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The archaeological visibility of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut-cracking 黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)咀嚼坚果的考古能见度
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103582

The earliest evidence for complex tool use in the archaeological record dates to 3.3 Ma. While wooden tools may have been used by our earliest ancestors, the evidence is absent due to poor preservation. However, insights into possible early hominin wooden tool use can be gained from observing the tool-use practices of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). By using stone hammers used to crack various nuts, chimpanzees leave a durable material signature comprised of formal tools and associated diagnostic fragments. While the archaeological evidence of chimpanzee wooden tool use is temporary, the combination of stone hammers and wooden anvils can create a more enduring lithic record. This study explores the lithic assemblages associated with wooden and stone anvil use at nut-cracking sites in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, using technological and use-wear analyses. Our results indicate clear differences in density, fracture patterns, and use-wear in the lithic records between wooden anvil and stone anvil sites. New archaeological excavations at six chimpanzee nut-cracking sites reveal that the anvils' material directly influences the visibility of nut-cracking evidence in the archaeological record. By examining the nature of the lithic signatures associated with wooden anvil and stone anvil use by chimpanzees, we can formulate hypotheses about the probability of such behaviors being preserved and identifiable in the Plio-Pleistocene hominin archaeological record. The variability in material signatures from nut-cracking on different anvils suggests that stone anvils leave a clear archaeological record. Evidence for wooden anvil use is likely underrepresented due to the more ephemeral nature of the associated percussive damage and material signature. It may, however, still be possible, albeit challenging, to identify wooden anvil use in the archaeological record.

考古记录中最早使用复杂工具的证据可追溯到公元前 3.3 年。虽然我们最早的祖先可能使用过木制工具,但由于保存不善,目前还没有这方面的证据。不过,通过观察我们的近亲--黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)的工具使用方法,可以了解早期类人猿可能使用的木制工具。通过使用石锤敲碎各种坚果,黑猩猩留下了由正式工具和相关诊断碎片组成的持久的物质特征。虽然黑猩猩使用木制工具的考古证据是暂时的,但石锤和木砧的结合可以创造出更持久的石器记录。本研究通过技术和使用磨损分析,探讨了科特迪瓦塔伊国家公园坚果裂解遗址中与木砧和石砧使用相关的石器组合。我们的研究结果表明,木砧遗址和石砧遗址的石器记录在密度、断裂模式和使用磨损方面存在明显差异。在六个黑猩猩坚果敲击遗址进行的新考古发掘显示,石砧的材料直接影响了考古记录中坚果敲击证据的可见度。通过研究与黑猩猩使用木砧和石砧相关的石器特征的性质,我们可以对这些行为在上新世-更新世类人猿考古记录中被保存和识别的可能性提出假设。在不同的铁砧上敲击坚果所产生的物质特征的差异表明,石砧留下了清晰的考古记录。使用木砧的证据很可能代表性不足,因为相关的撞击破坏和材料特征更为短暂。不过,尽管具有挑战性,但仍有可能在考古记录中确定木砧的使用情况。
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引用次数: 0
An assessment of puberty status in adolescents from the European Upper Paleolithic. 对欧洲旧石器时代上层青少年青春期状况的评估。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103577
Mary E Lewis, Jennifer C French, Elena Rossoni-Notter, Olivier Notter, Abdelkader Moussous, Vitale Sparacello, Francesco Boschin, Stefano Ricci, April Nowell

