Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00250-0
Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva, Evgeniy O. Kiktenko, Aleksey K. Fedorov
The development of a universal fault-tolerant quantum computer that can solve efficiently various difficult computational problems is an outstanding challenge for science and technology. In this work, we propose a technique for an efficient implementation of quantum algorithms with multilevel quantum systems (qudits). Our method uses a transpilation of a circuit in the standard qubit form, which depends on the characteristics of a qudit-based processor, such as the number of available qudits and the number of accessible levels. This approach provides a qubit-to-qudit mapping and comparison to a standard realization of quantum algorithms highlighting potential advantages of qudits. We provide an explicit scheme of transpiling qubit circuits into sequences of single-qudit and two-qudit gates taken from a particular universal set. We then illustrate our method by considering an example of an efficient implementation of a 6-qubit quantum algorithm with qudits. In this particular example, we demonstrate how using qudits allows a decreasing amount of two-body interactions in the qubit circuit implementation. We expect that our findings are of relevance for ongoing experiments with noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices that operate with information carriers allowing qudit encodings, such as trapped ions and neutral atoms, as well as optical and solid-state systems.
{"title":"Efficient realization of quantum algorithms with qudits","authors":"Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva, Evgeniy O. Kiktenko, Aleksey K. Fedorov","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00250-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00250-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of a universal fault-tolerant quantum computer that can solve efficiently various difficult computational problems is an outstanding challenge for science and technology. In this work, we propose a technique for an efficient implementation of quantum algorithms with multilevel quantum systems (qudits). Our method uses a transpilation of a circuit in the standard qubit form, which depends on the characteristics of a qudit-based processor, such as the number of available qudits and the number of accessible levels. This approach provides a qubit-to-qudit mapping and comparison to a standard realization of quantum algorithms highlighting potential advantages of qudits. We provide an explicit scheme of transpiling qubit circuits into sequences of single-qudit and two-qudit gates taken from a particular universal set. We then illustrate our method by considering an example of an efficient implementation of a 6-qubit quantum algorithm with qudits. In this particular example, we demonstrate how using qudits allows a decreasing amount of two-body interactions in the qubit circuit implementation. We expect that our findings are of relevance for ongoing experiments with noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices that operate with information carriers allowing qudit encodings, such as trapped ions and neutral atoms, as well as optical and solid-state systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00250-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00253-x
Koichi Miyamoto
Quantum amplitude estimation (QAE) is a pivotal quantum algorithm to estimate the squared amplitude a of the target basis state in a quantum state (|{Phi}rangle ). Various improvements on the original quantum phase estimation-based QAE have been proposed for resource reduction. One of such improved versions is iterative quantum amplitude estimation (IQAE), which outputs an estimate â of a through the iterated rounds of the measurements on the quantum states like (G^{k}|{Phi}rangle ), with the number k of operations of the Grover operator G (the Grover number) and the shot number determined adaptively. This paper investigates the bias in IQAE. Through the numerical experiments to simulate IQAE, we reveal that the estimate by IQAE is biased and the bias is enhanced for some specific values of a. We see that the termination criterion in IQAE that the estimated accuracy of â falls below the threshold is a source of the bias. Besides, we observe that (k_{mathrm{fin}}), the Grover number in the final round, and (f_{mathrm{fin}}), a quantity affecting the probability distribution of measurement outcomes in the final round, are the key factors to determine the bias, and the bias enhancement for specific values of a is due to the skewed distribution of ((k_{mathrm{fin}},f_{mathrm{fin}})). We also present a bias mitigation method: just re-executing the final round with the Grover number and the shot number fixed.
