Journal of Human Evolution最新文献_第5页

The shape of technology to come: An examination of evolutionary relationships between bifacial and core technologies at the Lower-Middle Palaeolithic boundary across regions in Eurasia 未来技术的形态：对欧亚地区旧石器时代中下部边界的双面技术和核心技术之间进化关系的考察

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103702

Jayson P. Gill , Nick Ashton , Keith N. Wilkinson , Boris Gasparyan , Daniel S. Adler

The origin of Levallois prepared core technology is a subject of debate among Palaeolithic archaeologists. While some argue for a single African origin for this style of core reduction, increasing support is found for a multiple-origin model in which Levallois technology independently evolves out of underlying technology in different regions of Africa and Eurasia. Within a multiple-origin framework, it has been proposed that the technology is realized through the evolution of either Late Lower Palaeolithic core technology or Acheulian bifaces. We explore these hypotheses by examining the relationships between early Levallois technology, proposed transitional types, and Lower Palaeolithic production systems in geographically discrete lithic assemblages in the Armenian Highlands and Britain. The sites of Nor Geghi-1 (Armenia) and Purfleet (Britain) are the focus of this study as they contain evidence for the in situ evolution of Levallois technology. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics is applied to high-quality three-dimensional scans of lithic artifacts from Lower-Middle Palaeolithic sites in the two regions. As this research is focused on morphological characteristics, we also explore factors outside of human decision-making that may affect shape diversity (i.e., raw material, size, reduction intensity). Our results indicate that the appearance of Levallois prepared core technology is likely the outcome of distinctive processes in the two regions. These results further support the growing body of research that argues for a multiple-origin model early prepared core production systems.

勒瓦卢瓦制备核心技术的起源一直是旧石器时代考古学家争论的话题。虽然有些人认为这种核心减少方式是单一的非洲起源，但越来越多的人支持多起源模式，即勒瓦卢瓦技术独立地从非洲和欧亚大陆不同区域的基础技术发展而来。在多起源框架中，有人提出该技术是通过晚期下旧石器时代核心技术或阿舍利双面面的进化实现的。我们通过研究亚美尼亚高地和英国地理上离散的石器组合中早期勒瓦卢瓦技术、提出的过渡类型和较低旧石器时代生产系统之间的关系来探索这些假设。Nor Geghi-1（亚美尼亚）和Purfleet（英国）遗址是本研究的重点，因为它们包含了勒瓦卢瓦技术原位进化的证据。基于地标的几何形态计量学应用于这两个地区旧石器时代中下部遗址的石器文物的高质量三维扫描。由于本研究的重点是形态特征，我们也探索了人类决策之外可能影响形状多样性的因素（即原材料、尺寸、还原强度）。我们的研究结果表明，勒瓦卢瓦制备核心技术的出现可能是两个地区不同过程的结果。这些结果进一步支持了越来越多的研究，这些研究主张多起源模型是早期准备的核心生产系统。

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引用次数: 0

Uniform, circular, and shallow enamel pitting in hominins: Prevalence, morphological associations, and potential taxonomic significance 古人类的均匀、圆形和浅牙釉质凹陷：流行、形态关联和潜在的分类意义

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103703

Ian Towle , Mackie C. O'Hara , A.B. Leece , Andy I.R. Herries , Afua Adjei , Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg , Marina Martínez de Pinillos , Mario Modesto-Mata , Arthur Thiebaut , Raquel Hernando , Joel D. Irish , Franck Guy , Jean-Renaud Boisserie , Leslea J. Hlusko

This study explores a particular form of enamel pitting originally identified in Paranthropus robustus. We call this uniform, circular, and shallow (UCS) pitting to distinguish it from more irregular and nonuniform defects often associated with enamel hypoplasia. We pose the hypothesis that UCS pitting is unique to the genus Paranthropus. We test this by investigating hominin dental remains from the ca. 3.4 Ma to ca. 1.1 Ma fossiliferous sequence at Omo, Ethiopia (n = 76) to look for evidence of UCS pitting in an assemblage that includes at least three hominin genera (Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo). We also examine the correlation between UCS pitting, tooth size, enamel thickness, and cusp proportions in samples from both eastern Africa (Omo) and southern Africa (Drimolen Main Quarry ∼2.04–1.95 Ma, Swartkrans ∼1.9–1.4 Ma, and Kromdraai ∼1.95–1.78 Ma). In the Omo specimens, we found UCS pitting similar to that seen in P. robustus. While we observed this pitting on five of 24 permanent teeth and two deciduous molars from both Paranthropus aethiopicus and Paranthropus boisei, we also identified UCS pitting on five of 13 non-Paranthropus hominin permanent posterior teeth from Member B (∼3.0 Ma). Our correlation studies yielded no association between the presence of UCS pitting and variation in tooth size, enamel thickness, or cusp proportions. The consistent appearance and characteristics of UCS pitting suggest a shared etiology. Our findings also suggest that UCS pitting may result from a genetic effect related to enamel formation, potentially in association with specific environmental or dietary factors.

