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Dental microwear and diets of mainland fossil Pongo from the Mid-Pleistocene of southern China 中国南方中更新世大陆庞戈化石的牙齿显微磨损和饮食。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103565
Yaobin Fan , Leah K. Fehringer , Wei Liao , Hua Liang , Wei Wang , Peter S. Ungar
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引用次数: 0
Dental remains of Plio–Pleistocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Romania 罗马尼亚上新世栉齿科(哺乳纲:灵长目)的牙齿遗骸
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103544
Cristina Stan , Virgil Drăgușin , Ștefan Vasile , Márton Venczel , Claire E. Terhune

The superfamily Cercopithecoidea had a broad spatial distribution and occupied a wide variety of habitats across Europe from the Late Miocene until the Middle Pleistocene. Cercopithecines, such as macaques, showed more flexibility in habitat preferences, whereas colobines tended to be more sensitive to environmental differences. In Romania, only a few Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil sites have yielded primate remains. In this paper, we revise selected specimens previously listed in site reviews, and we describe several unpublished specimens from the Plio–Pleistocene fossil localities of Berești (Mammal Neogene [MN], MN14–MN15), Mălușteni (MN14), Ciuperceni-2 (MN15b), and Betfia (MN18). For each, we provide detailed descriptions, comparisons to other relevant material, and updated taxonomic assignments. We also present an updated biochronology and provide a paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on the taxonomic composition of the faunal assemblages described from these primate localities. The colobine monkey Dolichopithecus ruscinensis, from Berești, Mălușteni, and Ciuperceni-2, was present during the Early Pliocene in Romania. Mesopithecus monspessulanus is also known from Mălușteni, as is Paradolichopithecus sp. The Early Pleistocene site Betfia yielded a molar germ (in crypt; Betfia-XIII) and a deciduous premolar (Betfia-IX), both belonging to a Macaca sylvanus subspecies. Macaca sylvanus ssp. occurrences from Betfia-XIII and Betfia-IX offer an important perspective for understanding the chronostratigraphic range and geographic distribution of this species during the Early Pleistocene. The paleoenvironmental descriptions from Ciuperceni-2 show that primates were distributed in a mosaic habitat, with open and forested areas and a warm Mediterranean climate. This differs from Mălușteni, Berești, and Betfia, where a dry continental phase with an open landscape is inferred. Our review of paleoenvironmental conditions of Romanian primate localities provides a paleoecological framework for understanding the habitat preferences of extinct primates.

从晚中新世到中更新世,猕猴科超科动物在欧洲有着广泛的空间分布,占据着各种各样的栖息地。猕猴等栉猴科动物对栖息地的偏好更具灵活性,而疣猴科动物则对环境差异更为敏感。在罗马尼亚,只有少数上新世和更新世的化石遗址出土了灵长类动物的遗骸。在本文中,我们对之前在遗址回顾中列出的部分标本进行了修订,并描述了来自 Berești (哺乳动物新世 [MN],MN14-MN15)、Mălușteni(MN14)、Ciuperceni-2(MN15b)和 Betfia(MN18)等上新世-更新世化石地点的几个未发表的标本。我们对每种生物都进行了详细描述,与其他相关材料进行了比较,并更新了分类分配。我们还介绍了最新的生物年代学,并根据这些灵长类地点所描述的动物群落的分类组成重建了古环境。来自 Berești、Mălușteni 和 Ciuperceni-2 的疣猴 Dolichopithecus ruscinensis 出现在罗马尼亚的早上新世。早更新世遗址 Betfia 发现了一颗臼齿胚芽(在隐窝中;Betfia-XIII)和一颗落叶前臼齿(Betfia-IX),它们都属于 Macaca sylvanus 亚种。Betfia-XIII 和 Betfia-IX 发现的猕猴亚种为了解该物种在早更新世的年代地层范围和地理分布提供了一个重要的视角。来自 Ciuperceni-2 的古环境描述表明,灵长类动物分布在一个马赛克栖息地,有开阔地和森林地带,气候为温暖的地中海气候。这与默鲁兹泰尼、贝雷兹蒂和贝特菲亚的情况不同,在这些地方,推断出的是干燥的大陆阶段和开阔的地貌。我们对罗马尼亚灵长类动物栖息地古环境条件的回顾为了解已灭绝灵长类动物的栖息地偏好提供了一个古生态学框架。
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引用次数: 0
New records of early Paleocene (earliest Torrejonian) plesiadapiforms from northeastern Montana, USA, provide a window into the diversification of stem primates. 来自美国蒙大拿州东北部的古新世早期(托雷戎纪早期)蝶形目新记录为了解茎灵长类动物的多样化提供了一个窗口。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103500
Brody T Hovatter, Stephen G B Chester, Gregory P Wilson Mantilla

