Journal of Human Evolution最新文献_第2页

Human energy expenditure and thermoregulation during persistence hunting in the Namib 纳米比亚持久狩猎期间人类能量消耗和体温调节

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103773

Martin Hora , Robi Dattatreya , Michal Struška , Herman Pontzer , Vladimír Sládek

Chasing prey to exhaustion on foot—persistence hunting—has been hypothesized to play a key role in the evolution of human endurance, energetics, and thermoregulation. However, direct physiological data from such pursuits are lacking, particularly from open arid environments where persistence hunting may have originated. We report the first physiological measurements from an unacclimatized ultrarunner and hunter, accompanied by three acclimatized hunters, during six persistence pursuits of Oryx gazella in the Namib desert. The pursuits spanned 49.5 km on foot in 7.8 hours over 3 days. Two pursuits were successful: A healthy oryx was caught after 2 hours (31% of time running), and an injured oryx after 1 hour of walking only. Over the 3 days, persistence hunting yielded 1882–3727 kcal per man-hour, surpassing net return rates reported for hunter-gatherers and horticulturalists and net energy equivalent to the daily needs of 50 active individuals. Daily energy expenditure (5024 kcal day⁻¹) and water turnover (11.4 l day⁻¹) were high but within ranges reported for subsistence populations in hot climates. Water loss remained below the critical dehydration threshold. Despite high air (36–41 °C) and ground (43–60 °C) temperatures, the hunter maintained a safe core temperature (≤39 °C), while the oryx reached hyperthermic levels (44 °C). These findings suggest that persistence hunting in arid environments is energetically viable and thermally manageable, even for unacclimatized individuals. The relatively low proportion of running—and its complete absence when pursuing disadvantaged prey—supports the potential feasibility of persistence hunting even among hominins without advanced endurance running adaptations.

在人类的耐力、能量学和体温调节的进化过程中，用脚追逐猎物直到筋疲力尽——坚持不懈的狩猎——被认为发挥了关键作用。然而，这种追求的直接生理数据是缺乏的，特别是在持续狩猎可能起源的开阔干旱环境中。我们报告了一个未适应环境的超跑者和猎人的第一次生理测量，伴随着三个适应环境的猎人，在纳米比亚沙漠中对羚羊的六次持续追求。在3天的时间里，他们花了7.8个小时步行49.5公里。两次追捕都成功了：一只健康的大羚羊在2小时（31%的时间奔跑）后被捕获，一只受伤的大羚羊在1小时的步行后被捕获。在3天的时间里，坚持不懈的狩猎产生了每小时1882-3727千卡的热量，超过了狩猎采集者和园艺师的净回报率，相当于50个活跃个体每天所需的净能量。每日能量消耗（5024 kcal day - 1）和水分周转量（11.4 kcal day - 1）很高，但在炎热气候下的自给人口的范围内。失水保持在临界脱水阈值以下。尽管空气（36-41°C）和地面（43-60°C）温度很高，但猎人保持了安全的核心温度（≤39°C），而大羚羊达到了高温水平（44°C）。这些发现表明，即使对不适应环境的个体来说，在干旱环境中持续狩猎在能量上是可行的，在热量上也是可控的。奔跑的比例相对较低，而且在追捕处于不利地位的猎物时完全没有奔跑，这支持了即使在没有先进的耐力奔跑适应能力的原始人中，坚持狩猎的潜在可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Paleoecological context of Homo aff. erectus (ATE7-1) at Sima del Elefante (late Early Pleistocene, Atapuerca, Spain) inferred from the herpetofaunal assemblage 西班牙阿塔普尔卡早更新世晚期Sima del Elefante地区直立人（ATE7-1）的古生态背景

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103772

Christian Sánchez-Bandera , Ana Fagoaga , Hugues-Alexandre Blain , Juan Manuel López-García , Carmen Núñez-Lahuerta , Àngel Blanco-Lapaz , Julia Galán , Raquel Moya-Costa , Gloria Cuenca-Bescós , Xosé Pedro Rodríguez-Álvarez , Rosa Huguet