量子振幅估计(QAE)是一种关键的量子算法,用于估计量子态(|{Phi}rangle )中目标基态的振幅平方 a。为了减少资源,人们对原始的基于量子相位估计的 QAE 提出了各种改进方案。其中一个改进版本是迭代量子振幅估计(IQAE),它通过对量子态的迭代轮测量输出一个估计值â,如(G^{k}|{Phi}rangle ),格罗弗算子 G 的运算次数 k(格罗弗数)和射击数是自适应确定的。本文研究了 IQAE 中的偏差。通过模拟 IQAE 的数值实验,我们发现 IQAE 的估计值是有偏差的,并且在某些特定的 a 值下偏差会增强。此外,我们还发现最后一轮的格罗弗数(k_{/mathrm{fin}})和影响最后一轮测量结果概率分布的量(f_{/mathrm{fin}})是决定偏差的关键因素,而特定 a 值的偏差增强是由于((k_{/mathrm{fin}},f_{/mathrm{fin}}))的倾斜分布造成的。我们还提出了一种减轻偏差的方法:只需在固定格罗弗数和射击数的情况下重新执行最后一轮。
{"title":"On the bias in iterative quantum amplitude estimation","authors":"Koichi Miyamoto","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00253-x","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00253-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum amplitude estimation (QAE) is a pivotal quantum algorithm to estimate the squared amplitude <i>a</i> of the target basis state in a quantum state <span>(|{Phi}rangle )</span>. Various improvements on the original quantum phase estimation-based QAE have been proposed for resource reduction. One of such improved versions is iterative quantum amplitude estimation (IQAE), which outputs an estimate <i>â</i> of <i>a</i> through the iterated rounds of the measurements on the quantum states like <span>(G^{k}|{Phi}rangle )</span>, with the number <i>k</i> of operations of the Grover operator <i>G</i> (the Grover number) and the shot number determined adaptively. This paper investigates the bias in IQAE. Through the numerical experiments to simulate IQAE, we reveal that the estimate by IQAE is biased and the bias is enhanced for some specific values of <i>a</i>. We see that the termination criterion in IQAE that the estimated accuracy of <i>â</i> falls below the threshold is a source of the bias. Besides, we observe that <span>(k_{mathrm{fin}})</span>, the Grover number in the final round, and <span>(f_{mathrm{fin}})</span>, a quantity affecting the probability distribution of measurement outcomes in the final round, are the key factors to determine the bias, and the bias enhancement for specific values of <i>a</i> is due to the skewed distribution of <span>((k_{mathrm{fin}},f_{mathrm{fin}}))</span>. We also present a bias mitigation method: just re-executing the final round with the Grover number and the shot number fixed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00253-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00252-y
Greeshma Gopinath, Yong Li, Sankar Davuluri
In this study, a method for entangling two spatially separated output laser fields from an optomechanical cavity is proposed. In the existing standard methods, entanglement is created by driving the two-mode squeezing part of the linearized optomechanical interaction;, however our method generates entanglement using the quantum back-action nullifying meter technique. As a result, entanglement can be generated outside the blue sideband frequency in both resolved and unresolved sideband regimes. We further show that the system is stable in the entire region where the Duan criterion for inseparability is fulfilled. The effect of thermal noise on the generated entanglement is examined. Finally, we compare this technique with standard methods for entanglement generation using optomechanics.