这项研究探索了一种特殊形式的牙釉质蚀，最初在傍人粗壮人中发现。我们称其为均匀、圆形和浅（UCS）点蚀，以区别于通常与釉质发育不全相关的不规则和不均匀的缺陷。我们提出的假设，UCS点蚀是独特的属Paranthropus。我们通过研究埃塞俄比亚Omo约3.4 Ma至1.1 Ma化石序列的古人类牙齿遗骸（n = 76）来验证这一点，以寻找包括至少三个古人类属（南方古猿，傍人猿和人属）的组合中UCS凹陷的证据。我们还研究了东部非洲（Omo）和南部非洲（Drimolen Main Quarry ~ 2.04-1.95 Ma, Swartkrans ~ 1.9-1.4 Ma和Kromdraai ~ 1.95-1.78 Ma）样品中UCS点蚀、牙齿大小、牙釉质厚度和牙尖比例之间的相关性。在Omo标本中，我们发现了类似于在P. robustus中看到的UCS点蚀。我们在埃塞俄比亚傍人猿和博瓦塞傍人猿的24颗恒牙中的5颗和2颗乳牙上观察到这种凹陷，同时我们也在成员B （~ 3.0 Ma）的13颗非傍人古人类永久后牙中的5颗上发现了UCS凹陷。我们的相关研究显示，UCS凹陷的存在与牙齿大小、牙釉质厚度或牙尖比例的变化没有关联。UCS点蚀的一致外观和特征提示有共同的病因。我们的研究结果还表明，UCS凹陷可能是由与牙釉质形成相关的遗传效应引起的，可能与特定的环境或饮食因素有关。

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引用次数: 0

The nutritional quality of male chimpanzee diets in a semiarid savanna 半干旱草原上雄性黑猩猩饮食的营养质量

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103684

Stacy Lindshield , Landing Badji , Papa Ibnou Ndiaye , Sylvia Ortmann , Kaia J. Tombak , Jill Pruetz , Jessica M. Rothman

Nutritional ecology is vital to understanding food selection in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). However, there are knowledge gaps for chimpanzees in savanna landscapes concerning the nutrients of their foods as well as their daily energy and macronutrient intakes. The aims of this study are to (1) examine how adult male chimpanzees in a semiarid savanna select their foods and (2) compare chimpanzee foods between the savanna and forest. We conducted full-day focal follows to observe food processing behavior (87 days) and comprehensively measure daily food intake (25 days). We sampled 49 plant and four insect species to estimate their energy and macronutrient contents. Food consumption correlated positively with its profitability (caloric yield per hour) but was not associated with food abundance or distribution. Daily intakes of metabolizable energy and of water-soluble sugars were higher in the baobab (Adansonia digitata) season than in the non-baobab season and social rank boosted sugar intakes, suggesting that high-sugar foods are prized by Fongoli chimpanzees. In support of the idea that a scarcity of ripe fleshy fruits is an environmental pressure at Fongoli, chimpanzees commonly ingested unripe fruit and seeds, mostly of nonfleshy types, potentially for their protein content or as moderate sources of sugar, fat, and water. Our study indicates that the savanna is not a low-protein habitat and suggests ways that chimpanzees—and potentially early hominins—have adapted to meet daily nutritional requirements in a savanna environment.