The Sima del Elefante cave is one of the archaeopaleontological sites located in the karstic complex of Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain), which is a remarkable locality for documenting an extensive sequence of human evidence. Within the stratigraphic sequence of the Sima del Elefante site, Level TE7 has yielded one of the oldest human remains recovered to date in western Europe. A hominin mid-face has recently been discovered (specimen ATE7-1), attributed to Homo aff. erectus. In this study, the fossil amphibian and reptile remains directly associated with this hominin are analyzed, described, and used to perform quantitative paleoecological reconstructions. The resulting herpetofaunal assemblage comprises a total of eight species: five anurans (Alytes gr. Alytes obstetricans/Alytes almogavarii, Pelodytes punctatus, Bufo gr. Bufo bufo, Epidalea calamita, and Rana temporaria), two lizards (small-sized Lacertidae indet. and Anguis fragilis), and two snakes (Coronella cf. Coronella austriaca and Vipera sp.). The paleoecological reconstruction was performed using the Mutual Ecogeographic Range method in conjunction with the Uncertain Distribution Area-Occupied Distribution Area technique to obtain temperature and precipitation estimates, and habitat weighting was used to infer the surrounding environment. The climate of TE7 was reconstructed as cool and humid, with an overall pattern concordant with a present-day continental Mediterranean climate, exhibiting similar temperatures and higher precipitation than today for the Sierra de Atapuerca location. The associated landscape evidenced a more humid environment, primarily made up of woodlands and open humid habitats with aquatic and periaquatic areas. The results obtained provide novel insights into the ecological tolerances of early hominins and thus contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding their subsistence capabilities and behaviors.

Sima del Elefante洞穴是位于Sierra de Atapuerca （Burgos, Spain）岩溶建筑群中的考古古生物学遗址之一，这是一个记录大量人类证据序列的非凡地点。在Sima del Elefante遗址的地层序列中，TE7层发现了迄今为止在西欧发现的最古老的人类遗骸之一。最近发现了一个人族的中脸（标本ATE7-1），被认为是直立人。本研究对与古人类直接相关的两栖类和爬行类化石进行了分析、描述，并用于定量的古生态重建。结果表明，爬虫类动物群包括8种：5种无尾纲动物（Alytes gr. Alytes obstetricans/Alytes almogavarii, Pelodytes punctatus, Bufo gr. Bufo Bufo， Epidalea calamita和Rana temporaria）， 2种蜥蜴（Lacertidae indet.）。以及两种蛇（Coronella cf. Coronella austria和Vipera sp.）。利用互生态地理差法结合不确定分布区-占用分布区法进行古生态重建，估算温度和降水，利用生境加权法推断周边环境。TE7的气候被重建为凉爽湿润，整体模式与现今的地中海大陆性气候一致，表现出与现今阿塔普尔卡山脉地区相似的温度和更多的降水。相关的景观证明了一个更湿润的环境，主要由林地和开放的潮湿栖息地与水生和水生周围地区组成。所获得的结果为早期人类的生态耐受性提供了新的见解，从而有助于了解他们的生存能力和行为。

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引用次数: 0

The hominin fossil record of the Omo-Turkana Basin 奥莫-图尔卡纳盆地的古人类化石记录。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103731

François Marchal , Denné Reed , Sandrine Prat

The Omo-Turkana Basin is one of three major regions for the study of hominin evolution in Africa. It has yielded a rich hominin fossil record of 1231 specimens, around a third of the record for the whole of Africa for the period from the Messinian through the Calabrian. Here, we consider the fossil hominin record of the Omo-Turkana Basin as an object of study in its own right and show the contribution that an analysis of such an exhaustive record can make. The data come from 117 publications allowing the most complete, accurate, and up-to-date synthesis of this record. Our analysis provides a quantitative perspective on the biases affecting this record, such as skeletal element abundance representation, chronostratigraphic distribution, and difficulties in taxonomic assignment. It also provides historical perspective, illustrating the major contribution made by the Omo-Turkana hominin fossil record to our knowledge of human evolution. We provide a synthetic overview of the taxa represented and discuss the chronological distribution of taxonomic groups in the basin including the relative abundance of Paranthropus and Homo (2/3 and 1/3, respectively) during their long period of coexistence. Integrating the data makes it possible to address difficult questions that have been underinvestigated until now. For example, contrary to the prevailing view, the genus Homo is well represented in the Omo-Turkana Basin between 2.7 and 2 Ma. Additionally, we show that the hominin fossil record of the Upper Burgi and KBS Members is atypical, both in terms of skeletal element abundance and taxonomy. Neither paleoenvironments nor taphonomic or collecting biases can fully explain this anomaly.

