Journal of Human Evolution最新文献_第6页

Continuity and innovation in the Late Acheulian: Technological and functional analysis of scrapers from Jaljulia, Southern Levant (500–300 ka) 阿舍利晚期的延续与创新：南黎凡特Jaljulia刮刀的技术与功能分析（500-300 ka）

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103716

Vlad Litov , Flavia Marinelli , Cristina Lemorini , Ran Barkai

Lower Paleolithic human adaptations were facilitated by the Acheulian stone toolkit, composed of various implements. Flake scrapers, a ubiquitous component of Acheulian toolkits, have received comparatively little scholarly attention despite their widespread presence and long temporal span. This paper presents a technotypological and functional analysis of Late Acheulian scrapers from the Late Lower Paleolithic localities of Jaljulia, Israel, dated to 500–200 ka. Traditional Acheulian scraper production at the site was supplemented by a limited number of uncharacteristic large flake scrapers, a trajectory that subsequently diminished, as well as by recurrent scrapers shaped by stepped and scaled-stepped Quina-like retouch. Our observations indicate that scrapers with distinct working edge attributes were predominantly used for both scraping and cutting activities. The emergence of Quina-like retouch within a Late Acheulian context marks a significant development in the evolution of Paleolithic scrapers. Late Acheulian toolmakers produced Quina-like scrapers alongside other scraper types, preceding and coinciding with the broad adoption of the Quina method in the subsequent Acheulo-Yabrudian Cultural Complex. Our results challenge the notion of Acheulian technological stagnation, highlighting the capability of Homo erectus to implement innovations into predominantly traditional toolkits. We propose a possible Acheulian origin for other technologies and cultural markers considered post-Acheulian as well.

旧石器时代晚期人类的适应是由由各种工具组成的阿舍利石器工具包促进的。片状刮刀，一个无处不在的组件，阿舍利工具包，已收到相对较少的学术关注，尽管他们的广泛存在和长时间跨度。本文对以色列Jaljulia地区旧石器时代晚期晚期阿舍利刮刀的技术类型和功能进行了分析，这些刮刀可以追溯到500-200 ka。在现场，传统的阿舍利刮刀生产由有限数量的非典型的大片状刮刀补充，随后减少了轨迹，以及通过阶梯式和阶梯式奎纳式润饰形成的周期性刮刀。我们的观察表明，刮刀具有不同的工作边缘属性，主要用于刮削和切割活动。在阿舍利晚期背景下出现的类似奎纳的修饰标志着旧石器时代刮刀进化的重大发展。晚期阿舍利的工具制造者制造了类似奎那的刮刀和其他类型的刮刀，在随后的阿舍利-亚布鲁德文化综合体中，奎那方法被广泛采用。我们的研究结果挑战了阿舍利技术停滞的概念，强调了直立人在主要传统工具包中实施创新的能力。我们提出了一个可能的阿舍利起源的其他技术和文化标志被认为是后阿舍利。

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引用次数: 0

Clavicular evidence for continued arboreality in Australopithecus afarensis 南方古猿阿法种继续树栖的锁骨证据

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103714

Hannah N. Farrell, Zeresenay Alemseged

The emergence of the hominin lineage is marked by the transition to bipedalism, but debates persist regarding the role of arboreal behaviors during and after this shift. Uncertainties surrounding the locomotor habits of Australopithecus partly stem from the mosaic nature of their skeleton, with pelvic and lower limb traits principally indicating bipedalism, while upper limb morphology retains primitive features largely associated with arboreality in extant apes. Analyses of internal bone structure coupled with new fossil evidence may provide new insights in this regard. Here, we first describe the clavicles of the juvenile Australopithecus afarensis individual DIK-1-1, then the morphology is further investigated alongside adult Au. afarensis, as represented by KSD-VP-1/1, using geometric morphometrics and cortical cross-sectional geometry to identify and interpret potential functional signals. Our findings challenge the notion of a distinct modern human clavicular morphology as separate from chimpanzees, revealing significant overlap in external shape between Homo and Pan. Conversely, internal cortical geometry exhibits developmental plasticity in both extant apes and Au. afarensis, supporting its utility in exploring locomotor adaptations. Furthermore, similarities in internal cortical geometry between Au. afarensis and modern apes support hypotheses of continued arboreal behavior—including suspension and climbing—throughout life in the former. The discordance between external and internal morphology highlights the potential to identify unrecognized functional signals in hominin clavicles previously categorized as ‘primitive’ and cautions against oversimplified taxonomic assignments based solely on external shape. Ultimately, these results emphasize the importance of taking a comprehensive view of morphology to better understand locomotor evolution in early hominins and underscore the relevance of continued arboreality in Au. afarensis.

