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Resistance and virulence distribution in enterococci isolated from broilers reared in two farming systems. 两种饲养方式肉鸡分离肠球菌的耐药性和毒力分布。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00201-6
Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek, João Bettencourt Cota, Tânia Ribeiro, Amélia Pimentel, Luís Tavares, Fernando Bernando, Manuela Oliveira

Background: The impact of enterococci in human health has been growing for the last decades, mainly due to their resistance to several antimicrobial agents. Human consumption of contaminated meat, especially poultry, has been identified as a possible route of transmission. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence genes of enterococci isolated from Portuguese conventional and free-range broiler farms.

Results: Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high frequencies of resistance to tetracycline in both farming systems. Resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin were detected in about half of the isolates. Resistance to penicillin was the less frequently observed and no vancomycin resistant isolates were identified. The majority of the enterococcal isolates, from either farming systems, were resistant to more than one antibiotic, and no statistical associations were found, except for penicillin resistance which associated with the genetic clusters. No differences were found between farming systems regarding the prevalence of tet(M), erm(B), aac (6')-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia and pbp5 genes, nevertheless pbp5 prevalence was associated with the different genetic clusters. Hemolytic activity was identified in 26.47% of all isolates and gelatinase activity in 50%. The gelE gene was identified in the majority of the isolates, whereas esp and agg genes were rarely detected. The cylA determinant was not detected in any of the isolates.

Conclusions: Overall, results suggest that similar resistance patterns and virulence genes can be found in both farming systems, though enterococci in free-range conditions should be less prone to acquire further resistance genes.

背景:在过去的几十年里,肠球菌对人类健康的影响一直在增长,主要是由于它们对几种抗微生物药物具有耐药性。人类食用受污染的肉类,特别是家禽,已被确定为可能的传播途径。本研究的目的是评估和比较从葡萄牙传统肉鸡养殖场和散养肉鸡养殖场分离的肠球菌的抗微生物药物耐药性和毒力基因。结果:抗生素药敏试验显示两种养殖系统对四环素的耐药频率较高。半数菌株对红霉素和庆大霉素耐药。青霉素耐药较少,未发现万古霉素耐药分离株。来自两种养殖系统的大多数肠球菌分离株均对一种以上抗生素具有耐药性,除青霉素耐药性与遗传聚类相关外,未发现统计学相关性。tet(M)、erm(B)、aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia和pbp5基因的流行率在不同的农业系统之间没有差异,但pbp5基因的流行与不同的遗传群有关。在所有分离株中,溶血活性为26.47%,明胶酶活性为50%。大多数分离株中检出gelE基因,而esp和agg基因很少检出。在所有分离株中均未检测到cylA的决定因素。结论:总体而言,结果表明在两种养殖系统中可以发现相似的耐药模式和毒力基因,尽管散养条件下的肠球菌不太容易获得进一步的耐药基因。
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引用次数: 10
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) prevalence in humans in close contact with animals and measures to reduce on-farm colonisation. 家畜相关耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(LA-MRSA)在与动物密切接触的人群中的流行情况及减少农场定植的措施
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00200-7
Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo, Peadar G Lawlor

Since the 1940s, Staphylococcus aureus has adapted to the use of different antimicrobials to treat infections. Although S. aureus can act as a commensal bacterium, some strains are facultative pathogens and acquiring them can be fatal. In particular, treating infections caused by S. aureus with acquired antimicrobial resistance is problematic, as their treatment is more difficult. Some of these S. aureus variants are methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with prevalence across the globe in health-care facilities, community settings and on livestock farms. Apart from humans, MRSA can colonise other animal species, and because of this, resistance to new antimicrobials can appear and jump between species. Livestock and companion animals are particularly important in this regard considering the relatively high usage of antimicrobials in these species. There is a risk to humans who come into direct contact with animals acquiring MRSA but there is also the risk of animals acquiring MRSA from colonised humans. In this review, we summarise studies conducted worldwide to characterise the prevalence of MRSA in veterinarians, farmers and other personnel who come into close contact with animals. Finally, alternative treatment, preventive measures and on-farm strategies to reduce MRSA introduction to a farm and carriage within a herd are discussed.

