum superposition. However, the non-intuitive nature of these concepts poses a challenge to understanding them. Here, we present an entangled photon system which can perform a Bell test, i.e. the CHSH inequality, and can obtain the complete tomography of the two-photon state. The proposed setup is versatile, cost-effective and allows for multiple classroom operating modes. We present two variants, both facilitating the measurement of Bell inequalities and quantum state tomography. Experimental results showcase successful manipulation of the quantum state of the photons, achieving high-fidelity entangled states and significant violations of Bell’s inequalities. Our setup’s simplicity and affordability enhances accessibility for less specialized laboratories, allowing students to familiarize themselves with quantum physics concepts.

量子技术的发展吸引了许多渴望学习量子纠缠或量子叠加等概念的学生的兴趣。然而,这些概念的非直觉性给理解它们带来了挑战。在这里,我们提出了一个纠缠光子系统,它可以进行贝尔测试,即CHSH不等式,并可以获得双光子态的完整层析成像。所建议的设置是多功能的,具有成本效益,并允许多种教室操作模式。我们提出了两种变体,它们都有助于贝尔不等式和量子态层析成像的测量。实验结果显示,成功地操纵了光子的量子态,实现了高保真的纠缠态,并显著违反了贝尔不等式。我们的设置的简单性和可负担性提高了不太专业的实验室的可访问性,让学生熟悉量子物理概念。
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引用次数: 0
Quantum differential cryptanalysis based on Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm 基于Bernstein-Vazirani算法的量子差分密码分析
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00295-1
Rong-Xue Xu, Hong-Wei Sun, Ke-Jia Zhang, Gang Du, Dan-Dan Li

Recent research has demonstrated the potential of quantum algorithms to exploit vulnerabilities in various popular constructions, such as certain block ciphers like Feistel, Even-Mansour, and multiple MACs, within the superposition query model. In this study, we delve into the security of block ciphers against quantum threats, particularly investigating their susceptibility to cryptanalysis techniques, notably exploring quantum adaptations of differential cryptanalysis. Initially, we introduce a BV-based quantum algorithm for identifying linear structures with a complexity of (O(n)), where n denotes the number of bits in the function. Subsequently, we illustrate the application of this algorithm in devising quantum differential cryptanalysis techniques, including quantum differential cryptanalysis, quantum small probability differential cryptanalysis, and quantum impossible differential cryptanalysis, demonstrating polynomial acceleration compared to prior approaches. By treating the encryption function as a unified entity, our algorithm circumvents the traditional challenge of extending differential paths in differential cryptanalysis.

最近的研究表明,量子算法有可能利用叠加查询模型中的各种流行结构中的漏洞,例如某些分组密码,如Feistel、Even-Mansour和多个mac。在本研究中,我们深入研究了分组密码对量子威胁的安全性,特别是研究了它们对密码分析技术的敏感性,特别是探索差分密码分析的量子适应性。首先,我们引入了一种基于bv的量子算法,用于识别复杂度为(O(n))的线性结构,其中n表示函数中的比特数。随后,我们说明了该算法在设计量子差分密码分析技术中的应用,包括量子差分密码分析,量子小概率差分密码分析和量子不可能差分密码分析,与先前的方法相比,展示了多项式加速。通过将加密函数视为一个统一的实体,我们的算法规避了差分密码分析中扩展差分路径的传统挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Fast generation of entanglement between coupled spins using optimization and deep learning methods 利用优化和深度学习方法快速生成耦合自旋之间的纠缠
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00296-0
Dimitris Koutromanos, Dionisis Stefanatos, Emmanuel Paspalakis

Coupled spins form composite quantum systems which play an important role in many quantum technology applications, with an essential task often being the efficient generation of entanglement between two constituent qubits. The simplest such system is a pair of spins-(1/2) coupled with Ising interaction, and in previous works various quantum control methods such as adiabatic processes, shortcuts to adiabaticity and optimal control have been employed to quickly generate there one of the maximally entangled Bell states. In this study, we use machine learning and optimization methods to produce maximally entangled states in minimum time, with the Rabi frequency and the detuning used as bounded control functions. We do not target a specific maximally entangled state, like the preceding studies, but rather find the controls which maximize the concurrence, leading thus automatically the system to the closest such state in shorter time. By increasing the bounds of the control functions we observe that the corresponding optimally selected maximally entangled state also changes and the necessary time to reach it is reduced. The present work demonstrates also that machine learning and optimization offer efficient and flexible techniques for the fast generation of entanglement in coupled spin systems, and we plan to extent it to systems involving more spins, for example spin chains.

