Journal of Human Evolution最新文献_第3页

Acetabular orientation, pelvic shape, and the evolution of hominin bipedality

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103633

Austin B. Lawrence , Ashley S. Hammond , Carol V. Ward

Hominin pelvic form differs dramatically from that of other primates by having more laterally facing iliac blades, a wider sacrum, and a larger, transversely broad pelvic inlet. The orientation of the acetabulum may also differ, plausibly related to differences in load transmission during upright posture and habitual bipedal locomotion, which may, in turn, affect overall pelvic geometry. We compared acetabular orientation in humans, a phylogenetically broad sample of extant anthropoid primates, and fossil hominins including Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288–1, KSD-VP-1/1), Australopithecus africanus (Sts 14), Australopithecus sediba (MH2), and Homo neanderthalensis (Kebara 2). We measured the three-dimensional orientation of the acetabulum on in silico models of individual hipbones aligned to the median plane by registering models to landmark coordinates on articulated pelves. Humans and fossil hominins both possess significantly more ventrally opening acetabula than other extant anthropoids, which exhibit laterally facing acetabula. The orientation of the hominin acetabulum was essentially humanlike by at least 3.6 Ma, well before the appearance of other unique features in the pelvis of Homo that may be associated with long-distance walking or running, thermoregulation, parturition, and larger body size in this genus. These results suggest that the ventral orientation of the acetabulum is a key component in the suite of pelvic characteristics related to habitual bipedality in hominins and should be considered in future analyses of hominin pelvic morphology.

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引用次数: 0

Taxonomic revision of the SK 15 mandible based on bone and tooth structural organization 基于骨和牙齿结构组织的sk15下颌骨分类修正。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103634

Clément Zanolli , Jean-Jacques Hublin , Ottmar Kullmer , Friedemann Schrenk , Lazarus Kgasi , Mirriam Tawane , Song Xing

The hominin mandible SK 15 was discovered in April 1949 in Swartkrans Member 2, dated to ∼1.4 Ma. Albeit distorted on the right side, the left and right corpus of SK 15 are relatively low and thick, even compared to most Early to Middle Pleistocene Homo specimens. It preserves the left molar row and the right M₂ and M₃ that show a distalward increase in mesiodistal diameter. SK 15 was originally attributed to Telanthropus capensis but is now generally attributed to Homo erectus/Homo ergaster, even if it was previously suggested to possibly belong to Australopithecus. Similarities between SK 15 and Homo naledi mandible and tooth morphology were also claimed. To clarify the taxonomy of SK 15, we used X-ray microtomography to investigate aspects of bone and tooth structural organization. Geometric morphometric analyses of the dental arcade shape, mandible symphysis outline, and the M₂ and M₃ enamel-dentine junction shape were conducted. For mandibular symphysis shape, SK 15 exhibits an australopith signal, whereas for both the dental arcade and enamel-dentine junction analyses, the specimen is statistically classified as Paranthropus. Altogether, the results show that SK 15 unambiguously falls outside the variation of H. erectus/H. ergaster and that it is most compatible with the morphology of Paranthropus, albeit showing smaller dimensions and an absence of some dental morphological features (e.g., developed protostylid, distally tapering M₃, short molar roots) typically found in specimens of Paranthropus aethiopicus, Paranthropus boisei, and Paranthropus robustus. In particular, SK 15 differs markedly in size and morphology from mandibular remains of P. robustus from Swartkrans Member 2. We thus tentatively attribute SK 15 to Paranthropus capensis, a more gracile species of Paranthropus than the other three currently recognized species of this genus and discuss the implications for the existence of another species of Paranthropus in southern Africa during the Early Pleistocene.

人类下颌骨sk15于1949年4月在Swartkrans成员2中被发现，其年代为1.4 Ma。尽管右侧扭曲，但SK 15的左右体相对较低且较厚，甚至与大多数早更新世至中更新世的人属标本相比也是如此。它保留了左磨牙排和右M2和M3，显示中远端直径向远处增加。SK 15最初被认为是Telanthropus capensis，但现在通常被认为是直立人/直立人，即使它之前被认为可能属于南方古猿。sk15和纳莱迪人的下颌骨和牙齿形态也有相似之处。为了明确sk15的分类，我们使用x射线显微断层扫描研究骨和牙齿结构组织的各个方面。对牙弓形状、下颌骨联合轮廓、M2和M3牙釉质交界处形状进行几何形态学分析。对于下颌联合的形状，SK 15显示出南方古猿的信号，而对于牙齿拱廊和牙釉质-牙本质连接的分析，该标本在统计上被归类为傍人。总之，结果表明sk15明确地落在H. erectus/H的变异之外。尽管尺寸较小，并且缺少一些通常在aethiopicus Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus和robustus Paranthropus标本中发现的牙齿形态特征（例如发达的原柱茎，远端逐渐变细的M3，短的臼齿根），但它与Paranthropus的形态最一致。特别是，SK 15在大小和形态上与来自Swartkrans成员2的P. robustus下颌遗骸有明显不同。因此，我们暂时将SK 15归为傍人猿人（Paranthropus capensis），这是一种比目前已知的该属其他三个种更纤细的傍人猿人，并讨论了早更新世在南部非洲存在的另一种傍人猿人的意义。

