European Biophysics Journal最新文献

The 25th International Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC) Workshops and Symposium (AUC2022) took place at the University of Lethbridge in Lethbridge, Canada, in July 2022. In total, 104 attendees (Attendance Profile: 104 attendees, 69 in-person, 35 remote. Brazil 1, Canada 24, China 1, Czech Republic 2, Finland 1, France 3, Germany 22, India 3, Italy 1, Japan 4, Spain 1, Switzerland 3, Taiwan 1, United Kingdom 5, United States 32) participated in the event and presented the latest advances in the field. While the primary focus of the conference was to showcase the applications of AUC in chemical, life sciences, and nanoparticle disciplines, several presentations also integrated complementary methods, such as isothermal titration calorimetry, microscale thermophoresis, light scattering (static and dynamic), small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray crystallography, and cryo-electron microscopy. Additionally, the delegates gained valuable hands-on experience from 20 workshops covering a broad range of applications, experimental designs and systems, and the latest software innovations in solution biophysics. The AUC2022 special volume highlights the sustained innovation, utility and relevance of AUC and related solution biophysical methods across various disciplines, including biochemistry, structural biology, synthetic polymer chemistry, carbohydrate chemistry, protein and nucleic acid characterization, nano-science, and macromolecular interactions.

8-azaguanine is a triazolopyrimidine nucleobase analog possessing potent antibacterial and antitumor activities, and it has been implicated as a lead molecule in cancer and malaria therapy. Its intrinsic fluorescence properties can be utilized for monitoring its interactions with biological polymers like proteins or nucleic acids. In order to better understand these interactions, it is important to know the tautomeric equilibrium of this compound. In this work, the tautomeric equilibrium of all natural neutral and anionic compound forms (except highly improbable imino-enol tautomers) as well as their methyl derivatives and ribosides was revealed by quantum chemistry methods. It was shown that, as expected, tautomers protonated at positions 1 and 9 dominate neutral forms both in gas phase and in aqueous solution. 8-azaguanines methylated at any position of the triazole ring are protonated at position 1. The computed vertical absorption and emission energies are in very good agreement with the experimental data. They confirm the validity of the assumption that replacing the proton with the methyl group does not significantly change the positions of absorption and fluorescence peaks.

To address the current lack of validated molecular standards for analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), we investigated the suitability of double-stranded DNA molecules. We compared the hydrodynamic properties of linear and circular DNA as a function of temperature. Negatively supercoiled, nicked, and linearized 333 and 339 bp minicircles were studied. We quantified the hydrodynamic properties of these DNAs at five different temperatures, ranging from 4 to 37 °C. To enhance the precision of our measurements, each sample was globally fitted over triplicates and five rotor speeds. The exceptional stability of DNA allowed each sample to be sedimented repeatedly over the course of several months without aggregation or degradation, and with excellent reproducibility. The sedimentation and diffusion coefficients of linearized and nicked minicircle DNA demonstrated a highly homogeneous sample, and increased with temperature, indicating a decrease in friction. The sedimentation of linearized DNA was the slowest; supercoiled DNA sedimented the fastest. With increasing temperature, the supercoiled samples shifted to slower sedimentation, but sedimented faster than nicked minicircles. These results suggest that negatively supercoiled DNA becomes less compact at higher temperatures. The supercoiled minicircles, as purified from bacteria, displayed heterogeneity. Therefore, supercoiled DNA isolated from bacteria is unsuitable as a molecular standard. Linear and nicked samples are well suited as a molecular standard for AUC and have exceptional colloidal stability in an AUC cell. Even after sixty experiments at different speeds and temperatures, measured over the course of 4 months, all topological states of DNA remained colloidal, and their concentrations remained essentially unchanged.

This investigation examines the source of the disparity between experimental values of the light scattering second virial coefficient ({A}_{2}) (mL.mol/g²) for proteins and those predicted on the statistical mechanical basis of excluded volume. A much better theoretical description of published results for lysozyme is obtained by considering the experimental parameters to monitor the difference between the thermodynamic excluded volume term and its hydrodynamic counterpart. This involves a combination of parameters quantifying concentration dependence of the translational diffusion coefficient obtained from dynamic light scattering measurements. That finding is shown to account for observations of a strong correlation between ({A}_{2}{M}_{2}) (mL/g), where M₂ is the molar mass (molecular weight) of the macromolecule and the diffusion concentration parameter ({k}_{D}) (mL/g). On the grounds that ({k}_{D}) is regarded as a hydrodynamic parameter, the same status should be accorded the light scattering second virial coefficient rather than its current incorrect thermodynamic designation as ({B}_{2}) (mL.mol/g²), or just B, the osmotic second virial coefficient for protein self-interaction.