营养生态学对于理解黑猩猩（类人猿）的食物选择至关重要。然而，对于生活在热带草原上的黑猩猩来说，他们对食物的营养成分以及日常能量和大量营养素的摄入量还存在知识缺口。这项研究的目的是：(1)研究半干旱热带草原上的成年雄性黑猩猩如何选择食物；(2)比较热带草原和森林黑猩猩的食物。我们进行全天焦点跟踪，观察食品加工行为（87天），综合测量每日食物摄入量（25天）。我们采集了49种植物和4种昆虫，估算了它们的能量和常量营养素含量。食物消耗与其盈利能力（每小时热量产量）呈正相关，但与食物丰富度或分配无关。猴面包树生长季节的日代谢能和水溶性糖的摄入量高于非猴面包树生长季节，社会地位提高了糖的摄入量，这表明丰戈利黑猩猩对高糖食物很感兴趣。为了支持这种观点，即成熟的肉质水果的缺乏是Fongoli的环境压力，黑猩猩通常会摄入未成熟的水果和种子，其中大部分是非肉质的，可能是因为它们含有蛋白质，或者作为糖、脂肪和水的适度来源。我们的研究表明，热带稀树大草原并不是一个低蛋白质的栖息地，并表明黑猩猩——可能还有早期人类——已经适应了在热带稀树大草原环境中满足日常营养需求的方式。

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引用次数: 0

Cranial vault thickness, its internal organization, and its relationship with endocranial shape in Neanderthals and modern humans 尼安德特人和现代人的颅顶厚度，其内部组织及其与颅内形状的关系

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103683

Sélim Natahi , Simon Neubauer , Zewdi J. Tsegai , Jean-Jacques Hublin , Philipp Gunz

Compared to the more elongated crania of Neanderthals, modern humans have a rounder, more globular cranial vault. The factors contributing to this globular cranial and endocranial morphology remain poorly understood. Cranial vault thickness (CVT) plays a role in shaping the braincase. It has been proposed that CVT variation in hominins reflects distinct stimuli influencing the cranial vault layers to different degrees. We aim to determine to what extent CVT differences could explain the well-documented endocranial shape differences between modern humans and Neanderthals. Additionally, we quantify the contributions of each cranial vault layer—the inner and outer tables and the diploë—to elucidate the processes driving CVT variation. We analyzed crania from seven Neanderthals and 75 modern humans using a ray casting method to measure cortical, diploic, and overall CVT. We generated morphometric maps of thickness distributions for each cranial vault layer. We then quantified the endocranial shape using geometric morphometrics and analyzed its relationship with CVT using two-block partial least squares analysis and regression models. Our findings reveal that Neanderthals generally have greater CVT and thicker layers of the cranial vault than modern humans. However, their ranges overlap with those of modern humans. The thicker vaults of Neanderthals are primarily driven by the diploic layer, with notable differences in thickness distribution patterns. Additionally, the inner and outer cortical tables exhibit distinct thickness distribution patterns between the two groups. Structural differences between the parietal bones of Neanderthals and modern humans are particularly pronounced. Furthermore, we observed a unique correspondence between CVT and endocranial shape in modern humans, which is not shared by Neanderthals.

与尼安德特人更细长的颅骨相比，现代人有一个更圆、更球形的颅顶。导致这种球形颅骨和颅内形态的因素仍然知之甚少。颅顶厚度（CVT）在颅脑成形中起着重要作用。有人提出，古人类CVT的变化反映了不同的刺激在不同程度上影响了颅穹窿层。我们的目标是确定CVT差异在多大程度上可以解释现代人和尼安德特人之间有充分记录的颅内形状差异。此外，我们量化了每个颅拱顶层的贡献-内部和外部表和diploë-to阐明了驱动CVT变化的过程。我们使用射线投射法分析了7名尼安德特人和75名现代人的颅骨，测量了皮质、外交和整体CVT。我们生成了每个颅穹窿层厚度分布的形态测量图。然后，我们使用几何形态计量学量化颅内形状，并使用双块偏最小二乘分析和回归模型分析其与CVT的关系。我们的研究结果表明，尼安德特人通常比现代人拥有更大的CVT和更厚的颅顶层。然而，他们的活动范围与现代人类重叠。尼安德特人较厚的拱顶主要是由外交层驱动的，在厚度分布模式上有显著差异。此外，内外皮层表在两组之间表现出不同的厚度分布模式。尼安德特人和现代人顶骨的结构差异尤为明显。此外，我们还观察到现代人CVT与内颅形状之间的独特对应关系，这在尼安德特人身上是不存在的。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Maxilla of Siamopithecus eocaenus (Anthropoidea, Primates) from the Paleogene of Krabi, Thailand, and its taxonomic status” [J. Hum. Evol. 198 (2025) 103614] 《泰国甲米古近系古猿人总科古灵长类象猿的上颌骨及其分类地位》的勘误[J]。嗡嗡声。进化。198 (2025)103614 [j]。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103701