Childhood and adolescence are two life-history stages that are either unique to humans, or significantly expanded in the human life course relative to other primates. While recent studies have deepened our knowledge of childhood in the Upper Paleolithic, adolescence in this period remains understudied. Here, we use bioarchaeological maturational markers to estimate puberty status of 13 Upper Paleolithic adolescents from sites in Russia, Czechia, and Italy to 1) evaluate the feasibility of the application of bioarchaeological puberty assessment methods to Upper Paleolithic (Homo sapiens) skeletal individuals, 2) estimate the timing and tempo of puberty in Upper Paleolithic adolescents compared to other archaeological populations analyzed using the same method, and 3) characterize adolescence in the Upper Paleolithic by contextualizing the results of this puberty assessment with data on individual and population-level health, morbidity and burial practices. Our results revealed that while puberty had begun by 13.5 years of age for the majority of individuals, there was a lot of variability, with the adolescents from Arene Candide (AC1 and AC16), both aged around 16 years when they died, taking several years longer to progress through puberty than their peers. Assessing the age of menarche was challenging due to the paucity of female adolescents, but based on the available evidence, it appears to have occurred between 16 and 17 years of age. For some, full adulthood had been achieved by 17-22 years, similar to the patterns seen in modern wealthy countries and in advance of historic populations living in urbanized environments. The bioarchaeological analysis of puberty among Upper Paleolithic adolescents has important implications for the study of the emergence of adolescence within human-life histories, as well as for understanding the developmental plasticity of sexual maturation across past and present human populations.

童年和青春期是人类独有的两个生命史阶段,或者说,相对于其他灵长类动物,人类的生命历程在这两个阶段有了显著的扩展。最近的研究加深了我们对旧石器时代上层的童年的了解,但对这一时期的青春期的研究仍然不足。在这里,我们利用生物考古学成熟标志物来估计俄罗斯、捷克和意大利遗址中 13 个旧石器时代上层青少年的青春期状况,以 1) 评估将生物考古学青春期评估方法应用于旧石器时代上层(智人)骨骼个体的可行性、2)与使用相同方法分析的其他考古人群相比,估计旧石器时代上层青少年的青春期时间和节奏;以及 3)通过将青春期评估结果与个体和人群的健康、发病率和丧葬习俗数据相结合,描述旧石器时代上层的青春期特征。我们的研究结果表明,虽然大多数人的青春期在 13.5 岁时就已开始,但也存在很大的差异,阿雷内-坎迪德的青少年(AC1 和 AC16)死亡时年龄都在 16 岁左右,他们的青春期比同龄人长好几年。由于女性青少年很少,评估初潮年龄具有挑战性,但根据现有证据,初潮似乎发生在 16 至 17 岁之间。有些人在 17-22 岁时已经完全成年,这与现代富裕国家的情况类似,也比生活在城市化环境中的历史人群提前了。对旧石器时代上层青少年青春期的生物考古学分析对于研究人类生活史中青春期的出现以及了解过去和现在人类性成熟的可塑性发展具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
A 4.3-million-year-old Australopithecus anamensis mandible from Ileret, East Turkana, Kenya, and its paleoenvironmental context 肯尼亚东图尔卡纳伊勒莱特 430 万年前的南猿下颌骨及其古环境背景。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103579

A hominin mandible, KNM-ER 63000, and associated vertebrate remains were recovered in 2011 from Area 40 in East Turkana, Kenya. Tephrostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic analyses indicate that these fossils date to ∼4.3 Ma. KNM-ER 63000 consists of articulating but worn and weathered mandibular corpora, with a broken right M2 crown and alveoli preserved at other tooth positions. Despite extensive damage, KNM-ER 63000 preserves diagnostic anatomy permitting attribution to Australopithecus anamensis. It can be distinguished from Australopithecus afarensis by its strongly inclined symphyseal axis with a basally convex, ‘cut-away’ external surface, a lateral corpus that sweeps inferomedially beneath the canine-premolar row, and alignment of the canine alveolus with the postcanine axis. KNM-ER 63000 is distinguished from Ardipithecus ramidus by its thick mandibular corpus and large M2 crown. The functional trait structure and enamel’s stable carbon isotopic composition of the Area 40 large-mammal community suggests an environment comparable to Kanapoi and other ∼4.5–4 Ma eastern African sites that would have offered Au. anamensis access to both C3 and C4 food resources. With an age of ∼4.3 Ma, KNM-ER 63000 is the oldest known specimen of Au. anamensis, predating the Kanapoi and Asa Issie samples by at least ∼100 kyr. This specimen extends the known temporal range of Au. anamensis and places it in temporal overlap with fossils of Ar. ramidus from Gona, Ethiopia. The morphology of KNM-ER 63000 indicates that the reconfigured masticatory system differentiating basal hominins from the earliest australopiths existed in the narrow temporal window, if any, separating the two. The very close temporal juxtaposition of these significant morphological and adaptive differences implies that Ar. ramidus was a relative rather than a direct phyletic ancestor of earliest Australopithecus.