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引用次数: 0

An assessment of puberty status in adolescents from the European Upper Paleolithic 对欧洲旧石器时代上层青少年青春期状况的评估。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103577

Mary E. Lewis , Jennifer C. French , Elena Rossoni-Notter , Olivier Notter , Abdelkader Moussous , Vitale Sparacello , Francesco Boschin , Stefano Ricci , April Nowell

Childhood and adolescence are two life-history stages that are either unique to humans, or significantly expanded in the human life course relative to other primates. While recent studies have deepened our knowledge of childhood in the Upper Paleolithic, adolescence in this period remains understudied. Here, we use bioarchaeological maturational markers to estimate puberty status of 13 Upper Paleolithic adolescents from sites in Russia, Czechia, and Italy to 1) evaluate the feasibility of the application of bioarchaeological puberty assessment methods to Upper Paleolithic (Homo sapiens) skeletal individuals, 2) estimate the timing and tempo of puberty in Upper Paleolithic adolescents compared to other archaeological populations analyzed using the same method, and 3) characterize adolescence in the Upper Paleolithic by contextualizing the results of this puberty assessment with data on individual and population-level health, morbidity and burial practices. Our results revealed that while puberty had begun by 13.5 years of age for the majority of individuals, there was a lot of variability, with the adolescents from Arene Candide (AC1 and AC16), both aged around 16 years when they died, taking several years longer to progress through puberty than their peers. Assessing the age of menarche was challenging due to the paucity of female adolescents, but based on the available evidence, it appears to have occurred between 16 and 17 years of age. For some, full adulthood had been achieved by 17–22 years, similar to the patterns seen in modern wealthy countries and in advance of historic populations living in urbanized environments. The bioarchaeological analysis of puberty among Upper Paleolithic adolescents has important implications for the study of the emergence of adolescence within human-life histories, as well as for understanding the developmental plasticity of sexual maturation across past and present human populations.

童年和青春期是人类独有的两个生命史阶段，或者说，相对于其他灵长类动物，人类的生命历程在这两个阶段有了显著的扩展。最近的研究加深了我们对旧石器时代上层的童年的了解，但对这一时期的青春期的研究仍然不足。在这里，我们利用生物考古学成熟标志物来估计俄罗斯、捷克和意大利遗址中 13 个旧石器时代上层青少年的青春期状况，以 1) 评估将生物考古学青春期评估方法应用于旧石器时代上层（智人）骨骼个体的可行性、2）与使用相同方法分析的其他考古人群相比，估计旧石器时代上层青少年的青春期时间和节奏；以及 3）通过将青春期评估结果与个体和人群的健康、发病率和丧葬习俗数据相结合，描述旧石器时代上层的青春期特征。我们的研究结果表明，虽然大多数人的青春期在 13.5 岁时就已开始，但也存在很大的差异，阿雷内-坎迪德的青少年（AC1 和 AC16）死亡时年龄都在 16 岁左右，他们的青春期比同龄人长好几年。由于女性青少年很少，评估初潮年龄具有挑战性，但根据现有证据，初潮似乎发生在 16 至 17 岁之间。有些人在 17-22 岁时已经完全成年，这与现代富裕国家的情况类似，也比生活在城市化环境中的历史人群提前了。对旧石器时代上层青少年青春期的生物考古学分析对于研究人类生活史中青春期的出现以及了解过去和现在人类性成熟的可塑性发展具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Femoral neck cortical bone distribution in Nacholapithecus from the Middle Miocene of Kenya 肯尼亚中新世中Nacholapithecus股骨颈皮质骨分布。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103617

Yuma Tomizawa , Marta Pina , Yasuhiro Kikuchi , Naoki Morimoto , Masato Nakatsukasa

引用次数: 0

Postcranial evidence does not support habitual bipedalism in Sahelanthropus tchadensis: A reply to Daver et al. (2022) 颅后证据不支持乍得萨赫勒人的惯性两足运动：对 Daver 等人（2022 年）的答复。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103557