Plesiadapiforms (putative stem primates) appear in the fossil record shortly after the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary and subsequently radiated throughout the Paleocene into a taxonomically and ecomorphologically diverse group. The oldest known plesiadapiforms come from early Puercan (the oldest North American Land Mammal 'age' [NALMA] of the Cenozoic) deposits in northeastern Montana, and all records of Puercan plesiadapiforms are taxonomically restricted to members of the Purgatoriidae and the enigmatic genus Pandemonium. Plesiadapiform diversity substantially increased in the following Torrejonian NALMA, but the sparse record of faunas between the Puercan and the well-known middle and late Torrejonian has hampered our understanding of this important interval in early primate evolution. Here we report new plesiadapiform dental fossils from early Torrejonian (To1) deposits from the Tullock Member of the Fort Union Formation in northeastern Montana that record several poorly known taxa including members of the Purgatoriidae, Paromomyidae and Pandemonium, and that document the largest and most diverse assemblage of To1 plesiadapiforms known. We describe a new species of the purgatoriid Ursolestes (Ursolestes blissorum, sp. nov.) that represents the largest plesiadapiform known from the early Paleocene and, among other taxa, provides additional evidence that the temporal range of purgatoriids extended into the Torrejonian. Large sample sizes of the oldest known paromomyid, Paromomys farrandi, allowed us to document intraspecific variability and one undescribed tooth locus. Our observations illuminate changes in dental morphology of some taxa that occurred in To1 and may inform the acquisition of certain diagnostic plesiadapiform dental characters. We evaluate plesiadapiform species richness, mean body mass and body-mass disparity through the Paleocene and reveal unrecognized levels of richness in To1 and a general trend of stable body mass and body-mass disparity. Our findings contribute to documented patterns of plesiadapiform provincialism in the early Paleocene and shed light on the early stages of their Torrejonian radiation.

白垩纪/古近纪边界之后不久,褶皱类灵长类(假定的干灵长类)出现在化石记录中,随后在整个古近纪辐射成为一个在分类学和形态学上多样化的类群。目前已知的最古老的犁头猿来自蒙大拿州东北部的早期普尔坎(新生代最古老的北美陆地哺乳动物 "时代"[NALMA])沉积物,所有关于普尔坎犁头猿的记录在分类学上都仅限于Purgatoriidae和神秘的Pandemonium属的成员。在随后的托勒戎纪(NALMA)中,栉水母形目动物的多样性大幅增加,但在普尔坎期与众所周知的托勒戎纪中晚期之间的动物群记录稀少,这阻碍了我们对早期灵长类演化过程中这一重要时期的了解。在这里,我们报告了来自蒙大拿州东北部联合堡地层 Tullock 成员早期托勒戎纪(To1)沉积物中的新的犁齿化石,其中记录了几个鲜为人知的类群,包括嘌呤科、鹦嘴科和大戟科的成员,并记录了目前已知的规模最大、种类最丰富的 To1 犁齿化石群。我们描述了嘌呤虫类的一个新种 Ursolestes(Ursolestes blissorum,新种),它代表了古新世早期已知的最大的褶皱蝶形目,并与其他类群一起提供了更多证据,证明嘌呤虫类的时间范围延伸到了托里戎纪。我们对已知最古老的副颌类动物 Paromomys farrandi 进行了大量取样,从而记录了其种内变异性和一个未被描述的牙齿位点。我们的观察结果揭示了一些类群的牙齿形态在 To1 中发生的变化,并可能为获得某些具有诊断意义的 plesiadapiform 牙齿特征提供了信息。我们评估了古新世中犁头形类的物种丰富度、平均体重和体重差异,发现了 To1 中未被认识到的丰富程度,以及体重和体重差异稳定的总体趋势。我们的研究结果为古新世早期犁头形类的省区化模式提供了资料,并揭示了其托里霍尼亚辐射的早期阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Postcranial evidence does not support habitual bipedalism in Sahelanthropus tchadensis: A reply to Daver et al. (2022). 颅后证据不支持乍得萨赫勒人的惯性两足运动:对 Daver 等人(2022 年)的答复。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103557
Marine Cazenave, Marta Pina, Ashley S Hammond, Madelaine Böhme, David R Begun, Nikolai Spassov, Alessandra Vecino Gazabón, Clément Zanolli, Aude Bergeret-Medina, Damiano Marchi, Roberto Macchiarelli, Bernard Wood
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引用次数: 0
A new primate community from the earliest Oligocene of the Atlantic margin of Northwest Africa: Systematic, paleobiogeographic, and paleoenvironmental implications 西北非洲大西洋边缘最早渐新世的一个新灵长类群落:系统、古生物地理学和古环境的影响
IF 3.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103548
Laurent Marivaux , Mohamed Benammi , Lahssen Baidder , Omar Saddiqi , Sylvain Adnet , Anne-Lise Charruault , Rodolphe Tabuce , Johan Yans , Mouloud Benammi