耦合自旋形成的复合量子系统在许多量子技术应用中起着重要作用,其基本任务通常是在两个组成量子比特之间有效地产生纠缠。最简单的系统是一对自旋- (1/2)与伊辛相互作用的耦合,在以往的工作中,各种量子控制方法如绝热过程、绝热捷径和最优控制被用来快速产生最大纠缠的贝尔态之一。在本研究中,我们使用机器学习和优化方法在最短的时间内产生最大的纠缠态,并使用Rabi频率和失谐作为有界控制函数。我们不像前面的研究那样,以特定的最大纠缠状态为目标,而是找到最大并发的控制,从而使系统在更短的时间内自动达到最接近的纠缠状态。通过增加控制函数的边界,我们观察到相应的最优选择的最大纠缠态也发生了变化,并且达到该状态所需的时间减少了。目前的工作还表明,机器学习和优化为耦合自旋系统中纠缠的快速生成提供了高效和灵活的技术,我们计划将其扩展到涉及更多自旋的系统,例如自旋链。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing quantum technology workforce: industry insights into qualification and training needs 推进量子技术劳动力:对资格和培训需求的行业见解
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00294-2
Franziska Greinert, Malte S. Ubben, Ismet N. Dogan, Dagmar Hilfert-Rüppell, Rainer Müller

The transition of second-generation quantum technologies from a research topic to a topic of industrial relevance has led to a growing number of quantum companies and businesses that are exploring quantum technologies. Examples would include a start-up building a quantum key distribution device, a large company working on integrating a quantum sensing core into a product, or a company providing quantum computing consultancy. They all face different challenges and needs in terms of building their quantum workforce and training in quantum concepts, technologies and how to derive value from them. With the study documented in this paper, we aim to identify these needs and provide a picture of the industry’s requirements in terms of workforce development and (external) training and materials. We discuss, for example, the shortage of engineers and jobs relevant to the quantum industry, the challenge of getting people interested in quantum, and the need for training at different levels and in different formats – from awareness raising and self-learning materials to university courses in quantum systems engineering. The findings are based on 34 semi-structured interviews with industry representatives and a follow-up questionnaire to validate some of the issues raised in the interviews. These results have influenced activities in EU projects, including an update of the European Competence Framework for Quantum Technologies.

第二代量子技术从研究课题向工业相关课题的转变,导致越来越多的量子公司和企业正在探索量子技术。例如,一家初创公司正在开发量子密钥分发设备,一家致力于将量子传感核心集成到产品中的大公司,或者一家提供量子计算咨询服务的公司。他们都面临着不同的挑战和需求,包括建立他们的量子劳动力和量子概念、技术培训,以及如何从中获得价值。通过本文记录的研究,我们的目标是确定这些需求,并在劳动力发展和(外部)培训和材料方面提供行业需求的图景。例如,我们讨论了与量子产业相关的工程师和工作的短缺,让人们对量子感兴趣的挑战,以及不同层次和不同形式的培训需求-从提高意识和自学材料到量子系统工程的大学课程。调查结果基于对行业代表的34次半结构化访谈和后续问卷调查,以验证访谈中提出的一些问题。这些结果影响了欧盟项目的活动,包括更新欧洲量子技术能力框架。
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引用次数: 0
On the randomness of time ordered quantum measurements 论时间有序量子测量的随机性
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00288-0
Jonas Almlöf, Thomas Lettner, Samuel Gyger, Gemma Vall Llosera, Tigge Nilsson, Val Zwiller

A new method for efficient, high-quality randomness extraction is presented. The method relies on quantum processes such as the emission of single photons and their subsequent detection, where each detection event has an associated detection time. By establishing a list of time differences between a fixed number of events, a unique order can be established.