奥莫-图尔卡纳盆地是非洲人类进化研究的三个主要地区之一。它已经产生了1231个丰富的古人类化石记录，大约是整个非洲从墨西尼亚到卡拉布里亚时期记录的三分之一。在这里，我们认为奥莫-图尔卡纳盆地的古人类化石记录本身就是一个研究对象，并展示了对这种详尽记录的分析所能做出的贡献。这些数据来自117份出版物，可以对这一记录进行最完整、最准确和最新的综合。我们的分析为影响这一记录的偏差提供了定量的视角，如骨骼元素丰度表征、年代地层分布和分类分配的困难。它还提供了历史视角，说明了Omo-Turkana古人类化石记录对我们人类进化知识的主要贡献。本文对所代表的分类群进行了综合综述，并讨论了该盆地分类群的年代学分布，包括类人猿和人属在其长期共存期间的相对丰度（分别为2/3和1/3）。整合这些数据使解决迄今为止尚未充分研究的难题成为可能。例如，与主流观点相反，人属在2.7 - 2 Ma之间的Omo-Turkana盆地中得到了很好的代表。此外，我们还表明，上Burgi和KBS成员的古人类化石记录在骨骼元素丰度和分类方面都是非典型的。无论是古环境还是地貌学或收集偏见都不能完全解释这种异常。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting hominin scavenging through the lens of optimal foraging theory 通过最优觅食理论重新审视古人类的食腐行为。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103762

Ana Mateos , Marcos Moleón , Paul Palmqvist , Jordi Rosell , Esther Sebastián-González , Antoni Margalida , José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata , Maite Arilla , Jesús Rodríguez

Scavenging has been a key topic in human evolution for decades, mainly focused on the ‘hunting vs. scavenging’ debate and the role of meat in the diet of early hominins. Scavenging is frequently considered a marginal activity by archaeologists; however, recent theoretical developments and experimental observations in the field of carrion ecology suggest that this is a misconception that should be addressed. Here, we analyze hominin scavenging in the framework of optimal foraging theory and compare the assumptions made in archaeology and paleoanthropology based on current ecological knowledge. We discuss the constraints and opportunities for hominins as facultative scavengers across ecological contexts, both in Africa and beyond. Hominins exhibited several anatomical, physical, and behavioral adaptations that enabled them to detect carcasses from a long distance, reach them relatively quickly, confront other scavengers, if necessary, and process the carcass to obtain food. Carrion should be considered a high-quality resource that is ubiquitous and more predictable than previously assumed. Particularly relevant is the abundant carrion from sources other than predation, especially from megaherbivores. Moreover, hominins likely benefited from carrion partitioning strategies and interspecific facilitation—especially with vultures—which have traditionally been overlooked in archaeological and paleoanthropological research. Thus, we propose that carrion was a valuable resource exploited by all hominin species and populations to varying degrees, especially during periods of food shortage in seasonal environments. We conclude that the ‘hunting vs scavenging’ dichotomy is no longer supported as hominins are omnivorous, exploiting animal food through hunting or scavenging depending on environmental conditions and their technological and cognitive capacities.