{"title":"Continuous variable entanglement between propagating optical modes using optomechanics","authors":"Greeshma Gopinath, Yong Li, Sankar Davuluri","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00252-y","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00252-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, a method for entangling two spatially separated output laser fields from an optomechanical cavity is proposed. In the existing standard methods, entanglement is created by driving the two-mode squeezing part of the linearized optomechanical interaction;, however our method generates entanglement using the quantum back-action nullifying meter technique. As a result, entanglement can be generated outside the blue sideband frequency in both resolved and unresolved sideband regimes. We further show that the system is stable in the entire region where the Duan criterion for inseparability is fulfilled. The effect of thermal noise on the generated entanglement is examined. Finally, we compare this technique with standard methods for entanglement generation using optomechanics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00252-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00251-z
Jia-Hao Li, Jie Tang, Xing-Yu Wang, Yang Xue, Hui-Cun Yu, Zhi-Feng Deng, Yue-Xiang Cao, Ying Liu, Dan Wu, Hao-Ran Hu, Ya Wang, Hua-Zhi Lun, Jia-Hua Wei, Bo Zhang, Bo Liu, Lei Shi
High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) encoded by orbital angular momentum (OAM) presents significant advantages in terms of information capacity. However, perturbations caused by free-space atmospheric turbulence decrease the performance of the system by introducing random fluctuations in the transmittance of OAM photons. Currently, the theoretical performance analysis of OAM-encoded QKD systems exists a gap when concerning the statistical distribution under the free-space link. In this article, we analyzed the security of QKD systems by combining probability distribution of transmission coefficient (PDTC) of OAM with decoy-state BB84 method. To address the problem that the invalid key rate is calculated in the part transmittance interval of the post-processing process, an intelligent threshold method based on neural network is proposed to improve OAM-encoded QKD, which aims to conserve computing resources and enhance system efficiency. Our findings reveal that the ratio of root mean square (RMS) OAM-beam radius to Fried constant plays a crucial role in ensuring secure key generation. Meanwhile, the training error of neural network is at the magnitude around 10−3, indicating the ability to predict optimization parameters quickly and accurately. Our work contributes to the advancement of parameter optimization and prediction for free-space OAM-encoded HD-QKD systems. Furthermore, it provides valuable theoretical insights to support the development of free-space experimental setups.
{"title":"An intelligent threshold selection method to improve orbital angular momentum-encoded quantum key distribution under turbulence","authors":"Jia-Hao Li, Jie Tang, Xing-Yu Wang, Yang Xue, Hui-Cun Yu, Zhi-Feng Deng, Yue-Xiang Cao, Ying Liu, Dan Wu, Hao-Ran Hu, Ya Wang, Hua-Zhi Lun, Jia-Hua Wei, Bo Zhang, Bo Liu, Lei Shi","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00251-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00251-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) encoded by orbital angular momentum (OAM) presents significant advantages in terms of information capacity. However, perturbations caused by free-space atmospheric turbulence decrease the performance of the system by introducing random fluctuations in the transmittance of OAM photons. Currently, the theoretical performance analysis of OAM-encoded QKD systems exists a gap when concerning the statistical distribution under the free-space link. In this article, we analyzed the security of QKD systems by combining probability distribution of transmission coefficient (PDTC) of OAM with decoy-state BB84 method. To address the problem that the invalid key rate is calculated in the part transmittance interval of the post-processing process, an intelligent threshold method based on neural network is proposed to improve OAM-encoded QKD, which aims to conserve computing resources and enhance system efficiency. Our findings reveal that the ratio of root mean square (RMS) OAM-beam radius to Fried constant plays a crucial role in ensuring secure key generation. Meanwhile, the training error of neural network is at the magnitude around 10<sup>−3</sup>, indicating the ability to predict optimization parameters quickly and accurately. Our work contributes to the advancement of parameter optimization and prediction for free-space OAM-encoded HD-QKD systems. Furthermore, it provides valuable theoretical insights to support the development of free-space experimental setups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00251-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141264543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00240-2
S. Ujeniuc, R. Suvaila
In the context of the second quantum revolution, the ability to manipulate quantum systems is already used for various techniques and a growing number of technology demonstrators, mostly with low energy photons. In this frame, our intention is to extend quantum technologies to gamma photons. Our aim is to take advantage of resources brought by entanglement with higher energy particles, particularly electron-positron annihilation quanta. Tools for low frequency quantum experiments are not suitable for penetrant radiation, consequently we need to use effects typical to the keV-MeV energy range instead. High energy photon protocols would include fundamental properties testing, industrial imaging, quantum random number generators, quantum simulators, military applications and improvement of already existing medical procedures. In this paper we review some important steps in the study of annihilation photon correlations, we point out the experimental differences and necessities with respect to the energy increase in quantum photonic experiments and we describe the design of a quantum gamma device we propose for experiments meant to prove feasibility of gamma ray based protocols. The perspective behind our project is to evidence the possibility to communicate via entangled quanta through media which are not transparent for low energy photons.