2011 年,在肯尼亚东图尔卡纳第 40 地区发现了一个人类下颌骨(KNM-ER 63000)和相关的脊椎动物遗骸。表层地层学和磁层地层学分析表明,这些化石的年代为 4.3 Ma。KNM-ER 63000 由可衔接但已磨损和风化的下颌骨体组成,右侧 M2 牙冠断裂,其他牙齿位置保存有齿槽。KNM-ER 63000 尽管受到了严重破坏,但仍保留了诊断解剖学特征,可将其归属于南猿。它与南猿的区别在于:它的合骨轴强烈倾斜,基部凸起,外表面呈 "剖开 "状,侧冠在犬前臼齿列下方向内侧延伸,犬齿泡与犬齿后轴对齐。KNM-ER 63000与阿迪皮特科(Ardipithecus ramidus)的区别在于其下颌骨的厚牙冠和大的M2牙冠。40区大型哺乳动物群落的功能特征结构和珐琅质的稳定碳同位素组成表明,当时的环境与卡纳波伊(Kanapoi)和其他4.5-4 Ma的东非遗址相当,可以为Au. anamensis提供C3和C4食物资源。KNM-ER 63000的年龄为4.3 Ma,是已知最古老的Au. anamensis标本,比Kanapoi和Asa Issie样本至少早100 kyr。该标本扩大了Au. anamensis的已知时间范围,并使其与埃塞俄比亚戈纳的Ar.KNM-ER 63000的形态表明,将基干类人与最早的奥斯特罗石人区分开来的重组咀嚼系统存在于两者之间狭窄的时间窗口(如果有的话)。这些显著的形态和适应性差异在时间上非常接近,这意味着拉米杜鹃是最早的澳大利亚人的亲属,而不是直接的植物祖先。
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引用次数: 0
Adhesive technology based on biomass tar documents engineering capabilities in the African Middle Stone Age 基于生物质焦油的粘合剂技术记录了非洲中石器时代的工程能力
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103578

The foragers of the southern African Middle Stone Age were among the first humans to adapt their environment and its resources to their needs. They heat-treated stone to alter its mechanical properties, transformed yellow colorants into red pigments and produced moldable adhesive substances from plants. Until now, only Podocarpus conifers have been identified as the botanical origin of Middle Stone Age adhesives. This is curious as these conifers do not produce sticky exudations that could be recognized as potential adhesives. To obtain an adhesive, tar must be made with a technical process based on fire. However, the nature of these technical processes has remained unknown, hampering our understanding of the meaning of this adhesive technology for the cultural evolution of early Homo sapiens. Here, we present the first evidence of a technique used for tar making in the Middle Stone Age. We created an experimental reference collection containing naturally available adhesives along manufactured tars from plants available in the Middle Stone Age and compared these to artifacts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. We found that, in the Howiesons Poort at Sibhudu Cave, tar was made by condensation, an efficient above-ground process. Even more surprisingly, the condensation method was not restricted to Podocarpus. The inhabitants of Sibhudu also produced tar from the leaves of other plants. These tars were then used, either without further transformation or were processed into ochre-based compound adhesives, suggesting that people needed different moldable substances with distinct mechanical properties. This has important implications for our understanding of Middle Stone Age H. sapiens, portraying them as skilled engineers who used and transformed their resources in a knowledgeable way.