We report a new Paleogene primate community discovered in the uppermost part of the Samlat Formation outcropping on the continental shore of the Rio de Oro, east of the Dakhla peninsula (in the south of Morocco, near the northern border of Mauritania). Fossils consist of isolated teeth, which were extracted by wet screening of estuarine sediments (DAK C2) dating from the earliest Oligocene (ca. 33.5 Ma). These dental remains testify to the presence of at least eight primate species, documenting distinct families, four of which are among the Anthropoidea (Oligopithecidae [Catopithecus aff. browni], Propliopithecidae [?Propliopithecus sp.], Parapithecidae [Abuqatrania cf. basiodontos], and Afrotarsiidae [Afrotarsius sp.]) and four in the Strepsirrhini (a Djebelemuridae [cf. ‘Anchomomysmilleri], a Galagidae [Wadilemur cf. elegans], a possible lorisiform [Orogalago saintexuperyi gen. et sp. nov.], and a strepsirrhine of indeterminate affinities [Orolemur mermozi gen. et sp. nov.]). This record of various primates at Dakhla represents the first Oligocene primate community from Northwest Africa, especially from the Atlantic margin of that landmass. Considering primates plus rodents (especially hystricognaths), the taxonomic proximity at the generic (even specific) level between DAK C2 (Dakhla) and the famous Egyptian fossil-bearing localities of the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Fayum Depression), either dating from the latest Eocene (L-41) or from the early Oligocene, suggests the existence of an east–west ‘trans-North African’ environmental continuum during the latest Eocene–earliest Oligocene time interval. The particularly diverse mammal fauna from DAK C2, recorded within the time window of global climate deterioration characterizing the Eocene/Oligocene transition, suggests that this tropical region of northwest Africa was seemingly less affected, if at all, by the cooling and associated paleoenvironmental and biotic changes documented at that time or at least that the effects were delayed. The expected densely forested paleoenvironment bordering the western margin of North Africa at the beginning of the early Oligocene probably offered better tropical refugia than higher latitudes or more inland areas during the cooling episode.