Marine Cazenave , Marta Pina , Ashley S. Hammond , Madelaine Böhme , David R. Begun , Nikolai Spassov , Alessandra Vecino Gazabón , Clément Zanolli , Aude Bergeret-Medina , Damiano Marchi , Roberto Macchiarelli , Bernard Wood

引用次数: 0

Phylogenetic comparative analysis of suspensory adaptations in primates 灵长类动物悬挂适应性的系统发育比较分析。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103616

Jeffrey K. Spear

The evolution of suspensory locomotion in primates has been of great interest to biological anthropologists since the early 20th century due to the contentious hypothesis that suspension in hominoids may have been a preadaptation for bipedalism. Studies of fossil hominoids regularly look for traits (or lack thereof) indicative of suspension, but many fossils exhibit potentially confusing mosaics of traits, and there is ongoing debate regarding whether certain traits are truly associated with suspension or whether they might more accurately represent allometric trends, developmental byproducts, or adaptation to cautious climbing. Here, I test the association between 27 morphological traits and forelimb suspension in extant primates using phylogenetically informed comparative methods, a broad comparative sample (nearly 1500 individuals representing 74 genera), and a systematic review of behavioral literature. I find that clavicle length, olecranon length, mediolateral scapula breadth (but not craniocaudal height), and glenoid and scapula spine angle are all strongly associated with suspension. The association is strongest for clavicle and olecranon lengths when the ‘suspensory’ category is highly exclusive, whereas it is strongest for scapula breadth, glenoid angle, and spine angle when the category is highly inclusive (i.e., also including taxa that use only limited amounts of suspension). Humeral head height above the greater tuberosity appears to be associated with nonquadrupedal locomotion generally rather than suspension specifically. Insertions for the biceps and deltoid muscles are significantly more distal in suspensory taxa only when size-standardized by a body size proxy, not when standardized by the length of the load arm. Overall, a majority of hypothesized traits are not actually associated with suspension in a phylogenetic comparative context. Morphological adaptations that do characterize suspension are expressed in a mosaic fashion that depends on the degree of suspension practiced, other behaviors used, and evolutionary history. Most of these traits may be related to an enhanced range of motion at the shoulder.

自 20 世纪初以来，灵长类动物悬挂运动的进化一直是生物人类学家非常感兴趣的问题，因为有一种有争议的假说认为，悬挂运动在类人猿中可能是对两足运动的预先适应。对同类化石的研究经常寻找表明悬挂的特征（或缺乏悬挂的特征），但许多化石表现出可能令人困惑的混合特征，而且关于某些特征是否真的与悬挂有关，或者它们是否更准确地代表了异速趋势、发育副产品或对谨慎攀爬的适应，一直存在争论。在这里，我使用系统发育比较方法、广泛的比较样本（代表 74 个属的近 1500 个个体）以及对行为文献的系统回顾，检验了现存灵长类动物 27 个形态特征与前肢悬垂性之间的关联。我发现，锁骨长度、肩胛骨长度、肩胛骨内外侧宽度（但不包括颅尾高度）以及盂骨和肩胛骨脊柱角度都与悬挂密切相关。当 "悬吊 "类别具有高度排他性时，锁骨和肩胛骨长度的相关性最强，而当该类别具有高度包容性时（即也包括仅使用有限悬吊的类群），肩胛骨宽度、盂角和脊柱角度的相关性最强。大结节上方的肱骨头高度似乎与一般的非四足运动而非具体的悬挂运动有关。在悬挂类群中，肱二头肌和三角肌的插入点明显更远，只有在以体型为标准时才是如此，而不是以负重臂的长度为标准时。总之，在系统发育的比较背景下，大多数假定的特征实际上与悬挂无关。确实是悬浮特征的形态适应性是以一种镶嵌的方式表现出来的，这取决于所实行的悬浮程度、所使用的其他行为以及进化历史。这些特征中的大多数可能与肩部活动范围的增大有关。

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引用次数: 0

Hominin fossil inventory: Quantification and comparison of discrete regional and element representation among early African fossil hominins prior to the emergence of Homo erectus 人类化石清单：直立人出现之前非洲早期人类化石中离散区域和元素代表性的量化与比较。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103615