南部非洲中石器时代的觅食者是最早根据自身需要改造环境和资源的人类之一。他们对石头进行热处理以改变其机械性能,将黄色颜料转化为红色颜料,并从植物中提取可成型的粘合物质。到目前为止,只有荚果针叶树被确认为中石器时代粘合剂的植物起源。这很奇怪,因为这些针叶树不会产生可被视为潜在粘合剂的粘性渗出物。要获得粘合剂,焦油必须用火烧的技术工艺制作。然而,这些技术过程的性质一直不为人知,妨碍了我们了解这种粘合剂技术对早期智人文化进化的意义。在这里,我们首次展示了中石器时代焦油制造技术的证据。我们创建了一个实验参考集合,其中包含天然粘合剂和中石器时代可用植物制成的焦油,并使用气相色谱-质谱法和红外光谱法将其与人工制品进行了比较。我们发现,在锡布杜洞穴的豪森波尔特,焦油是通过冷凝法制造的,这是一种高效的地面工艺。更令人惊讶的是,冷凝法并不局限于波多卡普斯。锡布杜居民还用其他植物的叶子制造焦油。这些焦油要么未经进一步加工就被使用,要么被加工成以赭石为基础的复合粘合剂,这表明人们需要具有不同机械性能的可塑物质。这对我们了解中石器时代的智人具有重要意义,它将智人描绘成熟练的工程师,以知识渊博的方式使用和改造他们的资源。
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引用次数: 0
Reduced limb integration characterizes primate clades with diverse locomotor adaptations 肢体整合度降低是具有不同运动适应性的灵长类支系的特征。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103567

Hominoids exhibit a strikingly diverse set of locomotor adaptations—including knuckle-walking, brachiation, quadrumanuous suspension, and striding bipedalism—while also possessing morphologies associated with forelimb suspension. It has been suggested that changes in limb element integration facilitated the evolution of diverse locomotor modes by reducing covariation between serial homologs and allowing the evolution of a greater diversity of limb lengths. Here, I compare limb element integration in hominoids with that of other primate taxa, including two that have converged with them in forelimb morphology, Ateles and Pygathrix. Ateles is part of a clade that, such as hominoids, exhibits diverse locomotor adaptations, whereas Pygathrix is an anomaly in a much more homogeneous (in terms of locomotor adaptations) clade. I find that all atelines (and possibly all atelids), not just Ateles, share reduced limb element integration with hominoids. Pygathrix does not, however, instead resembling other members of its own family. Indriids also seem to have higher limb integration than apes, despite using their forelimbs and hindlimbs in divergent ways, although there is more uncertainty in this group due to poor sample size. These results suggest that reduced limb integration is characteristic of certain taxonomic groups with high locomotor diversity rather than taxa with specific, specialized locomotor adaptations. This is consistent with the hypothesis that reduced integration serves to open new areas of morphospace to those clades while suggesting that derived locomotion with divergent demands on limbs is not necessarily associated with reduced limb integration.

智人表现出了惊人的多种运动适应性--包括指节行走、肱骨行走、四肢悬空行走和跨步两足行走--同时也拥有与前肢悬空行走相关的形态。有人认为,肢体元素整合的变化减少了序列同源物之间的共变,使肢体长度的进化更加多样化,从而促进了多种运动模式的进化。在这里,我比较了类人猿与其他灵长类动物的肢元整合情况,包括两个在前肢形态上与类人猿趋同的类群:Ateles 和 Pygathrix。Ateles属于一个表现出多种运动适应性的类群,例如类人猿,而Pygathrix则是一个同质性(在运动适应性方面)更高的类群中的异常类群。我发现,不仅是 Ateles 类,所有 Atelines 类(也可能是所有 Atelids 类)都与类人猿一样,肢元整合能力较弱。然而,Pygathrix 与同科的其他成员并不相似。尽管猿类使用前肢和后肢的方式不同,但印地安类似乎也比猿类具有更高的肢体整合能力,不过由于样本量较少,这一类别的不确定性更大。这些结果表明,肢体整合度降低是某些具有高度运动多样性的类群的特征,而不是具有特定的、专门的运动适应性的类群的特征。这与集成度降低有助于为这些类群开辟新的形态空间的假说是一致的,同时也表明对肢体有不同要求的派生运动并不一定与肢体集成度降低有关。
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引用次数: 0
Diverse bone-calcium isotope compositions in Neandertals suggest different dietary strategies 尼安德特人不同的骨钙同位素组成表明了不同的饮食策略
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103566