我们报告了在达赫拉半岛东部(摩洛哥南部,靠近毛里塔尼亚北部边界)里奥德奥罗大陆海岸出露的萨姆拉特地层最上层发现的一个新的古新世灵长类群落。化石由孤立的牙齿组成,这些牙齿是通过对河口沉积物(DAK C2)进行湿法筛选提取的,可追溯到最早的渐新世(约 33.5 千兆年)。这些牙齿残骸证明了至少八个灵长类物种的存在,记录了不同的科,其中四个属于Anthropoidea科(Oligopithecidae[Catopithecus aff. browni]、Propliopithecidae[?Propliopithecus sp.]、Parapithecidae[Abuqatrania cf. basiodontos]和Afrotarsiidae[Afrotarsius sp.)和四种链臀目动物(一种 Djebelemuridae [cf. 'Anchomys' milleri]、一种 Galagidae [Wadilemur cf. elegans]、一种可能的长尾猴[Orogalago saintexuperyi gen. et sp. nov.]和一种亲缘关系不明的链臀目动物[Orolemur mermozi gen. et sp. nov.])。达赫拉各种灵长类动物的这一记录代表了非洲西北部,特别是该大陆大西洋边缘地区的第一个渐新世灵长类群落。考虑到灵长类动物和啮齿类动物(尤其是歇后腿类),DAK C2(达赫拉)与埃及著名的杰贝勒卡特拉尼地层(法尤姆洼地)化石产地(可追溯到始新世晚期(L-41)或渐新世早期)之间在类属(甚至特异)分类学层面的相似性表明,在始新世晚期至渐新世早期的时间间隔内,存在着一个东西向的 "横跨北非 "环境连续体。在始新世/渐新世过渡时期全球气候恶化的时间窗口内记录的 DAK C2 哺乳动物群特别多样化,这表明非洲西北部的这一热带地区受到当时记录的降温及相关古环境和生物变化的影响似乎较小,或者至少是延迟了。在渐新世早期,北非西缘预计的森林茂密的古环境可能比高纬度或内陆地区在降温过程中提供了更好的热带避难所。
{"title":"A new primate community from the earliest Oligocene of the Atlantic margin of Northwest Africa: Systematic, paleobiogeographic, and paleoenvironmental implications","authors":"Laurent Marivaux ,&nbsp;Mohamed Benammi ,&nbsp;Lahssen Baidder ,&nbsp;Omar Saddiqi ,&nbsp;Sylvain Adnet ,&nbsp;Anne-Lise Charruault ,&nbsp;Rodolphe Tabuce ,&nbsp;Johan Yans ,&nbsp;Mouloud Benammi","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report a new Paleogene primate community discovered in the uppermost part of the Samlat Formation outcropping on the continental shore of the Rio de Oro, east of the Dakhla peninsula (in the south of Morocco, near the northern border of Mauritania). Fossils consist of isolated teeth, which were extracted by wet screening of estuarine sediments (DAK C<sub>2</sub>) dating from the earliest Oligocene (ca. 33.5 Ma). These dental remains testify to the presence of at least eight primate species, documenting distinct families, four of which are among the Anthropoidea (Oligopithecidae [<em>Catopithecus</em> aff. <em>browni</em>], Propliopithecidae [?<em>Propliopithecus</em> sp.], Parapithecidae [<em>Abuqatrania</em> cf. <em>basiodontos</em>], and Afrotarsiidae [<em>Afrotarsius</em> sp.]) and four in the Strepsirrhini (a Djebelemuridae [cf. ‘<em>Anchomomys</em>’ <em>milleri</em>], a Galagidae [<em>Wadilemur</em> cf. <em>elegans</em>], a possible lorisiform [<em>Orogalago saintexuperyi</em> gen. et sp. nov.], and a strepsirrhine of indeterminate affinities [<em>Orolemur mermozi</em> gen. et sp. nov.]). This record of various primates at Dakhla represents the first Oligocene primate community from Northwest Africa, especially from the Atlantic margin of that landmass. Considering primates plus rodents (especially hystricognaths), the taxonomic proximity at the generic (even specific) level between DAK C<sub>2</sub> (Dakhla) and the famous Egyptian fossil-bearing localities of the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Fayum Depression), either dating from the latest Eocene (L-41) or from the early Oligocene, suggests the existence of an east–west ‘trans-North African’ environmental continuum during the latest Eocene–earliest Oligocene time interval. The particularly diverse mammal fauna from DAK C<sub>2</sub>, recorded within the time window of global climate deterioration characterizing the Eocene/Oligocene transition, suggests that this tropical region of northwest Africa was seemingly less affected, if at all, by the cooling and associated paleoenvironmental and biotic changes documented at that time or at least that the effects were delayed. The expected densely forested paleoenvironment bordering the western margin of North Africa at the beginning of the early Oligocene probably offered better tropical refugia than higher latitudes or more inland areas during the cooling episode.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 103548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248424000563/pdfft?md5=ad5a4e4e501b80ebb652c149521b7522&pid=1-s2.0-S0047248424000563-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Consumption of underground storage organs is associated with improved energetic status in a graminivorous primate 食用地下贮藏器官与改善食草灵长类动物的能量状况有关
IF 3.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103545
Rachel F. Perlman , Jacinta C. Beehner , Andreas Koenig , Amy Lu