自20世纪40年代以来,金黄色葡萄球菌已经适应了使用不同的抗菌剂来治疗感染。虽然金黄色葡萄球菌可以作为一种共生细菌,但有些菌株是兼性病原体,感染它们可能是致命的。特别是,治疗获得性抗微生物药物耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌引起的感染是有问题的,因为它们的治疗更加困难。其中一些金黄色葡萄球菌变种是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),在全球卫生保健设施、社区环境和牲畜养殖场流行。除了人类,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌还可以在其他动物物种中繁殖,正因为如此,对新型抗菌剂的耐药性可以在物种之间出现并跳跃。考虑到在这些物种中抗菌剂的使用相对较高,牲畜和伴侣动物在这方面尤其重要。与动物直接接触的人有感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的风险,但动物也有从定植的人身上感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的风险。在这篇综述中,我们总结了在世界范围内进行的研究,以确定兽医、农民和其他与动物密切接触的人员中MRSA的流行情况。最后,替代治疗,预防措施和农场策略,以减少MRSA传入农场和畜群内的运输进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 41
A pilot study on the prevalence of lice in Irish beef cattle and the first Irish report of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis. 爱尔兰肉牛中虱子流行的试点研究和爱尔兰首次报告Bovicola bovis对溴氰菊酯的耐受性。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00198-y
Fiona Mckiernan, Jack O'Connor, William Minchin, Edward O'Riordan, Alan Dillon, Martina Harrington, Annetta Zintl

Background: Pediculosis in cattle causes significant itching, irritation and stress to the animal, often resulting in skin damage and poor coat condition. The control of bovine pediculosis in Ireland is based predominantly on commercial insecticides belonging to one of two chemical classes, the synthetic pyrethroids and the macrocyclic lactones. In recent years, pyrethroid tolerance has been reported in a number of species of livestock lice in the United Kingdom and Australia.

Results: In this pilot survey, lice were detected in 16 (94%) out of 17 herds visited. Two species of lice, Bovicola bovis and Linognathus vituli were identified. In vitro contact bioassays showed evidence of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis collected from 4 farms. This was confirmed by repeatedly assessing louse infestations on treated animals on one farm.

Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first record of insecticide tolerant populations of lice in Irish cattle. The results also provide new data on the species of lice infesting beef cattle in Ireland and the prevalence and control of louse infestations in Irish beef cattle herds.

背景:牛的弓形虫病会给动物带来明显的瘙痒、刺激和压力,经常导致皮肤损伤和被毛状况不佳。爱尔兰对牛弓形虫病的控制主要基于两种化学类别之一的商业杀虫剂,即合成拟除虫菊酯和大环内酯。近年来,据报道,英国和澳大利亚的一些家畜虱类对拟除虫菊酯具有耐药性。结果:在这次试点调查中,在访问的17个畜群中,有16个(94%)发现了虱子。鉴定出牛虱和羊虱两种。体外接触生物测定显示,从4个养殖场采集的牛虻对溴氰菊酯具有耐受性。通过反复评估一个农场治疗过的动物身上的虱子感染情况,证实了这一点。结论:据我们所知,这是爱尔兰牛中虱子耐杀虫剂种群的第一次记录。研究结果还为爱尔兰肉牛的虱子种类以及爱尔兰肉牛群中虱子感染的流行和控制提供了新的数据。
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引用次数: 6
Seroprevalence of Chlamydia abortus infection in yak (Bos grunniens) in Tibet, China. 西藏地区牦牛流产衣原体感染血清流行病学分析。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00199-x
Lin Liang, Yuan Wen, Zhaocai Li, Ping Liu, Xing Liu, Shuming Tan, Donghui Liu, Jizhang Zhou, Dewen Tong

Chlamydia spp. are prevalent zoonotic pathogens that infect a wide variety of host species. Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus) infection in yaks has been reported in Gansu and Qinghai province, China. However, no data about C. abortus infection are available in yaks in Tibet, China. A total of 938 serum samples was collected from yaks in Tibet, China and specific antibodies against C. abortus were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the overall seroprevalence of C. abortus in yaks was 104/938 (11.1 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 9.1-13.1). The prevalence in female and male yaks was 59/556 (10.6 %, 95 % CI 8.0-13.2) and 45/382 (11.8 %, 95 % CI 8.5-15.0), respectively with no significant difference (p > 0.05). The seroprevalence of antibodies to C. abortus in yaks ranged from 8.0 to 18.2 % among the six different areas, and the difference was also without statistical significance (p > 0.05). The prevalence among different age groups ranged from 7.0 to 15.9 %, with a higher prevalence among 1 to 2 years age category. The results demonstrate the presence of C. abortus infection in yaks in Tibet and may pose a risk for the general yak populations in addition to its potential impact on public health and the local Tibetan economy. To our knowledge, this is the first seroprevalence survey of C. abortus in yaks in Tibet, China.