几十年来，食腐一直是人类进化的一个关键话题，主要集中在“狩猎与食腐”的争论以及肉类在早期人类饮食中的作用。考古学家通常认为食腐是一种边缘活动；然而，最近在腐肉生态学领域的理论发展和实验观察表明，这是一个应该解决的误解。在此，我们在最优觅食理论的框架下分析了古人类的食腐行为，并比较了考古学和古人类学基于当前生态学知识所做的假设。我们讨论了人类作为兼性食腐动物在非洲和其他生态环境中的限制和机会。古人类在解剖学、生理和行为上都表现出了一些适应性，使他们能够从很远的地方发现尸体，并相对较快地接近它们，必要时与其他食腐动物对抗，并处理尸体以获取食物。腐肉应该被认为是一种高质量的资源，它无处不在，而且比以前假设的更可预测。特别重要的是，大量的腐肉来自其他掠食动物，尤其是大型食草动物。此外，古人类可能受益于腐肉分割策略和种间便利——尤其是秃鹫——这在考古学和古人类学研究中一直被忽视。因此，我们认为腐肉是所有人类物种和种群在不同程度上利用的宝贵资源，特别是在季节性环境中食物短缺的时期。我们的结论是，“狩猎与食腐”的二分法不再被支持，因为人类是杂食性的，根据环境条件和他们的技术和认知能力，通过狩猎或食腐来利用动物食物。

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引用次数: 0

Ex Oriente Lux? A quantitative comparison between northern Ahmarian and Protoaurignacian OrienteLux交货吗?北阿赫迈亚与原aurignacian的数量比较。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103744

Armando Falcucci , Steven L. Kuhn

The appearance of the Protoaurignacian in Europe around 42,000 years ago is widely believed to result from a major dispersal of anatomically modern Homo sapiens out of the Levant, a view primarily supported by perceived similarities between Mediterranean Protoaurignacian and Levantine Ahmarian stone tools. However, no quantitative technological comparison has yet thoroughly tested this connection. Here, we present the first systematic evaluation of lithic technology from Protoaurignacian assemblages in Italy and from the northern Ahmarian and post-Ahmarian layers at the reference sequence of Ksar Akil (Lebanon). Using attribute analysis and multivariate statistics, we assessed technological similarities and differences across different stages of the core reduction sequence. Our results demonstrate very limited affinities and distinct technological trajectories between the two regions. While the northern Ahmarian at Ksar Akil is characterized by bidirectional volumetric core reduction aimed at blade production, the Protoaurignacian exhibits a strong emphasis on bladelet production from unidirectional cores. Although lithic miniaturization trends are observed in both regions, the post-Ahmarian layers at Ksar Akil primarily produced twisted bladelets from burins and carinated cores—a feature uncommon in the Protoaurignacian. These findings challenge the hypothesis of a Levantine origin for the Protoaurignacian and, more broadly, suggest that technological convergence—driven by the growing importance of multicomponent projectile technology and increased mobility—played a central role. Thus, our study underscores the need to reconsider diffusionist explanations and emphasizes the central role of internal cultural innovation among foraging groups settled in different regions of the Old World in shaping the emergence of the Upper Paleolithic.

人们普遍认为，大约在4.2万年前，原aurignacian在欧洲的出现是由解剖学上的现代智人从黎凡特向外的大规模分散造成的，这一观点主要得到地中海原aurignacian和黎凡特Ahmarian石器之间的相似性的支持。然而，目前还没有定量的技术比较能彻底检验这种联系。在此，我们首次对意大利原aurignaian组合和黎巴嫩Ksar Akil参考层序的北Ahmarian和后Ahmarian层序的岩屑技术进行了系统的评价。利用属性分析和多元统计方法，对岩心约简序列不同阶段的技术异同进行了评价。我们的研究结果表明，这两个地区之间的亲缘关系非常有限，技术轨迹截然不同。Ksar Akil北部Ahmarian的特点是旨在叶片生产的双向岩心体积减少，而原aurignacian则强调单向岩心的叶片生产。尽管在这两个地区都观察到岩屑小型化的趋势，但Ksar Akil的后阿赫曼期地层主要产生了由烧伤和炭化岩心形成的扭曲的小片，这在原aurignacian时期是不常见的特征。这些发现挑战了原aurignacian起源黎凡特的假设，更广泛地说，表明技术融合——由多组分抛射技术日益重要和机动性增加所驱动——发挥了核心作用。因此，我们的研究强调了重新考虑扩散论解释的必要性，并强调了在旧大陆不同地区定居的觅食群体之间的内部文化创新在塑造旧石器时代晚期出现中的核心作用。