Early hominin species likely had access to open, grassy habitats where periodic reliance on underground storage organs (USOs) is hypothesized to have played a crucial dietary role. As the only living graminivorous primate today, geladas (Theropithecus gelada) provide a unique perspective for understanding the energetic consequences of seasonal consumption of USOs. Geladas rely heavily on above-ground grasses throughout the year, but when grass is seasonally less available, they feed more on USOs. To assess whether USOs fit the definition of fallback foods (i.e., foods that are difficult to access, less preferred, or both), we examined how foraging effort (measured via time spent feeding and moving) and energetic status (measured via urinary C-peptide) fluctuated during seasonal dietary changes in a population of wild geladas in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. If, indeed, USOs are fallback foods, we predicted an increase in foraging effort and a decline in energetic status during the dry season, when geladas rely more heavily on USOs. We collected behavioral and physiological data from 13 adult gelada males across a 13-month period. As expected, we found that male geladas spent more time moving during drier months. However, counter to the hypothesis that USOs are fallback foods in geladas, urinary C-peptide concentrations were significantly higher during the dry season. We suggest that USOs may represent an energy-rich food item for geladas, but it remains unclear why USOs are not consumed year-round. Future work is needed to better understand seasonal variation in the availability, nutrient content, and digestibility of USOs. However, results indicate that exploiting USOs seasonally could have been a valuable dietary strategy for the evolutionary success of early hominins.

据推测,早期的类人猿很可能有机会进入开阔的草地栖息地,在那里,对地下储藏器官(USO)的周期性依赖起到了至关重要的饮食作用。作为当今唯一活着的食草灵长类动物,狮尾狒狒(Theropithecus gelada)提供了一个独特的视角来理解季节性食用地下储藏器官对能量的影响。狮尾狒全年都非常依赖地面上的草,但当草的供应季节性减少时,它们就会更多地以USO为食。为了评估USO是否符合后备食物的定义(即难以获得、不太受青睐或两者兼而有之的食物),我们研究了埃塞俄比亚西米恩山国家公园的一个野生豚鼠种群在季节性食物变化期间的觅食努力(通过觅食和移动所花费的时间来衡量)和能量状态(通过尿液中的C肽来衡量)是如何波动的。如果USO确实是后备食物,那么我们预测在旱季羚类更依赖USO时,觅食努力会增加,能量状态会下降。我们收集了 13 只成年雄性狮尾狒在 13 个月期间的行为和生理数据。不出所料,我们发现雄性狮尾狒狒在较干旱的月份花费了更多的时间活动。然而,与USO是狮尾狒的后备食物这一假设相反,尿液中的C肽浓度在旱季明显更高。我们认为,USO可能是明胶的一种富含能量的食物,但目前仍不清楚为什么USO不是全年都被食用。未来的工作需要更好地了解USOs的可用性、营养成分和消化率的季节性变化。然而,研究结果表明,季节性地利用USOs可能是早期类人猿进化成功的一种有价值的饮食策略。
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引用次数: 0
An ape partial postcranial skeleton (KNM-NP 64631) from the Middle Miocene of Napudet, northern Kenya 肯尼亚北部纳普代中新世的一具猿类部分颅后骨骼(KNM-NP 64631)
IF 3.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103519
Gabrielle A. Russo , Thomas C. Prang , Faye R. McGechie , Sharon Kuo , Carol V. Ward , Craig Feibel , Isaiah O. Nengo