Yaowalak Chaimanee , Sasidhorn Khansubha , Olivier Chavasseau , Arnaud Mazurier , Jean-Jacques Jaeger

引用次数: 0

Virtual reconstruction and geometric morphometric analysis of the Kocabaş fossil hominin from Turkey and implications for taxonomy and evolutionary significance: A commentary on Mori et al. (2024) 土耳其科卡巴伊古人类化石的虚拟重建和几何形态计量学分析及其分类学和进化意义：对Mori等人（2024）的评论

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103691

Amélie Vialet , Sandrine Prat , Dominique Grimaud-Hervé , Anne-Elisabeth Lebatard , Nicolas Boulbes , Serdar Mayda , Pierre Rochette , Christophe Falguères , Anne-Marie Moigne , Jean-Jacques Bahain , Mehmet Cihat Alçiçek

引用次数: 0

A phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of early hominin foot morphology 早期人族足部形态进化的系统发育研究

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103682

Yeganeh Sekhavati , Thomas Cody Prang , David Strait

Changes in foot morphology have played a crucial role in the evolution of bipedalism. Examining the evolution of pedal characters among hominins makes it possible to identify when and where key anatomical changes required for bipedalism evolved. This study uses ancestral character reconstruction to investigate foot morphology in the Homo + Pan last common ancestor and subsequent nodes in the hominin phylogeny. We explore the pattern of hominin foot evolution and examine the presence of terrestrial and arboreal adaptations at hominin ancestral nodes. In this study, we analyzed 62 discrete pedal characters hypothesized to be functionally significant. Our likelihood-based approach supports the hypothesis of a Pan-like last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The earliest foot synapomorphies in hominins are related to foot and ankle eversion and midtarsal stability. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lateral midfoot stability might have evolved before medial midfoot stability. Moreover, several homoplasies were inferred across different taxa, particularly related to features hypothesized to reflect joint mobility and the longitudinal arch. Finally, the Paranthropus and the Australopithecus africanus + Australopithecus sediba clades evolved arboreal characteristics, suggesting adaptations for arboreality. Overall, the results demonstrate how pedal characters evolved in hominins from an African ape–like ancestor.

足部形态的变化在两足动物的进化中起着至关重要的作用。研究古人类脚部特征的进化，可以确定两足动物进化所需的关键解剖变化的时间和地点。本研究采用祖先特征重建的方法，研究了Homo + Pan最后共同祖先的足部形态及其在人族系统发育中的后续节点。我们探索人类足进化的模式，并检查在人类祖先节点的陆地和树木适应的存在。在这项研究中，我们分析了62个离散的踏板特征，假设它们在功能上是显著的。我们基于可能性的方法支持人类和黑猩猩的最后共同祖先类似潘的假设。古人类最早的足部突触与足部和踝关节外翻以及中跗骨稳定性有关。这些结果与外侧足中部稳定性可能在内侧足中部稳定性之前进化的假设一致。此外，在不同的分类群中推断出了一些同源性，特别是与反映关节活动和纵向弓的假设特征有关。最后，类人猿和非洲南方古猿+南方古猿sediba进化出了树栖特征，表明它们适应了树栖生活。总的来说，结果证明了脚踏板特征是如何从非洲猿类祖先进化而来的。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of carnivore diversity on scavenging opportunities and hominin range expansion during Out of Africa I “走出非洲”时期食肉动物多样性对食腐机会和人类活动范围扩大的影响

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103680

Reed Coil

Numerous extrinsic hypotheses explaining Out of Africa I (OoA I), like faunal turnover and hominins following fauna, have been rejected based on paleoecological models. Others have explored the importance of the hominin intrusion into the carnivore guild. Here, I build on this latter research by proposing the complementary carnivore guild flexibility hypothesis (CGFH). In eastern Africa, carnivore richness peaked around 3 Ma and declined gradually until shortly after 2 Ma. This timeline coincides with the development of early lithic technologies and initial evidence of the butchery of large mammals, thus implying that increased hominin carnivory impacted endemic carnivore diversity through the transition from passive to confrontational scavenging. The CGFH posits that the relatively stable carnivore diversity and richness in Eurasia permitted hominin range expansion into Eurasian habitats after 2 Ma due to scavenging opportunities along continuously overlapping carnivore ranges. This study tests the CGFH by examining carnivore richness at African and Eurasian sites covering intervals before, during, and after the initial OoA I dispersals. This study builds on previous hypotheses about the role of carnivore guilds in hominin dispersals while tying in theoretical models on modes of early hominin carnivory and actualistic research on scavenging opportunities resulting from carnivore guild composition. In support of the CGFH, carnivore richness in Eurasia is higher than in Africa, which likely facilitated range expansion by hominins during OoA I. Furthermore, decreases in carnivore richness are evident in Eurasia at the end of the Early Pleistocene, which happen within a few hundred thousand years of sustained hominin presence in certain regions, like southwestern Europe and eastern Asia.