Ryan T. McRae , Bernard Wood

For all but the past few hundred thousand years, skeletal and dental morphology is the only evidence we have of our extinct ancestors and close hominin relatives. With a few exceptions, most lists of early hominin fossils have been assembled for single sites, formations, or taxa, with little attention paid to how different regions of the skeleton contribute to taxon hypodigms. We recognize there are different ways to divide up the hominin fossil record into taxa, but here, we present an inventory of the fossil evidence for the hypodigms of 14 early African hominin taxa that predate the emergence of Homo erectus. The hypodigms are limited to specimens that have been published and unambiguously attributed to a species. We use a novel, fine-resolution coding scheme that allows us to provide detailed counts of element and subelement abundance by taxon. We then compare the element counts of the taxon hypodigms with each other and with a novel standard based on a perfectly preserved skeleton we refer to as ‘hominin expected.’ The resulting hypodigms generally support commonly held assumptions about the early hominin fossil record (e.g., teeth dominate the hypodigms of all taxa), but they do not support the conventional wisdom that there are differences in the regional representation of the hypodigms of taxa that are found exclusively in eastern versus southern Africa. These data and analyses are a first step in exploring the differences in the composition of early hominin hypodigms. They will allow researchers to focus their comparative research on skeletal regions that are well-represented in the early hominin fossil record, as well as serve as tools for developing and addressing hypodigm-scale hypotheses that are central to our understanding of hominin evolution.

除了过去的几十万年之外，骨骼和牙齿形态是我们所掌握的关于我们已经灭绝的祖先和类人近亲的唯一证据。除少数例外情况外，大多数早期类人化石清单都是针对单一地点、地层或类群编制的，很少关注骨骼的不同区域如何对类群的下位化石做出贡献。我们认识到，将类人化石记录划分为类群有不同的方法，但在这里，我们列出了直立人出现之前 14 个非洲早期类人类群的下位化石证据清单。下鳞片仅限于已经发表并明确归属于某个物种的标本。我们采用了一种新颖的、精细分辨率的编码方案，可以按类群提供元素和亚元素丰度的详细计数。然后，我们将分类群的元素计数与其他分类群进行比较，并与一个基于完美保存的骨骼的新标准进行比较，我们称之为 "预期类人猿"。得出的下位图总体上支持关于早期类人化石记录的普遍假设（例如，牙齿在所有类群的下位图中占主导地位），但它们并不支持传统观点，即只在非洲东部和南部发现的类群的下位图在地区代表性上存在差异。这些数据和分析是探索早期类人下楔组成差异的第一步。它们将使研究人员把比较研究的重点放在早期类人化石记录中代表性较强的骨骼区域，同时也是开发和解决下鳞片尺度假说的工具，而下鳞片尺度假说对我们了解类人的进化至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Maxilla of Siamopithecus eocaenus (Anthropoidea, Primates) from the Paleogene of Krabi, Thailand, and its taxonomic status 泰国甲米古近纪Siamopithecus eocaenus（类人猿，灵长类）的上颌骨及其分类学地位。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103614

Yaowalak Chaimanee , Sasa-On Khansubha , Olivier Chavasseau , Arnaud Mazurier , Jean-Jacques Jaeger

Detailed descriptions of the maxillae of Siamopithecus eocaenus, discovered from the latest Eocene/earliest Oligocene lignite mine in the Krabi basin of Peninsular Thailand, are presented. They include the morphology of P³–M³, the palate, a partial orbital region, and the zygomatic root. The specimen exhibits distinctive dental features including a single-rooted P² alveolus, a protocone on the P³ and P⁴, and a true hypocone on the upper molars, indicating its derived anthropoid dentition. Comparative studies and virtual reconstructions of the facial anatomy reveal close affinities with diurnal anthropoids rather than the notharctid strepsirrhines. The reconstructed facial morphology of Siamopithecus displays a short and subvertically oriented face, significant orbital convergence (72.1°), and frontation (81.6°), distinguishing it from both fossil and extant strepsirrhines. Moreover, the presence of a thin bony lamina extending from the distal part of the upper preserved area of the zygomatic suggests partial or complete postorbital closure. Phylogenetic analyses suggest an affiliation with amphipithecids, but recent morphological observations challenge this, leading to the proposal of an elevated family-group ranking, Siamopithecidae. Comparison with the most primitive known Afro-Arabian propliopithecid, the Taqah propliopithecid from Oman, reveals similarities in their molar structure but differences in dental formula (retention of P2) and premolar structure. The abrupt appearance of propliopithecids in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia, without a local ancestor, contributes to the debate on whether catarrhine origins were in Asia or Africa. However, alternative views, based on sister-group relationships with oligopithecids, support an African origin of propliopithecids from an undocumented Afro-Arabian region. This research provides new insights into the evolutionary history of early anthropoids, suggesting a complex biogeographical scenario involving both Asian and African lineages.