An ape partial postcranial skeleton (KNM-NP 64631) was recovered during the 2015–2021 field seasons at Napudet, a Middle Miocene (∼13 Ma) locality in northern Kenya. Bony elements representing the shoulder, elbow, hip, and ankle joints, thoracic and lumbar vertebral column, and hands and feet, offer valuable new information about the body plan and positional behaviors of Middle Miocene apes. Body mass estimates from femoral head dimensions suggest that the KNM-NP 64631 individual was smaller-bodied (c. 13–17 kg) than some Miocene taxa from eastern Africa, including Ekembo nyanzae, and probably Equatorius africanus or Kenyapithecus wickeri, and was more comparable to smaller-bodied male Nacholapithecus kerioi individuals. Similar to many Miocene apes, the KNM-NP 64631 individual had hip and hallucal tarsometatarsal joints reflecting habitual hindlimb loading in a variety of postures, a distal tibia with a large medial malleolus, an inflated humeral capitulum, probably a long lumbar spine, and a long pollical proximal phalanx relative to femoral head dimensions. The KNM-NP 64631 individual departs from most Early Miocene apes in its possession of a more steeply beveled radial head and deeper humeral zona conoidea, reflecting enhanced supinating–pronating abilities at the humeroradial joint. The KNM-NP 64631 individual also differs from Early Miocene Ekembo heseloni in having a larger elbow joint (inferred from radial head size) relative to the mediolateral width of the lumbar vertebral bodies and a more asymmetrical talar trochlea, and in these ways recalls inferred joint proportions for, and talocrural morphology of, N. kerioi. Compared to most Early Miocene apes, the KNM-NP 64631 individual likely relied on more forelimb-dominated arboreal behaviors, perhaps including vertical climbing (e.g., extended elbow, hoisting). Moreover, the Napudet ape partial postcranial skeleton suggests that an arboreally adapted body plan characterized by relatively large (here, based on joint size) forelimbs, but lacking orthograde suspensory adaptations, may not have been ‘unusual’ among Middle Miocene apes.

2015-2021 年野外考察季节期间,在肯尼亚北部中新世(13 Ma ∼ 13 Ma)的纳普德特(Napudet)发现了一具猿人部分颅后骨骼(KNM-NP 64631)。代表肩关节、肘关节、髋关节和踝关节、胸椎和腰椎以及手和脚的骨骼元素为了解中新世类人猿的身体计划和位置行为提供了宝贵的新信息。根据股骨头尺寸估算的体重表明,KNM-NP 64631个体比非洲东部的一些中新世类群(包括Ekembo nyanzae和可能的Equatorius africanus或Kenyapithecus wickeri)体型要小(约13-17千克),与体型较小的雄性Nacholapithecus kerioi个体更相近。与许多中新世类人猿相似,KNM-NP 64631个体的髋关节和跖跗关节反映了各种姿势下后肢的惯性负荷,胫骨远端有一个大的内侧踝骨,肱骨岬膨大,腰椎可能较长,相对于股骨头的尺寸,花骨近节指骨较长。KNM-NP 64631个体与大多数早中新世类人猿不同,它的桡骨头斜面更陡,肱骨内侧带更深,这反映出肱骨桡侧关节具有更强的上屈能力。KNM-NP 64631个体与早中新世的Ekembo heseloni个体也不同,它的肘关节(根据桡骨头的大小推断)相对于腰椎体的中外侧宽度更大,距骨蹄铁也更不对称,这些都回顾了N. kerioi的推断关节比例和距骨形态。与大多数早中新世猿类相比,KNM-NP 64631 个体可能更依赖于前肢为主的树栖行为,也许包括垂直攀爬(如伸肘、吊起)。此外,Napudet 猿的部分颅后骨骼表明,以相对较大(此处根据关节大小)的前肢为特征、但缺乏直立悬挂适应性的树栖适应性身体计划在中新世猿类中可能并不 "罕见"。
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引用次数: 0
Hominin turnover at Laetoli is associated with vegetation change: Multiproxy evidence from the large herbivore community 拉埃托利的古人类更替与植被变化有关:来自大型食草动物群落的多代证据
IF 3.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103546
Elizabeth N. Fillion , Terry Harrison

Vegetation change in eastern Africa during the Pliocene would have had an important impact on hominin adaptation and ecology, and it may have been a key driver of hominin macroevolution, including the extinction of Australopithecus and the emergence of Paranthropus and Homo. The Pliocene paleoanthropological site of Laetoli in Tanzania provides an opportunity to investigate the relationship between vegetation change and hominin turnover because it encompasses the time period when grass cover was spreading across eastern Africa and because hominin species turnover occurred locally at Laetoli, with Paranthropus aethiopicus in the Upper Ndolanya Beds (UNB) replacing Australopithecus afarensis in the Upper Laetolil Beds (ULB). However, it remains unresolved how the vegetation of the UNB and the ULB differed from each other. To examine differences between the two stratigraphic units, multiple proxies—hypsodonty, mesowear, and stable carbon isotopes of tooth enamel (δ13Cenamel)—are used to infer the diets of large herbivores and compare the dietary guild structure of the large herbivore communities. All three proxies indicate an increase in the abrasiveness and C4-content in the diets of the large herbivores in the UNB relative to those in the ULB. After inferring the diets of species based on all three proxies, the large herbivore community of the UNB had a greater proportion of grazers and a smaller proportion of mixed feeders than in the ULB but maintained a similar proportion of browsers and frugivores. The ULB community has few modern-day analogs, whereas the UNB community is most closely analogous to those in modern African grasslands. Thus, hominin turnover at Laetoli is associated with an increase in grass cover within a woodland-grassland mosaic and is part of a broader transformation of the herbivore community structure.