古人类谱系的出现标志着向两足动物的过渡，但关于这种转变期间和之后树栖行为的作用的争论仍然存在。围绕南方古猿运动习惯的不确定性部分源于其骨骼的马赛克性质，骨盆和下肢特征主要表明两足行走，而上肢形态保留了与现存猿的树栖生活有关的原始特征。对骨骼内部结构的分析加上新的化石证据可能会在这方面提供新的见解。在这里，我们首先描述了幼年南方古猿阿法种个体DIK-1-1的锁骨，然后与成年Au一起进一步研究了锁骨的形态。以KSD-VP-1/1为代表的阿法种，利用几何形态计量学和皮质横截面几何来识别和解释潜在的功能信号。我们的发现挑战了现代人锁骨形态不同于黑猩猩的观点，揭示了人类和潘人在锁骨外部形状上的显著重叠。相反，在现存类人猿和金猴中，内部皮质几何结构都表现出发育可塑性。阿法种，支持其在探索运动适应性方面的效用。此外，Au和Au之间的内部皮质几何结构相似。阿法古猿和现代猿类支持一种假说，即阿法古猿在其一生中都有持续的树栖行为——包括悬浮和攀爬。外部形态和内部形态之间的不一致突出了在以前被归类为“原始”的古人类锁骨中识别未识别功能信号的潜力，并提醒人们不要仅仅基于外部形状进行过于简化的分类分配。最后，这些结果强调了从形态学的全面视角来更好地理解早期人类运动进化的重要性，并强调了在Au中持续的树栖性的相关性。脚骨。

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引用次数: 0

The Neanderthal cervical spine revisited 尼安德特人的颈椎重新审视

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103704

Carlos A. Palancar , Daniel García-Martínez , Markus Bastir

Recent studies have challenged the long-held notion that Neanderthals possessed a more stable and less lordotic cervical spine than modern humans. To investigate this hypothesis further, we conducted the first three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis focused on the Neanderthal cervical spine, examining 43 classic Homo neanderthalensis cervical vertebrae alongside 243 Homo sapiens cervical vertebrae from diverse populations, including the whole cervical spine (C1–C7). The Neanderthal sample comprises specimens from well-known individuals such as La Ferrassie 1, La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1, Kebara 2, Shanidar 2, Regourdou 1, and the Krapina group, ensuring completeness for a detailed analysis. Our results reveal a distinct morphological difference—that is greater in the lower levels—in the Neanderthal cervical spine, including a craniocaudally shorter and mediolaterally wider shape, longer spinous processes, and horizontally oriented articular facets. Contrary to earlier hypotheses, the study challenges the notion of reduced cervical lordosis in Neanderthals, proposing instead a potentially greater lordotic curvature than in modern humans, as evidenced by articulated mean forms and Cobb angle measurements. These findings suggest robust neck musculature adaptations in Neanderthals, potentially reflecting biomechanical responses to support the head and inhibit joint displacement. The study also highlights implications for respiratory biomechanics, with differences in the orientation of transverse processes (attachment site of the scalene muscle) potentially influencing neck muscle length and function, which could affect respiratory capacity in Neanderthals. In summary, our comprehensive examination sheds new light on the morphology and functional implications of the Neanderthal cervical spine, offering valuable insights into the intricate adaptations of Neanderthals and their implications for functional morphology and evolutionary biology.