本文详细描述了从泰国半岛甲米盆地最晚始新世/最早渐新世褐煤矿中发现的暹罗猿（Siamopithecus eocaenus）的上颌骨。其中包括 P3-M3、上颚、部分眼眶区域和颧骨根的形态。该标本具有独特的牙齿特征，包括单根的 P2齿槽、P3 和 P4 上的原臼齿以及上臼齿上的真下臼齿，这表明该标本具有衍生的人类牙齿。面部解剖学的比较研究和虚拟重建显示，它与昼伏夜出的类人猿而非非哈氏链齿兽有着密切的亲缘关系。Siamopithecus的重建面部形态显示出短而反向的面部、显著的眼眶会聚（72.1°）和前倾（81.6°），使其有别于化石和现存的链皮目。此外，从颧骨上部保留区域的远端延伸出的薄骨层表明眶后部分或完全闭合。系统发育分析表明，暹罗猿属于两栖类，但最近的形态学观察结果对这一观点提出了质疑，因此提出了一个更高的科群--暹罗猿科。通过与已知最原始的非洲-阿拉伯脯兽类--阿曼的塔卡脯兽类--进行比较，发现它们的臼齿结构相似，但齿式（保留 P2）和前臼齿结构不同。在没有当地祖先的情况下，原角类人突然出现在非洲-阿拉伯地区的渐新世早期，这引起了关于原角类人起源于亚洲还是非洲的争论。然而，另一种观点则基于与低鼻类人猿的姊妹群关系，支持前鼻类人猿起源于非洲，而该地区尚未有文献记载。这项研究为早期类人猿的进化史提供了新的见解，提出了一个涉及亚洲和非洲两系的复杂的生物地理情景。

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引用次数: 0

Retrodeformation and functional anatomy of a cranial thoracic vertebra in Nacholapithecus kerioi 纳霍拉皮特科动物胸椎的再变形和功能解剖。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103613

Yasuhiro Kikuchi , Hideki Amano , Naomichi Ogihara , Masato Nakatsukasa , Yoshihiko Nakano , Daisuke Shimizu , Yutaka Kunimatsu , Hiroshi Tsujikawa , Tomo Takano , Hidemi Ishida

引用次数: 0

New primates from the middle Eocene of the Sand Wash Basin, northwestern Colorado 科罗拉多州西北部沙洗盆地中始新世的新灵长类动物。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103612

Rachel H. Dunn

The transition between the Bridgerian and Uintan North American Land Mammal Ages of the middle Eocene is a pivotal time in the evolution of modern mammal ecosystems in North America, marking the beginning of a global cooling trend that led to the recession of tropical forests and gradual faunal turnover on the continent. However, few mammalian faunas are known from this time period, leading to difficulty characterizing and recognizing early Uintan faunal assemblages. The Sand Wash Basin in northwestern Colorado has been suggested to yield fossil faunas of early Uintan age, but fossils from the Sand Wash Basin have not been formally described since the 1970s despite active field work in the region. Here, I describe plesiadapiform and euprimate fossils from the Sand Wash Basin and compare them to other late Bridgerian and early Uintan North American primate assemblages. The Sand Wash Basin primate fauna comprises five species, all of which are known from the Washakie Basin in Wyoming. The presence of Ourayia uintensis suggests that at least some fossil localities within the Sand Wash Basin yield fossils that are Uintan in age; however, the rarity of primates and lack of a stratigraphic context in which to interpret localities make it difficult to determine whether some may be older.

中始新世的布里杰里纪与乌因坦北美陆生哺乳动物纪之间的过渡时期是北美现代哺乳动物生态系统演化的关键时期，标志着全球变冷趋势的开始，这一趋势导致了热带雨林的衰退和北美大陆动物群的逐渐更替。然而，人们对这一时期的哺乳动物群知之甚少，因此很难描述和识别早期乌因坦动物群的特征。科罗拉多州西北部的沙洗盆地（Sand Wash Basin）曾被认为出土了早乌印坦时期的动物群化石，但自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，尽管在该地区开展了积极的野外工作，沙洗盆地的化石却一直未被正式描述。在这里，我描述了沙洗盆地的犁头形化石和灵长类化石，并将它们与其他布里杰晚期和乌因坦早期北美灵长类化石群进行了比较。沙洗盆地灵长类动物群包括五个物种，所有这些物种都是从怀俄明州的瓦沙基盆地发现的。Ourayia uintensis的出现表明，沙洗盆地内至少有一些化石产地出土的化石在年代上属于乌因坦时期；然而，由于灵长类动物的稀有性以及缺乏解释产地的地层背景，很难确定其中一些化石的年代是否更早。

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引用次数: 0