上新世时期非洲东部的植被变化会对类人猿的适应性和生态学产生重要影响,它可能是类人猿宏观进化的一个关键驱动因素,包括澳洲原始人的灭绝以及古人类和智人的出现。坦桑尼亚上新世古人类遗址拉埃托利(Laetoli)为研究植被变化与类人猿更替之间的关系提供了一个机会,因为它所处的时期正是草覆盖在整个非洲东部蔓延的时期,而且在拉埃托利,类人猿的物种更替发生在局部地区,上恩多拉尼亚岩床(UNB)的古人类取代了上拉埃托利岩床(ULB)的澳洲人猿。然而,UNB 和 ULB 的植被有何不同仍未解决。为了研究这两个地层单元之间的差异,研究人员使用了多种代用指标--髋臼齿、介齿和牙釉质的稳定碳同位素(δ13Cenamel)--来推断大型食草动物的食性,并比较大型食草动物群落的食性结构。这三种代用指标都表明,相对于超低海拔地区,联合国科教文组织大型食草动物食物的磨蚀性和C4含量都有所增加。根据这三种代用指标推断物种的食性后,与 ULB 相比,UNB 大型食草动物群落中食草动物的比例较大,混食动物的比例较小,但食草动物和俭食动物的比例相近。ULB群落在现代几乎没有类似的群落,而UNB群落与现代非洲草原上的群落最为相似。因此,拉埃托利的类人更替与林地-草地镶嵌中草覆盖率的增加有关,是食草动物群落结构更广泛转变的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Virtual reconstruction and geometric morphometric analysis of the Kocabaş hominin fossil from Turkey: Implications for taxonomy and evolutionary significance 土耳其科卡巴斯人化石的虚拟重建和几何形态分析:对分类学和进化意义的影响
IF 3.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103517
Tommaso Mori , Alessandro Riga , Ahmet Ihsan Aytek , Katerina Harvati

The Kocabaş specimen comes from a travertine quarry near the homonymous village in the Denizli basin (Turkey). The specimen comprises three main fragments: portions of the right and left parietal and left and right parts of the frontal bone. The fossil was assumed to belong to the Homo erectus s.l. hypodigm by some authors, whereas others see similarities with Middle Pleistocene fossils (Broken Hill 1/Kabwe, Bodo, or Ceprano). Here, we present the first attempt to make a complete reconstruction of the missing medial portion of the frontal bone and a comprehensive geometric morphometric analysis of this bone. We restored the calotte by aligning and mirroring the three preserved fragments. Afterward, we restored the missing portion by applying the thin-plate spline interpolation algorithm of target fossils onto the reconstructed Kocabaş specimen. For the geometric morphometric analyses, we collected 80 landmarks on the frontal bone (11 osteometric points, 14 bilateral curve semilandmarks, and 41 surface semilandmarks). The comparative sample includes 21 fossils from different chronological periods and geographical areas and 30 adult modern humans from different populations. Shape analyses highlighted the presence in Kocabaş of features usually related to Middle Pleistocene Homo, such as a developed supraorbital torus associated with a relatively short frontal squama and reduced post-toral sulcus. Cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis classification procedure suggest Kocabaş being part of the same taxonomic unit of Eurasian and African Middle Pleistocene Homo. In light of our results, we consider that attributing the Kocabaş hominin to H. erectus s.l. may be unwarranted. Results of our analyses are compatible with different evolutionary scenarios, but a more precise chronological framework is needed for a thorough discussion of the evolutionary significance of this specimen. Future work should clarify its geological age, given uncertainties regarding its stratigraphic provenance.