Zooarcheological and geochemical evidence suggests Neanderthals were top predators, but their adherence to a strictly carnivorous diet has been questioned. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of calcium-stable isotopes to evaluate trophic and ecological relationships. Here, we measure the δ44/42Ca values in bone samples from Mousterian contexts at Grotte du Bison (Marine Isotope Stage 3, Yonne, France) and Regourdou (Marine Isotope Stage 5, Dordogne, France) in two new Neanderthal individuals, associated fauna, and living local plants. We use a Bayesian mixing model to estimate the dietary composition of these Neanderthal individuals, plus a third one already analyzed. The results reveal three distinct diets: a diet including accidental or voluntary consumption of bone-based food, an intermediate diet, and a diet without consumption of bone-based food. This finding is the first demonstration of diverse subsistence strategies among Neanderthals and as such, reconciles archaeological and geochemical dietary evidence.

动物考古学和地球化学证据表明尼安德特人是顶级掠食者,但他们是否坚持严格的肉食性饮食却受到质疑。最近的研究表明,钙稳定同位素具有评估营养和生态关系的潜力。在这里,我们测量了两个新的尼安德特人个体、相关动物群和当地活植物的骨骼样本中的δ44/42Ca值,这两个个体分别来自Grotte du Bison(海洋同位素阶段3,法国约讷省)和Regourdou(海洋同位素阶段5,法国多尔多涅省)的穆斯特时期。我们使用贝叶斯混合模型估算了这些尼安德特人的饮食组成,以及已经分析过的第三个尼安德特人的饮食组成。结果显示了三种不同的饮食结构:包括意外或自愿食用骨质食物的饮食结构、中间饮食结构和不食用骨质食物的饮食结构。这一发现首次证明了尼安德特人多种多样的生存策略,从而调和了考古学和地球化学饮食证据。
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引用次数: 0
New hominin dental remains from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) 奥杜威峡谷(坦桑尼亚)新发现的类人猿牙齿残骸。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103556
Alessandro Riga , Thomas W. Davies , Beatrice Azzarà , Giovanni Boschian , Costantino Buzi , Jackson S. Kimambo , Giorgio Manzi , Fidelis T. Masao , Amon Mgimwa , Happiness Nyambo , Paul Tafforeau , Wilson Jilala , Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi , Marco Cherin
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引用次数: 0
Dental microwear and diets of mainland fossil Pongo from the Mid-Pleistocene of southern China 中国南方中更新世大陆庞戈化石的牙齿显微磨损和饮食。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103565
Yaobin Fan , Leah K. Fehringer , Wei Liao , Hua Liang , Wei Wang , Peter S. Ungar
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引用次数: 0
Dental remains of Plio–Pleistocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Romania 罗马尼亚上新世栉齿科(哺乳纲:灵长目)的牙齿遗骸
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103544
Cristina Stan , Virgil Drăgușin , Ștefan Vasile , Márton Venczel , Claire E. Terhune