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引用次数: 0

New Late Middle Pleistocene human remains at the Payre site (Marine Isotopic Stage 7, Ardèche, Southeast France) 法国东南部ard<e:1>区Payre遗址中新更新世晚期人类遗骸（海洋同位素第7阶段）。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103761

Constance Cavillac , Amélie Vialet , Louise Magne , Dominique Grimaud-Hervé , Patricia Valensi , Anne-Marie Moigne , Benoit Bertrand , Marie-Hélène Moncel

引用次数: 0

Chimpanzee hind limb muscle electromyographic activity patterns during locomotion 黑猩猩后肢肌肉运动时的肌电图活动模式。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103751

Susan G. Larson

Functional interpretation of fossils documenting our early locomotor evolution relies on biomechanical analyses of modern humans and comparative samples of nonhuman primates. Force plate studies have explored the forces that nonhuman primate limbs exchange with the ground while walking bipedally or quadrupedally, and kinematic studies have detailed limb and joint motion profiles during various forms of locomotion. Much less is known about patterns of hind limb muscle use as revealed through electromyography despite the fact that the interpretation of many features of fossils has been related to aspects of muscle use. To better understand how muscle function may relate to the interpretation of fossil material, the current study focuses on chimpanzees and presents electromyography-based activity profiles for the majority of their hind limb muscles during knuckle-walking, bipedalism, and vertical climbing. Taking advantage of the long history of the Stony Brook Primate Locomotion Lab, this study has compiled electromyographic data from eight chimpanzee subjects to both document hind limb muscle activity patterns and explore variability in those recruitment profiles. The collected data indicate that while there are many commonalities in patterns of muscle use, there is also a fair amount of intersubject variation. Overall, the locomotor adaptive strategy of chimpanzees appears to emphasize versatility and maneuverability rather than energy-efficient locomotion. It is hoped that these data will broaden perspectives on how patterns of muscle use may influence the interpretation of fossils.

记录我们早期运动进化的化石的功能解释依赖于现代人类的生物力学分析和非人灵长类动物的比较样本。力板研究探索了非人类灵长类动物在两足或四足行走时肢体与地面交换的力，运动学研究详细描述了各种运动形式下肢体和关节的运动特征。尽管对化石的许多特征的解释与肌肉使用的各个方面有关，但通过肌电图揭示的后肢肌肉使用模式知之甚少。为了更好地理解肌肉功能如何与化石材料的解释相关，目前的研究集中在黑猩猩身上，并展示了它们在指关节行走、两足行走和垂直攀爬过程中大部分后肢肌肉的肌电图活动特征。利用石溪灵长类动物运动实验室的悠久历史，本研究收集了8只黑猩猩的肌电图数据，以记录后肢肌肉活动模式，并探索这些招募档案的可变性。收集的数据表明，虽然肌肉使用模式有许多共性，但也存在相当数量的主体间差异。总的来说，黑猩猩的运动适应策略似乎强调多功能性和机动性，而不是节能运动。希望这些数据能拓宽肌肉使用模式如何影响化石解释的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Luminescence and radiocarbon dating the Naisiusiu Beds type section and timing of the Middle Stone Age/Later Stone Age transition at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚Olduvai峡谷内isiusiu床型剖面的发光和放射性碳定年及中石器时代/晚石器时代过渡时期。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103675

Ian G. Stanistreet , Harald Stollhofen , Rachel K. Smedley , Kaja Fenn , Stanley H. Ambrose , Jackson K. Njau , Kathy Schick , Nicholas Toth