许多解释“走出非洲I”（OoA I）的外在假设，如动物更替和人族追随动物，都被古生态学模型所拒绝。其他人则探索了人类入侵食肉动物行会的重要性。在此，我以后一项研究为基础，提出了互补食肉动物行会灵活性假说（CGFH）。在非洲东部，食肉动物丰富度在3 Ma左右达到顶峰，并逐渐下降，直到2 Ma之后不久。这个时间线与早期石器技术的发展和屠杀大型哺乳动物的初步证据相吻合，这意味着人类食肉动物的增加通过从被动到对抗性食腐的转变影响了地方性食肉动物的多样性。CGFH认为欧亚大陆相对稳定的食肉动物多样性和丰富度允许人类在2 Ma之后扩展到欧亚大陆的栖息地，这是由于沿着不断重叠的食肉动物范围的食腐机会。本研究通过研究非洲和欧亚地区的食肉动物丰富度来测试CGFH，这些地点覆盖了最初的OoA I扩散之前、期间和之后的时间间隔。本研究建立在先前关于食肉动物行会在人类迁徙中所起作用的假设的基础上，同时结合了早期人类食肉动物模式的理论模型和食肉动物行会构成导致的食腐机会的实际研究。为了支持CGFH，欧亚大陆的食肉动物丰富度高于非洲，这可能促进了古人类在OoA i期间的范围扩张。此外，早更新世末期欧亚大陆的食肉动物丰富度明显下降，这发生在某些地区，如欧洲西南部和东亚，人类持续存在的几十万年之内。

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引用次数: 0

Functional and behavioral variation in intrinsic hand and foot digit proportions in primates 灵长类动物内在手和足趾比例的功能和行为变化

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103679

Séverine L.D. Toussaint , Vincent D'Amato , Joanna Desmidt , Mélanie Berthet , Benoît Quintard , François Druelle

The relative elongation of the digits on the autopods has long been considered as an adaptation for an arboreal lifestyle shared by several tetrapods. In primates, this morphological adaptation constitutes one of the defining characters of the order and is correlated to their enhanced manual and pedal grasping capabilities. However, primates are highly diversified in terms of body mass and locomotor repertoire, and it remains unclear to what extent the elongation of proximal and intermediate phalanges relative to metapodials (i.e., the phalangeal index) correlates with body mass or grasping performances during arboreal locomotion. In this study, we tested the effect of body mass, grasping performance, and phylogeny on the manual and pedal phalangeal indexes in 58 species of nonhuman primates, including strepsirrhines, platyrrhines, and catarrhines. We computed a grasping score as a proxy for grasping performance based on the known locomotor repertoire of each species. We found that body mass negatively correlates with the intrinsic digit proportions of the hand, whereas the grasping score positively correlates with the intrinsic digit proportions of both the hand and foot. Our results highlight the different functional roles of the hand and foot in nonhuman primates. The hand is more influenced by changes in body size (allometric constraints), while the foot primarily functions to anchor to arboreal supports. Moreover, finger elongation appears most critical for enhancing grasping performance in species weighing over 5 kg as the general decrease in power-to-weight ratio and the specific postural adaptations in larger species likely increase locomotor constraints on the forelimb. By building a finer model of the morphofunctional complexes of the hand and foot in primates, linking phalangeal index, body mass, and locomotor repertoire, this comparative study will also help to better understand the evolution of autopodial adaptations in other arboreal models such as in rodents and marsupials.