We note that, by utilising the number of ways to order the resulting list of time differences between the quantum events, the efficiency can be increased many-fold compared to current methods. The method delivers fundamentally uniform randomness and therefore, in principle, does not need debiasing.

本文介绍了一种高效、高质量随机性提取的新方法。该方法依赖于量子过程,如单光子的发射及其随后的检测,其中每个检测事件都有一个相关的检测时间。我们注意到,通过利用量子事件时差列表的排序方式,效率可以比现有方法提高数倍。这种方法提供了基本均匀的随机性,因此原则上不需要去除法。
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引用次数: 0
A new quantum solution to blind millionaires’ problem without an honest third party 解决盲人百万富翁问题的新量子解决方案,无需诚实的第三方
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00293-3
Gang Du, Yu Zhang, Xinyue Mao, Hongwei Sun, Lei Wang

The quantum blind millionaires’ (QBM) problem is an expanded version of the millionaires’ problem in a quantum environment. For any two sets with different members, the QBM problem represents the quantum solution of the private summation in each set and the private comparison of the results simultaneously. During it, the secrets of any participant should be protected. As a new topic in quantum secure multiparty computation (QSMC), current solutions to QBM problems usually require an honest third party to resist some potential attack strategies. However, the assumptions will affect their applicability in practical cooperative security systems. In this paper, we propose a new solution to the quantum blind millionaires’ (QBM) problem without the help of an honest third party for the first time. In our solution, the shift operations are applied to the d-dimensional 2-particle entangled states to encode the secrets of the participants. According to our analysis, the proposed solution can effectively resist typical internal and external attacks by applying the detection methods generated by the participants. We hope that the research will make positive developments for QSMC.

量子盲百万富翁(QBM)问题是百万富翁问题在量子环境中的扩展版本。对于任意两个具有不同成员的集合,QBM 问题表示同时对每个集合中的私人求和以及结果的私人比较进行量子求解。在此过程中,任何参与者的秘密都应受到保护。作为量子安全多方计算(QSMC)的一个新课题,目前的 QBM 问题解决方案通常需要一个诚实的第三方来抵御一些潜在的攻击策略。然而,这些假设会影响它们在实际合作安全系统中的适用性。在本文中,我们首次提出了一种无需诚实第三方帮助的量子盲百万富翁(QBM)问题新解决方案。在我们的解决方案中,移位操作被应用于 d 维 2 粒子纠缠态,以编码参与者的秘密。根据我们的分析,通过应用参与者生成的检测方法,所提出的解决方案可以有效抵御典型的内部和外部攻击。我们希望这项研究能为 QSMC 带来积极的发展。
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引用次数: 0
An investigation of errors in ellipse-fitting for cold-atom interferometers 冷原子干涉仪椭圆拟合误差研究
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00292-4
Kevin Ridley, Anthony Rodgers

Ellipse fitting is a technique which is used to extract differential phase in cold-atom interferometers, particularly in situations where common-mode noise needs to be suppressed. We use numerical simulation to investigate errors in the ellipse fitting process; specifically, errors due to the presence of additive noise, linear drift in ellipse offset and amplitude, as well as an error that can arise from fringe normalisation. Errors are found to manifest in two ways: bias in the ellipse phase measurement and incomplete suppression of common mode phase noise. We quantify these errors for three different ellipse fitting algorithms and discuss the applicability of these results to future cold atom sensors.

椭圆拟合是一种用于提取冷原子干涉仪差分相位的技术,尤其是在需要抑制共模噪声的情况下。我们使用数值模拟来研究椭圆拟合过程中的误差;特别是由于存在加性噪声、椭圆偏移和振幅的线性漂移以及边缘归一化可能产生的误差。误差有两种表现形式:椭圆相位测量偏差和共模相位噪声抑制不完全。我们针对三种不同的椭圆拟合算法量化了这些误差,并讨论了这些结果对未来冷原子传感器的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical model of N-level cascade systems for atomic Radio Frequency sensing applications 用于原子射频传感应用的 N 级级联系统数值模型
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00291-5
Liam W. Bussey, Yogeshwar B. Kale, Samuel Winter, Fraser A. Burton, Yu-Hung Lien, Kai Bongs, Costas Constantinou