最近的研究挑战了长期以来的观念，即尼安德特人比现代人拥有更稳定、更少前凸的颈椎。为了进一步研究这一假设，我们对尼安德特人的颈椎进行了首次三维几何形态分析，研究了43个经典的尼安德特人颈椎和243个来自不同种群的智人颈椎，包括整个颈椎（C1-C7）。尼安德特人样本包括来自知名个体的标本，如La Ferrassie 1、La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1、Kebara 2、Shanidar 2、Regourdou 1和Krapina组，确保了详细分析的完整性。我们的研究结果揭示了尼安德特人颈椎明显的形态差异，这种差异在较低水平上更大，包括颅侧较短和中外侧较宽的形状，较长的棘突和水平方向的关节面。与早期的假设相反，该研究挑战了尼安德特人颈椎前凸程度降低的概念，提出了比现代人更大的颈椎前凸度，这一点可以通过关节平均形式和Cobb角测量来证明。这些发现表明尼安德特人强健的颈部肌肉组织适应性，可能反映了支持头部和抑制关节位移的生物力学反应。该研究还强调了呼吸生物力学的意义，横突（斜角肌的附着部位）方向的差异可能会影响颈部肌肉的长度和功能，这可能会影响尼安德特人的呼吸能力。总之，我们的综合研究揭示了尼安德特人颈椎的形态和功能含义，为尼安德特人复杂的适应性及其对功能形态和进化生物学的影响提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The shape of technology to come: An examination of evolutionary relationships between bifacial and core technologies at the Lower-Middle Palaeolithic boundary across regions in Eurasia 未来技术的形态：对欧亚地区旧石器时代中下部边界的双面技术和核心技术之间进化关系的考察

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103702

Jayson P. Gill , Nick Ashton , Keith N. Wilkinson , Boris Gasparyan , Daniel S. Adler

The origin of Levallois prepared core technology is a subject of debate among Palaeolithic archaeologists. While some argue for a single African origin for this style of core reduction, increasing support is found for a multiple-origin model in which Levallois technology independently evolves out of underlying technology in different regions of Africa and Eurasia. Within a multiple-origin framework, it has been proposed that the technology is realized through the evolution of either Late Lower Palaeolithic core technology or Acheulian bifaces. We explore these hypotheses by examining the relationships between early Levallois technology, proposed transitional types, and Lower Palaeolithic production systems in geographically discrete lithic assemblages in the Armenian Highlands and Britain. The sites of Nor Geghi-1 (Armenia) and Purfleet (Britain) are the focus of this study as they contain evidence for the in situ evolution of Levallois technology. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics is applied to high-quality three-dimensional scans of lithic artifacts from Lower-Middle Palaeolithic sites in the two regions. As this research is focused on morphological characteristics, we also explore factors outside of human decision-making that may affect shape diversity (i.e., raw material, size, reduction intensity). Our results indicate that the appearance of Levallois prepared core technology is likely the outcome of distinctive processes in the two regions. These results further support the growing body of research that argues for a multiple-origin model early prepared core production systems.

勒瓦卢瓦制备核心技术的起源一直是旧石器时代考古学家争论的话题。虽然有些人认为这种核心减少方式是单一的非洲起源，但越来越多的人支持多起源模式，即勒瓦卢瓦技术独立地从非洲和欧亚大陆不同区域的基础技术发展而来。在多起源框架中，有人提出该技术是通过晚期下旧石器时代核心技术或阿舍利双面面的进化实现的。我们通过研究亚美尼亚高地和英国地理上离散的石器组合中早期勒瓦卢瓦技术、提出的过渡类型和较低旧石器时代生产系统之间的关系来探索这些假设。Nor Geghi-1（亚美尼亚）和Purfleet（英国）遗址是本研究的重点，因为它们包含了勒瓦卢瓦技术原位进化的证据。基于地标的几何形态计量学应用于这两个地区旧石器时代中下部遗址的石器文物的高质量三维扫描。由于本研究的重点是形态特征，我们也探索了人类决策之外可能影响形状多样性的因素（即原材料、尺寸、还原强度）。我们的研究结果表明，勒瓦卢瓦制备核心技术的出现可能是两个地区不同过程的结果。这些结果进一步支持了越来越多的研究，这些研究主张多起源模型是早期准备的核心生产系统。

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引用次数: 0

Uniform, circular, and shallow enamel pitting in hominins: Prevalence, morphological associations, and potential taxonomic significance 古人类的均匀、圆形和浅牙釉质凹陷：流行、形态关联和潜在的分类意义

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103703

Ian Towle , Mackie C. O'Hara , A.B. Leece , Andy I.R. Herries , Afua Adjei , Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg , Marina Martínez de Pinillos , Mario Modesto-Mata , Arthur Thiebaut , Raquel Hernando , Joel D. Irish , Franck Guy , Jean-Renaud Boisserie , Leslea J. Hlusko