{"title":"Towards quantum technologies with gamma photons","authors":"S. Ujeniuc, R. Suvaila","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00240-2","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00240-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of the second quantum revolution, the ability to manipulate quantum systems is already used for various techniques and a growing number of technology demonstrators, mostly with low energy photons. In this frame, our intention is to extend quantum technologies to gamma photons. Our aim is to take advantage of resources brought by entanglement with higher energy particles, particularly electron-positron annihilation quanta. Tools for low frequency quantum experiments are not suitable for penetrant radiation, consequently we need to use effects typical to the keV-MeV energy range instead. High energy photon protocols would include fundamental properties testing, industrial imaging, quantum random number generators, quantum simulators, military applications and improvement of already existing medical procedures. In this paper we review some important steps in the study of annihilation photon correlations, we point out the experimental differences and necessities with respect to the energy increase in quantum photonic experiments and we describe the design of a quantum gamma device we propose for experiments meant to prove feasibility of gamma ray based protocols. The perspective behind our project is to evidence the possibility to communicate via entangled quanta through media which are not transparent for low energy photons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00240-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141264544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00245-x
Quantum Technology and Application Consortium – QUTAC, Julia Binder, Lara Hachmann, Sebastian Luber
Quantum computing (QC) is a new and disruptive technology with large economic potential especially in application and downstream value creation stages. Hence, it is important for an economy to understand the current implementation state and to know the ecosystem to support the successful industrial application of this technology. Regularly identifying potential areas of improvement and then defining appropriate actions is necessary to ensure a leading position. Therefore, the Quantum Technology and Application Consortium (QUTAC) has developed a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) framework consisting of 24 KPIs that represent a country’s performance in applying QC. Detailed measurement guidelines and clear data sources ensure transparency of measurement, reproducibility of KPI values and comparability over time. An aggregation method allows summarizing the results of all KPIs. Thus, it is possible to assess the performance of each stakeholder involved and to calculate a single composite indicator that represents the country’s performance. The KPI framework can be adapted to any country and enables the comparison of the performance of different countries. It is a proposal for standardizing the evaluation of QC and its ecosystem on a national level. Thus, strengths and weaknesses can be identified and measurements for improvement derived. The paper highlights the development of the framework, its main features and the application of the framework to Germany. Based on the results, we will discuss the current state of QC application in Germany and make possible suggestions for improvement.
{"title":"A KPI framework to standardize the measurement of a country’s progress in bringing quantum computing into application","authors":"Quantum Technology and Application Consortium – QUTAC, Julia Binder, Lara Hachmann, Sebastian Luber","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00245-x","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00245-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum computing (QC) is a new and disruptive technology with large economic potential especially in application and downstream value creation stages. Hence, it is important for an economy to understand the current implementation state and to know the ecosystem to support the successful industrial application of this technology. Regularly identifying potential areas of improvement and then defining appropriate actions is necessary to ensure a leading position. Therefore, the Quantum Technology and Application Consortium (QUTAC) has developed a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) framework consisting of 24 KPIs that represent a country’s performance in applying QC. Detailed measurement guidelines and clear data sources ensure transparency of measurement, reproducibility of KPI values and comparability over time. An aggregation method allows summarizing the results of all KPIs. Thus, it is possible to assess the performance of each stakeholder involved and to calculate a single composite indicator that represents the country’s performance. The KPI framework can be adapted to any country and enables the comparison of the performance of different countries. It is a proposal for standardizing the evaluation of QC and its ecosystem on a national level. Thus, strengths and weaknesses can be identified and measurements for improvement derived. The paper highlights the development of the framework, its main features and the application of the framework to Germany. Based on the results, we will discuss the current state of QC application in Germany and make possible suggestions for improvement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00245-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00249-7
Zibo Miao, Xinpeng Chen, Yu Pan, Qing Gao
In this paper, the synthesis of robust memory modes for linear quantum passive systems in the presence of unknown inputs has been studied, aimed at facilitating secure storage and communication of quantum information. In particular, we can switch on decoherence-free (DF) modes in the storage stage by placing the poles on the imaginary axis via a coherent feedback control scheme, and these memory modes can further be simultaneously made robust against perturbations to the system parameters by minimizing the condition number associated with imaginary poles. The DF modes can also be switched off by tuning the controller parameters to place the poles in the left half of the complex plane in the writing/reading stage. We develop explicit algebraic conditions guiding the design of such a coherent quantum controller, which involves employing an augmented system model to counter the influence of unknown inputs. Examples are provided to illustrate the procedure of synthesizing robust memory modes for linear optical quantum systems.