A ready-to-use numerical model has been developed for the atomic ladder (cascade) systems which are widely exploited in Rydberg Radio Frequency (RF) sensors. The model has been explicitly designed for user convenience and to be extensible to arbitrary N-level non-thermal systems. The versatility and adaptability of the model is validated up to 4-level atomic systems by direct comparison with experimental results from the prior art. The numerical model provides a good approximation to the experimental results and provides experimentalists with a convenient ready-to-use model to optimise the operation of an N-level Rydberg RF sensor. Current sensors exploit the 4-level atomic systems based on alkali metal atoms which require visible frequency lasers and these can be expensive and also suffer from high attenuation within optical fiber. The ability to quickly and simply explore more complex N-level systems offers the potential to use cheaper and lower-loss near-infrared lasers.

针对雷德贝格射频(RF)传感器中广泛使用的原子阶梯(级联)系统,我们开发了一种即用型数值模型。该模型设计明确,方便用户使用,并可扩展到任意 N 级非热系统。通过与现有技术的实验结果进行直接比较,该模型的多功能性和适应性得到了验证,最高可达 4 级原子系统。该数值模型提供了与实验结果的良好近似,并为实验人员提供了方便的即用模型,以优化 N 级雷德堡射频传感器的运行。目前的传感器利用基于碱金属原子的 4 级原子系统,这种系统需要可见光频率的激光器,而这些激光器价格昂贵,在光纤中还会出现高衰减。能够快速、简单地探索更复杂的 N 级系统,为使用更便宜、损耗更低的近红外激光器提供了可能。
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引用次数: 0
Electromagnetic side-channel attack risk assessment on a practical quantum-key-distribution receiver based on multi-class classification 基于多类分类的实用量子密钥分发接收器电磁侧信道攻击风险评估
IF 5.8 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00290-6
John J. Pantoja, Victor A. Bucheli, Ross Donaldson

While quantum key distribution (QKD) is a theoretically secure way of growing quantum-safe encryption keys, many practical implementations are challenged due to various open attack vectors, resulting in many variations of QKD protocols. Side channels are one such vector that allows a passive or active eavesdropper to obtain QKD information leaked through practical devices. This paper assesses the feasibility and implications of extracting the raw secret key from far-field radiated emissions from the single-photon avalanche diodes used in a BB84 QKD quad-detector receiver. Enhancement of the attack was also demonstrated through the use of deep-learning model to distinguish radiated emissions due to the four polarized encoding states. To evaluate the severity of such side-channel attack, multi-class classification based on raw-data and pre-processed data is implemented and assessed. Results show that classifiers based on both raw-data and pre-processed features can discern variations of the electromagnetic emissions caused by specific orientations of the detectors within the receiver with an accuracy higher than 90%. This research proposes machine learning models as a technique to assess EM information leakage risk of QKD and highlights the feasibility of side-channel attacks in the far-field region, further emphasizing the need to utilise mechanisms to avoid electromagnetic radiation information leaks and measurement-device-independent QKD protocols.

虽然量子密钥分发(QKD)是一种理论上安全的增长量子安全加密密钥的方法,但由于存在各种开放的攻击向量,许多实际实施都面临挑战,导致 QKD 协议出现了许多变化。侧信道就是这样一个载体,它允许被动或主动窃听者获取通过实用设备泄露的 QKD 信息。本文评估了从 BB84 QKD 四检测器接收器中使用的单光子雪崩二极管的远场辐射发射中提取原始密钥的可行性和影响。通过使用深度学习模型来区分四种极化编码状态产生的辐射发射,还证明了攻击的增强效果。为了评估这种侧信道攻击的严重程度,实施并评估了基于原始数据和预处理数据的多类分类。结果表明,基于原始数据和预处理特征的分类器能够辨别接收器内探测器的特定方向引起的电磁辐射变化,准确率高于 90%。这项研究提出了机器学习模型作为评估 QKD 电磁信息泄漏风险的技术,并强调了远场区域侧信道攻击的可行性,进一步强调了利用机制避免电磁辐射信息泄漏和与测量设备无关的 QKD 协议的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
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EPJ Quantum Technology
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