The Olduvai Gorge Naisiusiu Beds and Ndutu Beds are significant for understanding the cultural and biological evolution of Homo sapiens. However, the timing and span of deposition of these beds is poorly understood. We present a chronology based on luminescence dates for sedimentary drill core samples and one ostrich eggshell (OES) radiocarbon date from the Naisiusiu type section outcrop. The Naisiusiu Beds type section rests on the Olduvai protogorge floor, on a post-Ndutu incisional surface that eroded through older Olduvai Beds (∼80 m) into the top of the Bed I Basalt. The estimated minimum thickness of the Naisiusiu Beds within the gorge is >13.3 m. Three lithostratigraphic units were identified in the 9.2-m-thick type section: The lower unit comprises alternating fluvial/hyperconcentrated flow sediments and yields an OES date of 49,728 ± 1378 cal year BP; the middle unit is composed of predominantly fluvial sediments containing Later Stone Age (LSA) artifacts and faunal remains, dating between 34.2 ± 2.8 ka and 24.0 ± 2.0 ka; and the upper unit comprises volcaniclastic hyperconcentrated flow deposits with interstratified carbonate-cemented surfaces, dating between 24.0 ± 2.0 ka and 19.6 ± 1.6 ka. Slower accretion rates of the middle unit (7.3 cm/ka) are associated with repeated fluvial cutting and filling. Upper Naisiusiu stacks of hyperconcentrated flows and intervening hiatuses have faster accretion rates (54.9 cm/ka). The OES radiocarbon date of 49,728 ± 1378 cal year BP (modeled age = 49,498 ± 2385 BP) from the top part of the lower unit indicates that the type section extends back to >50 ka. The LSA assemblage is associated with sediments dated to 34.2 ± 2.8 ka using luminescence. A date of 62.7 ± 5.6 ka on the youngest Middle Stone Age occurrence in the underlying Ndutu Beds at Type Locality 26 provides a maximum age for the Middle Stone Age/LSA transition at the Olduvai Gorge.

奥都瓦伊峡谷内西苏床和恩都图床对了解智人的文化和生物进化具有重要意义。然而，人们对这些地层沉积的时间和跨度知之甚少。根据沉积岩心样品的发光测年和内西苏型剖面露头的一个鸵鸟蛋壳（OES）放射性碳测年，提出了一个年代学。Naisiusiu床型剖面位于Olduvai原峡谷底部，位于后ndutu切口表面，该切口穿过较老的Olduvai床（约80米），进入I层玄武岩顶部。估计峡谷内内西苏层的最小厚度为50 ~ 13.3 m。在9.2 m厚的类型剖面中确定了3个岩石地层单元：下部单元为河流/高密度流交替沉积，OES测年为49,728±1378 cal year BP；中间单元主要由河流沉积物组成，其中含有晚石器时代（LSA）文物和动物遗骸，年代在34.2±2.8 ka至24.0±2.0 ka之间；上部单元为火山碎屑高密度流沉积，具有层间碳酸盐胶结表面，年龄在24.0±2.0 ~ 19.6±1.6 ka之间。中间单元较慢的沉积速率（7.3 cm/ka）与河流的反复切割和充填有关。上奈西苏层叠的高密度流及其间隙的吸积速率更快（54.9 cm/ka）。下单元顶部的OES放射性碳测年为49,728±1378 cal year BP（模拟年龄= 49,498±2385 BP），表明该类型剖面延伸至> - 50 ka。LSA组合与34.2±2.8 ka的沉积物相关联。在类型位置26的下伏Ndutu层中最年轻的中石器时代的年龄为62.7±5.6 ka，这为Olduvai峡谷中石器时代/LSA过渡的最大年龄提供了依据。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomical factors restricting hip extension range of motion in Japanese macaques and spider monkeys 限制日本猕猴和蜘蛛猴髋关节伸展运动范围的解剖学因素

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103749

Miki Otsuru , Akimasa Ito , Motoharu Oishi , Tomo Takano , Hideki Endo , Eishi Hirasaki , Naomichi Ogihara

Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) are capable of bipedal locomotion but exhibit fundamental differences from human walking, including a flexed limb posture and a single-peaked ground reaction force profile. One key factor underlying these differences is their limited hip extension, likely constrained by muscle architecture. This study examines the anatomical restrictions on hip extension in Japanese macaques and spider monkeys (Ateles spp.), which achieve greater hip extension during bipedal walking. We measured passive joint moments before and after the sequential dissection of hip flexor muscles in cadaveric specimens using a custom-built measurement device to quantify passive hip joint resistance across different muscle groups. Our results reveal species-specific differences in hip mobility: Japanese macaques exhibit greater passive resistance to hip extension, primarily due to the adductor muscle group and joint capsule, whereas spider monkeys show lower resistance, with the iliopsoas playing a more substantial role in restricting hip extension. The findings emphasize the role of passive elastic muscle constraints in shaping primate bipedalism and offer comparative insights into the evolution of human locomotion.