科卡巴什标本来自土耳其代尼兹利盆地同名村庄附近的一个石灰岩采石场。标本包括三个主要部分:左右顶骨和左右额骨部分。一些学者认为该化石属于直立人的下标,而另一些学者则认为该化石与中更新世的化石(布罗肯山 1/卡布韦、博多或塞普拉诺)有相似之处。在这里,我们首次尝试对缺失的额骨内侧部分进行完整的重建,并对该骨骼进行了全面的几何形态分析。我们通过对齐和镜像三块保存下来的碎片,复原了卡洛特。之后,我们将目标化石的薄板样条插值算法应用到重建的科卡巴什标本上,恢复了缺失的部分。为了进行几何形态分析,我们在额骨上收集了 80 个地标(11 个骨测点、14 个双侧曲线半地标和 41 个表面半地标)。比较样本包括 21 个来自不同年代和地理区域的化石和 30 个来自不同人群的成年现代人。形状分析突出显示了科卡巴什身上通常与中更新世智人有关的特征,如发达的眶上环与相对较短的额鳞和减少的口后沟。聚类分析和线性判别分析分类程序表明,科卡巴什属于欧亚和非洲中更新世智人的同一分类单元。根据我们的研究结果,我们认为把科卡巴斯人类归属于直立人可能是没有根据的。我们的分析结果与不同的进化方案是一致的,但要彻底讨论该标本的进化意义,还需要一个更精确的年代学框架。鉴于其地层来源的不确定性,未来的工作应该明确其地质年龄。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating ancestral ranges and biogeographical processes in early hominins 估算早期类人猿的祖先活动范围和生物地理过程
IF 3.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103547
Yeganeh Sekhavati , David Strait

Historical biogeography provides crucial insights into understanding the evolutionary history of hominins. We applied maximum-likelihood and biogeographical stochastic mapping to infer the ancestral ranges of hominins and estimate the frequency of biogeographical events. These events were inferred using two time-calibrated phylogenetic trees that differ in the position of Australopithecus sediba. Results suggest that regardless of which phylogeny was selected, Northcentral Africa was the preferred ancestral region for the ancestor of the HomoPan clade, as well as the ancestor of Sahelanthropus and later hominins. The northern and middle part of eastern Africa was the preferred ancestral region for several clades originating at subsequent deep nodes of the trees (∼5–4 Ma). The choice of tree topology had one important effect on results: whether hominin ancestors appearing after ∼4 Ma were widespread or endemic. These different patterns highlight the biogeographic significance of the phylogenetic relationships of A. sediba. Overall, the results showed that dispersal, local extinction, and sympatry played vital roles in creating the hominin distribution, whereas vicariance and jump dispersal were not as common. The results suggested symmetry in the directionality of dispersals. Distance probably influenced how rapidly taxa colonized a new region, and dispersals often followed the closest path. These findings are potentially impacted by the imperfection of the fossil record, suggesting that the results should be interpreted cautiously.

历史生物地理学为了解类人猿的进化史提供了至关重要的见解。我们应用最大似然法和生物地理随机图谱推断了类人猿的祖先分布范围,并估算了生物地理事件发生的频率。这些事件是利用两棵经时间校准的系统发生树推断出来的,这两棵树中澳黑猩猩(Australopithecus sediba)的位置不同。结果表明,无论选择哪种系统发育,非洲中北部都是泛智人支系祖先以及萨赫勒人猿和后来的人猿祖先的首选祖先地区。东非北部和中部是起源于其后树的深节点(5~4 Ma)的几个支系的首选祖先地区。树拓扑结构的选择对结果有一个重要的影响:在 ∼4 Ma 之后出现的类人祖先是广布的还是地方性的。这些不同的模式凸显了A. sediba系统发育关系的生物地理学意义。总之,研究结果表明,扩散、局部灭绝和共生在形成类人猿分布的过程中发挥了重要作用,而沧海桑田和跳跃扩散则不那么常见。结果表明,扩散的方向具有对称性。距离可能会影响类群在新地区定居的速度,而散布通常遵循最近的路径。这些发现可能会受到化石记录不完善的影响,因此应谨慎解释这些结果。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Human Evolution
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