自动足类动物趾趾的相对伸长一直被认为是对几种四足动物共同的树栖生活方式的一种适应。在灵长类动物中，这种形态适应构成了该目的定义特征之一，并与它们增强的手动和脚踏抓取能力有关。然而，灵长类动物在体重和运动能力方面高度多样化，目前尚不清楚近端和中间指骨相对于跖骨的伸长（即指骨指数）在多大程度上与树木运动时的体重或抓取性能相关。在这项研究中，我们测试了58种非人灵长类动物的体重、抓握能力和系统发育对手指骨和脚指骨指数的影响，包括链鼻猴、白颈鼻猴和卡他鼻猴。我们计算了一个抓取分数作为抓取性能的代理基于已知的运动技能的每个物种。我们发现，身体质量与手的内在数字比例负相关，而抓握得分与手和脚的内在数字比例正相关。我们的研究结果强调了手和脚在非人类灵长类动物中的不同功能角色。手更多地受到身体大小变化（异速生长限制）的影响，而脚的主要功能是锚定在树木的支撑上。此外，在体重超过5公斤的物种中，手指伸长似乎是提高抓握性能的最关键因素，因为大型物种中力量重量比的普遍下降和特定的姿势适应可能会增加前肢的运动限制。通过建立一个更精细的灵长类手足形态功能复合物模型，将指骨指数、体重和运动能力联系起来，这项比较研究也将有助于更好地理解其他树栖动物模型（如啮齿动物和有袋动物）的自足适应进化。

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引用次数: 0

The adaptive function of the human ankle joint complex during walking on uneven terrains with implications for hominin locomotion 人类踝关节复合体在不平坦地形上行走的适应功能及其对人类运动的影响

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103678

Zacchariah M. Apolito , Kevin G. Palmisano , Nicholas B. Holowka

Hominins evolved in a vast diversity of natural environments with terrains that pose different biomechanical challenges, including uneven surfaces that can impact balance control during bipedal walking. Previous experimental research has identified an ‘ankle strategy’ for maintaining balance, wherein motion at the human ankle joint complex (AJC; the subtalar and talocrural joints) is used to help position the foot under the body. However, the role of the ankle strategy during uneven surface walking is currently unknown, and elucidating this role could help us understand the evolution of the hominin AJC and its potential adaptive function in bipedal walking on natural terrains. Here, we collected three-dimensional kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data from 17 human participants who walked barefoot on a flat, even surface and on an uneven surface consisting of tiered blocks of ethylene-vinyl acetate foam, with a repeating 0.8–2.4 cm height variation. We developed linear mixed-effect models, incorporating participant identity as a random effect and walking surface condition as a fixed effect. Type 3 analyses of variance were employed to evaluate differences across surface conditions. On the uneven surface, participants averaged 38% and 28% greater AJC frontal plane ranges of motion and joint moments, respectively, during the first half of the stance phase (p < 0.001) and had greater coactivation between the fibularis longus and tibialis anterior muscles during single-limb support (p < 0.02). These results suggest that AJC mobility is critical for balance on uneven surfaces, and therefore, hominins may have experienced selective pressure to maintain some of the joint compliance of more arboreally adapted ancestors. However, this retained mobility comes with the trade-off of susceptibility to joint injury, meaning that hominins must rely on muscles like the fibularis longus to stabilize the ankle when walking on natural terrains.

古人类是在多种多样的自然环境中进化的，这些自然环境带来了不同的生物力学挑战，包括凹凸不平的表面，这些表面会影响两足行走时的平衡控制。先前的实验研究已经确定了一种维持平衡的“脚踝策略”，其中人类踝关节复合体(AJC；距下关节和距踝关节用于帮助将脚置于身体下方。然而，踝关节策略在不平坦地面行走中的作用目前尚不清楚，阐明这一作用可以帮助我们理解人类AJC的进化及其在自然地形上两足行走时的潜在适应功能。在这里，我们收集了17名参与者的三维运动学、动力学和肌电图数据，他们赤脚行走在平坦、平坦的表面上，以及在由乙烯-醋酸乙烯泡沫分层块组成的不平坦表面上，重复0.8-2.4厘米的高度变化。我们建立了线性混合效应模型，将参与者身份作为随机效应，将步行表面条件作为固定效应。采用3型方差分析来评估不同地表条件下的差异。在不平坦的表面上，参与者在站立阶段的前半段平均AJC正面运动范围和关节力矩分别增加38%和28% (p <；0.001)，并且在单肢支持时，腓骨长肌和胫骨前肌之间有更大的共激活(p <；0.02)。这些结果表明，AJC的移动性对于在不平坦的表面上保持平衡至关重要，因此，古人类可能经历了选择压力，以保持一些更适应树栖的祖先的关节顺应性。然而，这种保持灵活性的代价是易受关节损伤的影响，这意味着古人类在自然地形上行走时必须依靠长腓骨等肌肉来稳定脚踝。

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引用次数: 0