This study explores a particular form of enamel pitting originally identified in Paranthropus robustus. We call this uniform, circular, and shallow (UCS) pitting to distinguish it from more irregular and nonuniform defects often associated with enamel hypoplasia. We pose the hypothesis that UCS pitting is unique to the genus Paranthropus. We test this by investigating hominin dental remains from the ca. 3.4 Ma to ca. 1.1 Ma fossiliferous sequence at Omo, Ethiopia (n = 76) to look for evidence of UCS pitting in an assemblage that includes at least three hominin genera (Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo). We also examine the correlation between UCS pitting, tooth size, enamel thickness, and cusp proportions in samples from both eastern Africa (Omo) and southern Africa (Drimolen Main Quarry ∼2.04–1.95 Ma, Swartkrans ∼1.9–1.4 Ma, and Kromdraai ∼1.95–1.78 Ma). In the Omo specimens, we found UCS pitting similar to that seen in P. robustus. While we observed this pitting on five of 24 permanent teeth and two deciduous molars from both Paranthropus aethiopicus and Paranthropus boisei, we also identified UCS pitting on five of 13 non-Paranthropus hominin permanent posterior teeth from Member B (∼3.0 Ma). Our correlation studies yielded no association between the presence of UCS pitting and variation in tooth size, enamel thickness, or cusp proportions. The consistent appearance and characteristics of UCS pitting suggest a shared etiology. Our findings also suggest that UCS pitting may result from a genetic effect related to enamel formation, potentially in association with specific environmental or dietary factors.

这项研究探索了一种特殊形式的牙釉质蚀，最初在傍人粗壮人中发现。我们称其为均匀、圆形和浅（UCS）点蚀，以区别于通常与釉质发育不全相关的不规则和不均匀的缺陷。我们提出的假设，UCS点蚀是独特的属Paranthropus。我们通过研究埃塞俄比亚Omo约3.4 Ma至1.1 Ma化石序列的古人类牙齿遗骸（n = 76）来验证这一点，以寻找包括至少三个古人类属（南方古猿，傍人猿和人属）的组合中UCS凹陷的证据。我们还研究了东部非洲（Omo）和南部非洲（Drimolen Main Quarry ~ 2.04-1.95 Ma, Swartkrans ~ 1.9-1.4 Ma和Kromdraai ~ 1.95-1.78 Ma）样品中UCS点蚀、牙齿大小、牙釉质厚度和牙尖比例之间的相关性。在Omo标本中，我们发现了类似于在P. robustus中看到的UCS点蚀。我们在埃塞俄比亚傍人猿和博瓦塞傍人猿的24颗恒牙中的5颗和2颗乳牙上观察到这种凹陷，同时我们也在成员B （~ 3.0 Ma）的13颗非傍人古人类永久后牙中的5颗上发现了UCS凹陷。我们的相关研究显示，UCS凹陷的存在与牙齿大小、牙釉质厚度或牙尖比例的变化没有关联。UCS点蚀的一致外观和特征提示有共同的病因。我们的研究结果还表明，UCS凹陷可能是由与牙釉质形成相关的遗传效应引起的，可能与特定的环境或饮食因素有关。

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引用次数: 0

The nutritional quality of male chimpanzee diets in a semiarid savanna 半干旱草原上雄性黑猩猩饮食的营养质量

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103684

Stacy Lindshield , Landing Badji , Papa Ibnou Ndiaye , Sylvia Ortmann , Kaia J. Tombak , Jill Pruetz , Jessica M. Rothman

Nutritional ecology is vital to understanding food selection in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). However, there are knowledge gaps for chimpanzees in savanna landscapes concerning the nutrients of their foods as well as their daily energy and macronutrient intakes. The aims of this study are to (1) examine how adult male chimpanzees in a semiarid savanna select their foods and (2) compare chimpanzee foods between the savanna and forest. We conducted full-day focal follows to observe food processing behavior (87 days) and comprehensively measure daily food intake (25 days). We sampled 49 plant and four insect species to estimate their energy and macronutrient contents. Food consumption correlated positively with its profitability (caloric yield per hour) but was not associated with food abundance or distribution. Daily intakes of metabolizable energy and of water-soluble sugars were higher in the baobab (Adansonia digitata) season than in the non-baobab season and social rank boosted sugar intakes, suggesting that high-sugar foods are prized by Fongoli chimpanzees. In support of the idea that a scarcity of ripe fleshy fruits is an environmental pressure at Fongoli, chimpanzees commonly ingested unripe fruit and seeds, mostly of nonfleshy types, potentially for their protein content or as moderate sources of sugar, fat, and water. Our study indicates that the savanna is not a low-protein habitat and suggests ways that chimpanzees—and potentially early hominins—have adapted to meet daily nutritional requirements in a savanna environment.