This study establishes the existence of substantial agreement between published results from traditional boundary spreading measurements (including synthetic boundary measurements in the analytical ultracenrifuge) on two globular proteins (bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin) and the concentration dependence of diffusion coefficient predicted for experiments conducted under the operative thermodynamic constraints of constant temperature and solvent chemical potential. Although slight negative concentration dependence of the translational diffusion coefficient is the experimentally observed as well as theoretically predicted, the extent of the concentration dependence is within the limits of experimental uncertainty inherent in diffusion coefficient measurement. Attention is then directed toward the ionic strength dependence of the concentration dependence coefficient (({k}_{D})) describing diffusion coefficients obtained by dynamic light scattering, where, in principle, the operative thermodynamic constraints of constant temperature and pressure preclude consideration of results in terms of single-solute theory. Nevertheless, good agreement between predicted and published experimental ionic strength dependencies of ({k}_{D}) for lysozyme and an immunoglobulin is observed by a minor adaptation of the theoretical treatment to accommodate the fact that thermodynamic activity is monitored on the molal concentration scale because of the constraint of constant pressure that pertains in dynamic light scattering experiments.

In this study, we consider DNA as a torus knot that is formed by an elastic string. In order to determine what kinds of knot could be formed, we present its energy spectrum by combining Euler rotation, DNA’s mechanical properties, and the modified Faddeev–Skyrme model. Our results theoretically demonstrated that the flexural rigidity of DNA plays an important role. If it is smaller than a critical value, DNA is likely to form a coiled structure. Conversely, above the critical value, DNA forms a twisting structure. The energy spectrum provides a way to identify the types of knots that are most likely to be created by DNA, according to the principle of energy minimisation, and with implications for its functional and packaging states in the cell nucleus.

The activity of mitochondrial large-conductance voltage- and (Ca^{2+})-activated (K^+) channels (mitoBK) is regulated by a number of biochemical factors, including flavonoids. In particular, naringenin (Nar) and quercetin (Que) reached reasonable scientific attention due to their well-pronounced channel-activating effects. The open-reinforcing outcomes of Nar and Que on the mitoBK channel gating have been already reported. Nevertheless, the molecular picture of the corresponding channel–ligand interactions remains still to be revealed. In this work, we investigate the effects of the Nar and Que on the conformational dynamics of the mitoBK channel. In this aim, the cross-correlation-based analysis of the single-channel signals recorded by the patch-clamp method is performed. The obtained results in the form of phase space diagrams enable us to visually monitor the effects exerted by the considered flavonoids at the level of temporal characteristics of repetitive sequences of channel conformations. It turns out that the mitoBK channel activation by naringenin and quercetin does not lead to the change in the number of clusters within the phase space diagrams, which can be related to the constant number of available channel macroconformations regardless of the flavonoid administration. The localization and occupancy of the clusters of cross-correlated sequences suggest that mitoBK channel stimulation by flavonoids affects the relative stability of channel conformations and the kinetics of switching between them. For most clusters, greater net effects are observed in terms of quercetin administration in comparison with naringenin. It indicates stronger channel interaction with Que than Nar.

Large coarse-grained simulations are often conducted with an implicit solvent, which makes it hard to assess the water content of the sample and the effective concentration of the system. Here the number and the size of cavities and entanglements in the system, together with density profiles, are used to asses the homogeneity and interconnectedness of gluten. This is a continuation of an earlier article, "Viscoelastic properties of wheat gluten in a molecular dynamics study" (Mioduszewski and Cieplak 2021b). It turns out there is a wide range of densities (between 1 residue per cubic nanometer and 3 residues/nm(^3)) where the system is interconnected, but not homogeneous: there are still large empty spaces, surrounded by an entangled protein network. Those findings should be of importance to any coarse-grained simulation of large protein systems.

Nucleic acids are highly deformable helical molecules constantly stretched, twisted and bent in their biological functioning. Single molecule experiments have shown that double stranded (ds)-RNA and standard ds-DNA have opposite twist-stretch patterns and stretching properties when overwound under a constant applied load. The key structural features of the A-form RNA and B-form DNA helices are here incorporated in a three-dimensional mesoscopic Hamiltonian model which accounts for the radial, bending and twisting fluctuations of the base pairs. Using path integral techniques which sum over the ensemble of the base pair fluctuations, I compute the average helical repeat of the molecules as a function of the load. The obtained twist-stretch relations and stretching properties, for short A- and B-helical fragments, are consistent with the opposite behaviors observed in kilo-base long molecules.