{"title":"Synthesis of robust memory modes for linear quantum systems with unknown inputs","authors":"Zibo Miao, Xinpeng Chen, Yu Pan, Qing Gao","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00249-7","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00249-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the synthesis of robust memory modes for linear quantum passive systems in the presence of unknown inputs has been studied, aimed at facilitating secure storage and communication of quantum information. In particular, we can switch on decoherence-free (DF) modes in the storage stage by placing the poles on the imaginary axis via a coherent feedback control scheme, and these memory modes can further be simultaneously made robust against perturbations to the system parameters by minimizing the condition number associated with imaginary poles. The DF modes can also be switched off by tuning the controller parameters to place the poles in the left half of the complex plane in the writing/reading stage. We develop explicit algebraic conditions guiding the design of such a coherent quantum controller, which involves employing an augmented system model to counter the influence of unknown inputs. Examples are provided to illustrate the procedure of synthesizing robust memory modes for linear optical quantum systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00249-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141182087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00248-8
Muhammad AbuGhanem, Hichem Eleuch
The potential of achieving computational hardware with quantum advantage depends heavily on the quality of quantum gate operations. However, the presence of imperfect two-qubit gates poses a significant challenge and acts as a major obstacle in developing scalable quantum information processors. Google’s Quantum AI and collaborators claimed to have conducted a supremacy regime experiment. In this experiment, a new two-qubit universal gate called the Sycamore gate is constructed and employed to generate random quantum circuits (RQCs), using a programmable quantum processor with 53 qubits. These computations were carried out in a computational state space of size (9 times 10^{15}). Nevertheless, even in strictly-controlled laboratory settings, quantum information on quantum processors is susceptible to various disturbances, including undesired interaction with the surroundings and imperfections in the quantum state. To address this issue, we conduct both quantum state tomography (QST) and quantum process tomography (QPT) experiments on Google’s Sycamore gate using different artificial architectural superconducting quantum computer. Furthermore, to demonstrate how errors affect gate fidelity at the level of quantum circuits, we design and conduct full QST experiments for the five-qubit eight-cycle circuit, which was introduced as an example of the programability of Google’s Sycamore quantum processor. These quantum tomography experiments are conducted in three distinct environments: noise-free, noisy simulation, and on IBM Quantum’s genuine quantum computer. Our results offer valuable insights into the performance of IBM Quantum’s hardware and the robustness of Sycamore gates within this experimental setup. These findings contribute to our understanding of quantum hardware performance and provide valuable information for optimizing quantum algorithms for practical applications.