营养生态学对于理解黑猩猩（类人猿）的食物选择至关重要。然而，对于生活在热带草原上的黑猩猩来说，他们对食物的营养成分以及日常能量和大量营养素的摄入量还存在知识缺口。这项研究的目的是：(1)研究半干旱热带草原上的成年雄性黑猩猩如何选择食物；(2)比较热带草原和森林黑猩猩的食物。我们进行全天焦点跟踪，观察食品加工行为（87天），综合测量每日食物摄入量（25天）。我们采集了49种植物和4种昆虫，估算了它们的能量和常量营养素含量。食物消耗与其盈利能力（每小时热量产量）呈正相关，但与食物丰富度或分配无关。猴面包树生长季节的日代谢能和水溶性糖的摄入量高于非猴面包树生长季节，社会地位提高了糖的摄入量，这表明丰戈利黑猩猩对高糖食物很感兴趣。为了支持这种观点，即成熟的肉质水果的缺乏是Fongoli的环境压力，黑猩猩通常会摄入未成熟的水果和种子，其中大部分是非肉质的，可能是因为它们含有蛋白质，或者作为糖、脂肪和水的适度来源。我们的研究表明，热带稀树大草原并不是一个低蛋白质的栖息地，并表明黑猩猩——可能还有早期人类——已经适应了在热带稀树大草原环境中满足日常营养需求的方式。

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引用次数: 0

Cranial vault thickness, its internal organization, and its relationship with endocranial shape in Neanderthals and modern humans 尼安德特人和现代人的颅顶厚度，其内部组织及其与颅内形状的关系

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103683

Sélim Natahi , Simon Neubauer , Zewdi J. Tsegai , Jean-Jacques Hublin , Philipp Gunz

Compared to the more elongated crania of Neanderthals, modern humans have a rounder, more globular cranial vault. The factors contributing to this globular cranial and endocranial morphology remain poorly understood. Cranial vault thickness (CVT) plays a role in shaping the braincase. It has been proposed that CVT variation in hominins reflects distinct stimuli influencing the cranial vault layers to different degrees. We aim to determine to what extent CVT differences could explain the well-documented endocranial shape differences between modern humans and Neanderthals. Additionally, we quantify the contributions of each cranial vault layer—the inner and outer tables and the diploë—to elucidate the processes driving CVT variation. We analyzed crania from seven Neanderthals and 75 modern humans using a ray casting method to measure cortical, diploic, and overall CVT. We generated morphometric maps of thickness distributions for each cranial vault layer. We then quantified the endocranial shape using geometric morphometrics and analyzed its relationship with CVT using two-block partial least squares analysis and regression models. Our findings reveal that Neanderthals generally have greater CVT and thicker layers of the cranial vault than modern humans. However, their ranges overlap with those of modern humans. The thicker vaults of Neanderthals are primarily driven by the diploic layer, with notable differences in thickness distribution patterns. Additionally, the inner and outer cortical tables exhibit distinct thickness distribution patterns between the two groups. Structural differences between the parietal bones of Neanderthals and modern humans are particularly pronounced. Furthermore, we observed a unique correspondence between CVT and endocranial shape in modern humans, which is not shared by Neanderthals.