The superfamily Cercopithecoidea had a broad spatial distribution and occupied a wide variety of habitats across Europe from the Late Miocene until the Middle Pleistocene. Cercopithecines, such as macaques, showed more flexibility in habitat preferences, whereas colobines tended to be more sensitive to environmental differences. In Romania, only a few Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil sites have yielded primate remains. In this paper, we revise selected specimens previously listed in site reviews, and we describe several unpublished specimens from the Plio–Pleistocene fossil localities of Berești (Mammal Neogene [MN], MN14–MN15), Mălușteni (MN14), Ciuperceni-2 (MN15b), and Betfia (MN18). For each, we provide detailed descriptions, comparisons to other relevant material, and updated taxonomic assignments. We also present an updated biochronology and provide a paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on the taxonomic composition of the faunal assemblages described from these primate localities. The colobine monkey Dolichopithecus ruscinensis, from Berești, Mălușteni, and Ciuperceni-2, was present during the Early Pliocene in Romania. Mesopithecus monspessulanus is also known from Mălușteni, as is Paradolichopithecus sp. The Early Pleistocene site Betfia yielded a molar germ (in crypt; Betfia-XIII) and a deciduous premolar (Betfia-IX), both belonging to a Macaca sylvanus subspecies. Macaca sylvanus ssp. occurrences from Betfia-XIII and Betfia-IX offer an important perspective for understanding the chronostratigraphic range and geographic distribution of this species during the Early Pleistocene. The paleoenvironmental descriptions from Ciuperceni-2 show that primates were distributed in a mosaic habitat, with open and forested areas and a warm Mediterranean climate. This differs from Mălușteni, Berești, and Betfia, where a dry continental phase with an open landscape is inferred. Our review of paleoenvironmental conditions of Romanian primate localities provides a paleoecological framework for understanding the habitat preferences of extinct primates.

从晚中新世到中更新世,猕猴科超科动物在欧洲有着广泛的空间分布,占据着各种各样的栖息地。猕猴等栉猴科动物对栖息地的偏好更具灵活性,而疣猴科动物则对环境差异更为敏感。在罗马尼亚,只有少数上新世和更新世的化石遗址出土了灵长类动物的遗骸。在本文中,我们对之前在遗址回顾中列出的部分标本进行了修订,并描述了来自 Berești (哺乳动物新世 [MN],MN14-MN15)、Mălușteni(MN14)、Ciuperceni-2(MN15b)和 Betfia(MN18)等上新世-更新世化石地点的几个未发表的标本。我们对每种生物都进行了详细描述,与其他相关材料进行了比较,并更新了分类分配。我们还介绍了最新的生物年代学,并根据这些灵长类地点所描述的动物群落的分类组成重建了古环境。来自 Berești、Mălușteni 和 Ciuperceni-2 的疣猴 Dolichopithecus ruscinensis 出现在罗马尼亚的早上新世。早更新世遗址 Betfia 发现了一颗臼齿胚芽(在隐窝中;Betfia-XIII)和一颗落叶前臼齿(Betfia-IX),它们都属于 Macaca sylvanus 亚种。Betfia-XIII 和 Betfia-IX 发现的猕猴亚种为了解该物种在早更新世的年代地层范围和地理分布提供了一个重要的视角。来自 Ciuperceni-2 的古环境描述表明,灵长类动物分布在一个马赛克栖息地,有开阔地和森林地带,气候为温暖的地中海气候。这与默鲁兹泰尼、贝雷兹蒂和贝特菲亚的情况不同,在这些地方,推断出的是干燥的大陆阶段和开阔的地貌。我们对罗马尼亚灵长类动物栖息地古环境条件的回顾为了解已灭绝灵长类动物的栖息地偏好提供了一个古生态学框架。
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引用次数: 0
New records of early Paleocene (earliest Torrejonian) plesiadapiforms from northeastern Montana, USA, provide a window into the diversification of stem primates. 来自美国蒙大拿州东北部的古新世早期(托雷戎纪早期)蝶形目新记录为了解茎灵长类动物的多样化提供了一个窗口。
IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103500
Brody T Hovatter, Stephen G B Chester, Gregory P Wilson Mantilla