日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）能够两足行走，但与人类行走有着根本的区别，包括四肢弯曲的姿势和单峰的地面反作用力轮廓。造成这些差异的一个关键因素是他们的髋关节伸展有限，可能受到肌肉结构的限制。本研究考察了日本猕猴和蜘蛛猴（Ateles spp.）髋关节伸展的解剖学限制，它们在两足行走时实现了更大的髋关节伸展。我们使用定制的测量装置测量了尸体标本中髋关节屈肌连续解剖前后的被动关节力矩，以量化不同肌肉群的被动髋关节阻力。我们的研究结果揭示了髋关节活动的物种特异性差异：日本猕猴对髋关节伸展表现出更大的被动阻力，主要是由于内收肌群和关节囊，而蜘蛛猴表现出更低的阻力，髂腰肌在限制髋关节伸展方面发挥了更大的作用。这些发现强调了被动弹性肌肉约束在灵长类动物两足动物形成中的作用，并为人类运动的进化提供了比较的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Deciphering the correlated evolutionary responses of the hands and feet in modern humans 解读现代人类手和脚的相关进化反应。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103745

Mikel Arlegi , Adrián Pablos , Carlos Lorenzo

The coevolution of the hands and feet in modern humans has been a subject of significant interest due to their unique morphological features that differentiate humans from other primates and their implications in human evolution. This study aims to investigate the degree of correlated responses to selection between hands and feet and to determine whether one of the autopods has exerted a greater influence on this coevolution, focusing on their homologous elements and morphological traits. We analyzed the 38 long bones of the hands and feet from 96 modern human specimens, employing a comprehensive methodological framework that includes morphological analysis, assessments of modularity, integration, and covariation patterns under random selection. Additionally, Bayesian analyses were conducted to test whether foot morphology drives hand morphology or vice versa. Our findings indicate a high degree of morphological integration between the hands and feet, revealing a trend of increasing correlation from the first to the fifth ray. Consistent with previous studies, our Bayesian model provides robust evidence that the feet drive the morphological coevolution of human autopods, likely in response to functional selection pressures associated with bipedalism. However, our results also highlight that the intertwined evolutionary trajectories of the hands and feet are not a simple unidirectional model, underscoring the complexity of morphological integration and the diverse coevolutionary patterns among different rays, reflecting their specialized functions and evolutionary adaptations.

现代人类的手和脚的共同进化一直是一个非常有趣的主题，因为它们独特的形态特征将人类与其他灵长类动物区分开来，并在人类进化中具有重要意义。本研究旨在探讨手和脚之间选择的相关响应程度，并确定其中一种自足类是否对这种共同进化产生了更大的影响，重点研究了它们的同源元件和形态特征。我们分析了来自96个现代人类标本的38块手和脚长骨，采用了一个综合的方法框架，包括形态学分析、模块化评估、整合评估和随机选择下的共变模式。此外，贝叶斯分析进行测试是否足形态驱动手形态，反之亦然。我们的研究结果表明，手和脚之间的形态高度整合，揭示了从第一到第五射线的相关性增加的趋势。与之前的研究一致，我们的贝叶斯模型提供了强有力的证据，表明足部驱动了人类自足动物的形态共同进化，可能是对与两足动物相关的功能选择压力的回应。然而，我们的研究结果也强调了手和脚交织的进化轨迹并不是一个简单的单向模型，强调了形态整合的复杂性和不同射线之间不同的共同进化模式，反映了它们的特殊功能和进化适应。

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