与尼安德特人更细长的颅骨相比，现代人有一个更圆、更球形的颅顶。导致这种球形颅骨和颅内形态的因素仍然知之甚少。颅顶厚度（CVT）在颅脑成形中起着重要作用。有人提出，古人类CVT的变化反映了不同的刺激在不同程度上影响了颅穹窿层。我们的目标是确定CVT差异在多大程度上可以解释现代人和尼安德特人之间有充分记录的颅内形状差异。此外，我们量化了每个颅拱顶层的贡献-内部和外部表和diploë-to阐明了驱动CVT变化的过程。我们使用射线投射法分析了7名尼安德特人和75名现代人的颅骨，测量了皮质、外交和整体CVT。我们生成了每个颅穹窿层厚度分布的形态测量图。然后，我们使用几何形态计量学量化颅内形状，并使用双块偏最小二乘分析和回归模型分析其与CVT的关系。我们的研究结果表明，尼安德特人通常比现代人拥有更大的CVT和更厚的颅顶层。然而，他们的活动范围与现代人类重叠。尼安德特人较厚的拱顶主要是由外交层驱动的，在厚度分布模式上有显著差异。此外，内外皮层表在两组之间表现出不同的厚度分布模式。尼安德特人和现代人顶骨的结构差异尤为明显。此外，我们还观察到现代人CVT与内颅形状之间的独特对应关系，这在尼安德特人身上是不存在的。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Maxilla of Siamopithecus eocaenus (Anthropoidea, Primates) from the Paleogene of Krabi, Thailand, and its taxonomic status” [J. Hum. Evol. 198 (2025) 103614] 《泰国甲米古近系古猿人总科古灵长类象猿的上颌骨及其分类地位》的勘误[J]。嗡嗡声。进化。198 (2025)103614 [j]。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103701

Yaowalak Chaimanee , Sasidhorn Khansubha , Olivier Chavasseau , Arnaud Mazurier , Jean-Jacques Jaeger

引用次数: 0

Virtual reconstruction and geometric morphometric analysis of the Kocabaş fossil hominin from Turkey and implications for taxonomy and evolutionary significance: A commentary on Mori et al. (2024) 土耳其科卡巴伊古人类化石的虚拟重建和几何形态计量学分析及其分类学和进化意义：对Mori等人（2024）的评论

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103691

Amélie Vialet , Sandrine Prat , Dominique Grimaud-Hervé , Anne-Elisabeth Lebatard , Nicolas Boulbes , Serdar Mayda , Pierre Rochette , Christophe Falguères , Anne-Marie Moigne , Jean-Jacques Bahain , Mehmet Cihat Alçiçek

引用次数: 0

A phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of early hominin foot morphology 早期人族足部形态进化的系统发育研究

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103682

Yeganeh Sekhavati , Thomas Cody Prang , David Strait

Changes in foot morphology have played a crucial role in the evolution of bipedalism. Examining the evolution of pedal characters among hominins makes it possible to identify when and where key anatomical changes required for bipedalism evolved. This study uses ancestral character reconstruction to investigate foot morphology in the Homo + Pan last common ancestor and subsequent nodes in the hominin phylogeny. We explore the pattern of hominin foot evolution and examine the presence of terrestrial and arboreal adaptations at hominin ancestral nodes. In this study, we analyzed 62 discrete pedal characters hypothesized to be functionally significant. Our likelihood-based approach supports the hypothesis of a Pan-like last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The earliest foot synapomorphies in hominins are related to foot and ankle eversion and midtarsal stability. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lateral midfoot stability might have evolved before medial midfoot stability. Moreover, several homoplasies were inferred across different taxa, particularly related to features hypothesized to reflect joint mobility and the longitudinal arch. Finally, the Paranthropus and the Australopithecus africanus + Australopithecus sediba clades evolved arboreal characteristics, suggesting adaptations for arboreality. Overall, the results demonstrate how pedal characters evolved in hominins from an African ape–like ancestor.

足部形态的变化在两足动物的进化中起着至关重要的作用。研究古人类脚部特征的进化，可以确定两足动物进化所需的关键解剖变化的时间和地点。本研究采用祖先特征重建的方法，研究了Homo + Pan最后共同祖先的足部形态及其在人族系统发育中的后续节点。我们探索人类足进化的模式，并检查在人类祖先节点的陆地和树木适应的存在。在这项研究中，我们分析了62个离散的踏板特征，假设它们在功能上是显著的。我们基于可能性的方法支持人类和黑猩猩的最后共同祖先类似潘的假设。古人类最早的足部突触与足部和踝关节外翻以及中跗骨稳定性有关。这些结果与外侧足中部稳定性可能在内侧足中部稳定性之前进化的假设一致。此外，在不同的分类群中推断出了一些同源性，特别是与反映关节活动和纵向弓的假设特征有关。最后，类人猿和非洲南方古猿+南方古猿sediba进化出了树栖特征，表明它们适应了树栖生活。总的来说，结果证明了脚踏板特征是如何从非洲猿类祖先进化而来的。

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引用次数: 0