Plesiadapiforms (putative stem primates) appear in the fossil record shortly after the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary and subsequently radiated throughout the Paleocene into a taxonomically and ecomorphologically diverse group. The oldest known plesiadapiforms come from early Puercan (the oldest North American Land Mammal 'age' [NALMA] of the Cenozoic) deposits in northeastern Montana, and all records of Puercan plesiadapiforms are taxonomically restricted to members of the Purgatoriidae and the enigmatic genus Pandemonium. Plesiadapiform diversity substantially increased in the following Torrejonian NALMA, but the sparse record of faunas between the Puercan and the well-known middle and late Torrejonian has hampered our understanding of this important interval in early primate evolution. Here we report new plesiadapiform dental fossils from early Torrejonian (To1) deposits from the Tullock Member of the Fort Union Formation in northeastern Montana that record several poorly known taxa including members of the Purgatoriidae, Paromomyidae and Pandemonium, and that document the largest and most diverse assemblage of To1 plesiadapiforms known. We describe a new species of the purgatoriid Ursolestes (Ursolestes blissorum, sp. nov.) that represents the largest plesiadapiform known from the early Paleocene and, among other taxa, provides additional evidence that the temporal range of purgatoriids extended into the Torrejonian. Large sample sizes of the oldest known paromomyid, Paromomys farrandi, allowed us to document intraspecific variability and one undescribed tooth locus. Our observations illuminate changes in dental morphology of some taxa that occurred in To1 and may inform the acquisition of certain diagnostic plesiadapiform dental characters. We evaluate plesiadapiform species richness, mean body mass and body-mass disparity through the Paleocene and reveal unrecognized levels of richness in To1 and a general trend of stable body mass and body-mass disparity. Our findings contribute to documented patterns of plesiadapiform provincialism in the early Paleocene and shed light on the early stages of their Torrejonian radiation.

白垩纪/古近纪边界之后不久,褶皱类灵长类(假定的干灵长类)出现在化石记录中,随后在整个古近纪辐射成为一个在分类学和形态学上多样化的类群。目前已知的最古老的犁头猿来自蒙大拿州东北部的早期普尔坎(新生代最古老的北美陆地哺乳动物 "时代"[NALMA])沉积物,所有关于普尔坎犁头猿的记录在分类学上都仅限于Purgatoriidae和神秘的Pandemonium属的成员。在随后的托勒戎纪(NALMA)中,栉水母形目动物的多样性大幅增加,但在普尔坎期与众所周知的托勒戎纪中晚期之间的动物群记录稀少,这阻碍了我们对早期灵长类演化过程中这一重要时期的了解。在这里,我们报告了来自蒙大拿州东北部联合堡地层 Tullock 成员早期托勒戎纪(To1)沉积物中的新的犁齿化石,其中记录了几个鲜为人知的类群,包括嘌呤科、鹦嘴科和大戟科的成员,并记录了目前已知的规模最大、种类最丰富的 To1 犁齿化石群。我们描述了嘌呤虫类的一个新种 Ursolestes(Ursolestes blissorum,新种),它代表了古新世早期已知的最大的褶皱蝶形目,并与其他类群一起提供了更多证据,证明嘌呤虫类的时间范围延伸到了托里戎纪。我们对已知最古老的副颌类动物 Paromomys farrandi 进行了大量取样,从而记录了其种内变异性和一个未被描述的牙齿位点。我们的观察结果揭示了一些类群的牙齿形态在 To1 中发生的变化,并可能为获得某些具有诊断意义的 plesiadapiform 牙齿特征提供了信息。我们评估了古新世中犁头形类的物种丰富度、平均体重和体重差异,发现了 To1 中未被认识到的丰富程度,以及体重和体重差异稳定的总体趋势。我们的研究结果为古新世早期犁头形类的省区化模式提供了资料,并揭示了其托里霍尼亚辐射的早期阶段。
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Journal of Human Evolution
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