实现具有量子优势的计算硬件的潜力在很大程度上取决于量子门操作的质量。然而,不完美的双量子比特门的存在带来了巨大挑战,成为开发可扩展量子信息处理器的主要障碍。谷歌的量子人工智能与合作者声称已经进行了一次至高机制实验。在这项实验中,他们构建了一个名为 "梧桐门 "的新型双量子比特通用门,并利用一个拥有 53 个量子比特的可编程量子处理器来生成随机量子电路(RQC)。这些计算是在一个大小为(9乘以10^{15})的计算状态空间中进行的。然而,即使在严格控制的实验室环境中,量子处理器上的量子信息也很容易受到各种干扰,包括与周围环境的意外交互和量子态的不完美。为了解决这个问题,我们使用不同的人工架构超导量子计算机,在谷歌梧桐门上进行了量子态层析成像(QST)和量子过程层析成像(QPT)实验。此外,为了证明误差如何影响量子电路层面的栅极保真度,我们为五量子比特八周期电路设计并进行了完整的量子态层析成像(QST)实验,该电路是作为谷歌 Sycamore 量子处理器可编程性的一个例子引入的。这些量子层析成像实验在三种不同的环境中进行:无噪声、噪声模拟以及 IBM Quantum 真正的量子计算机。我们的结果为了解 IBM Quantum 硬件的性能以及 Sycamore 门在此实验设置中的鲁棒性提供了宝贵的见解。这些发现有助于我们了解量子硬件的性能,并为优化实际应用中的量子算法提供了宝贵的信息。
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Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00247-9
Yuan Tian, Nanyijia Zhang, Chongqiang Ye, Genqing Bian, Jian Li
Secure semi-quantum summation entails the collective computation of the sum of private secrets by multi-untrustworthy and resource-limited participants, facilitated by a quantum third-party. This paper introduces three semi-quantum summation protocols based on single photons, where eliminating the need for classical users to possess measurement capabilities. Two-party protocol 1 and protocol 2 are structured upon different models: star and ring, respectively. The security analysis extensively evaluates the protocols’ resilience against outside and inside attacks, demonstrating protocols are asymptotically secure. Protocol 3 extends two-party protocol 1 to multi-party scenarios, broadening its applicability. Comparison reveals a reduction in the workload for classical users compared to previous similar protocols, and the protocols’ correctness are visually validated through simulation by Qiskit.
{"title":"Different secure semi-quantum summation models without measurement","authors":"Yuan Tian, Nanyijia Zhang, Chongqiang Ye, Genqing Bian, Jian Li","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00247-9","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00247-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Secure semi-quantum summation entails the collective computation of the sum of private secrets by multi-untrustworthy and resource-limited participants, facilitated by a quantum third-party. This paper introduces three semi-quantum summation protocols based on single photons, where eliminating the need for classical users to possess measurement capabilities. Two-party protocol 1 and protocol 2 are structured upon different models: star and ring, respectively. The security analysis extensively evaluates the protocols’ resilience against outside and inside attacks, demonstrating protocols are asymptotically secure. Protocol 3 extends two-party protocol 1 to multi-party scenarios, broadening its applicability. Comparison reveals a reduction in the workload for classical users compared to previous similar protocols, and the protocols’ correctness are visually validated through simulation by Qiskit.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00247-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00246-w
C. F. Sun, X. Y. Chen, W. L. Mu, G. C. Wang, J. B. You, X. Q. Shao
Holonomic quantum computing offers a promising paradigm for quantum computation due to its error resistance and the ability to perform universal quantum computations. Here, we propose a scheme for the rapid implementation of a holonomic swap gate in neutral atomic systems, based on the selective Rydberg pumping mechanism. By employing time-dependent soft control, we effectively mitigate the impact of off-resonant terms even at higher driving intensities compared to time-independent driving. This approach accelerates the synthesis of logic gates and passively reduces the decoherence effects. Furthermore, by introducing an additional atom and applying the appropriate driving field, our scheme can be directly extended to implement a three-qubit controlled-swap gate. This advancement makes it a valuable tool for quantum state preparation, quantum switches, and a variational quantum algorithm in neutral atom systems.
{"title":"Holonomic swap and controlled-swap gates of neutral atoms via selective Rydberg pumping","authors":"C. F. Sun, X. Y. Chen, W. L. Mu, G. C. Wang, J. B. You, X. Q. Shao","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00246-w","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00246-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Holonomic quantum computing offers a promising paradigm for quantum computation due to its error resistance and the ability to perform universal quantum computations. Here, we propose a scheme for the rapid implementation of a holonomic swap gate in neutral atomic systems, based on the selective Rydberg pumping mechanism. By employing time-dependent soft control, we effectively mitigate the impact of off-resonant terms even at higher driving intensities compared to time-independent driving. This approach accelerates the synthesis of logic gates and passively reduces the decoherence effects. Furthermore, by introducing an additional atom and applying the appropriate driving field, our scheme can be directly extended to implement a three-qubit controlled-swap gate. This advancement makes it a valuable tool for quantum state preparation, quantum switches, and a variational quantum algorithm in neutral atom systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00246-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}