衣原体是一种流行的人畜共患病原体,可感染多种宿主物种。在中国甘肃和青海省报告了牦牛的流产衣原体感染。然而,在中国西藏地区的牦牛中,没有关于C. abortus感染的数据。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),采集西藏地区牦牛血清938份,检测牛产弧菌特异性抗体。结果表明,牦牛流产弧菌血清总阳性率为104/938(11.1%,95%可信区间[CI] 9.1 ~ 13.1)。公、母牦牛患病率分别为59/556 (10.6%,95% CI 8.0 ~ 13.2)和45/382 (11.8%,95% CI 8.5 ~ 15.0),差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。6个不同地区牦牛血清产弧菌抗体阳性率为8.0 ~ 18.2%,差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。不同年龄组的患病率为7.0 ~ 15.9%,其中1 ~ 2岁年龄组患病率较高。结果表明,在西藏牦牛中存在产弧菌感染,除了对公共卫生和当地经济造成潜在影响外,还可能对普通牦牛种群构成风险。据我们所知,这是中国西藏地区首次对牦牛产弧菌进行血清学调查。
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引用次数: 2
Controlling bacteriological contamination of environmental surfaces at the biological isolation and containment unit of a veterinary teaching hospital. 控制兽医教学医院生物隔离和封闭单元环境表面的细菌污染。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-28 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00197-z
C Verdial, C Carneiro, I Machado, L Tavares, V Almeida, M Oliveira, S Gil

Background: The Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) is a subunit of the Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Portugal, for the admission of animals with confirmed infectious diseases or under clinical suspicion and waiting for a diagnosis. As a high-risk environment for the transmission of infectious agents, it is extremely important to implement programs for the surveillance of nosocomial microorganisms in these facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of bacterial contamination of the BICU environmental surfaces and to implement corrective actions on disinfection protocols. Swab samples were collected from selected environmental surfaces in 3 different areas of the BICU (isolation, work, and preparatory rooms) to evaluate the total aerobic bacterial load and investigate the presence of 4 nosocomial microorganisms: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 3rd-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial quantification was performed by using non-selective media, while specific selective media were used for the isolation of the target microorganisms. Isolates were identified based on their macro and microscopic characteristics and their biochemical profile. Subsequently, new disinfection protocols were implemented, and their effectiveness evaluated.

Results: The surfaces with the highest bacterial load in the isolation, preparatory, and worker's rooms were the cages, hand-held sponge, and telephone, respectively. Regarding the 4 pathogens investigated, Enterococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated (11.3%), followed by E. coli (1.5%) and P. aeruginosa (1.5%). One of the P. aeruginosa isolates obtained was resistant to imipenem. In the end, new disinfection protocols were implemented, which proved to be effective in reducing bacterial counts by 99.99% in cages and the sponge, and by 90 to 99% on the telephone.

Conclusions: This study allows to conclude that the cages and the human contact surfaces were the most contaminated in the isolation rooms. Nevertheless, the new disinfection strategies seemed to be effective in reducing environmental contamination, including by some potentially nosocomial agents, although more samples must be analyzed for definitive conclusions. These results may contribute to highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures, as fundamental tools to reduce the spread of infectious agents in the hospital environment.

背景:生物隔离和收容室(BICU)是葡萄牙里斯本大学兽医学院教学医院的一个亚单位,用于接收确诊传染病或有临床怀疑并等待诊断的动物。作为传染媒介传播的高风险环境,在这些设施中实施医院微生物监测计划是极其重要的。本研究的目的是评估BICU环境表面的细菌污染水平,并实施消毒方案的纠正措施。从BICU 3个不同区域(隔离室、工作室和准备室)的选定环境表面收集拭子样本,评估需氧细菌总负荷,并调查4种医院微生物的存在:耐万古霉素肠球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、第3代耐头孢菌素大肠杆菌和耐碳青霉烯假单胞菌。使用非选择性培养基进行细菌定量,而使用特定的选择性培养基进行目标微生物的分离。根据其宏观和微观特征及其生化特征对分离菌株进行鉴定。随后,实施了新的消毒方案,并对其有效性进行了评估。结果:隔离室、准备室和工人室细菌载量最高的表面分别为网箱、手持式海绵和电话。4种病原菌中以肠球菌最多(11.3%),大肠杆菌次之(1.5%),铜绿假单胞菌次之(1.5%)。其中一株铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南有耐药性。最后,实施了新的消毒方案,事实证明,该方案有效地将笼子和海绵中的细菌数量减少了99.99%,在电话中减少了90%至99%。结论:本研究得出的结论是,隔离室中笼子和人的接触面是污染最严重的。尽管如此,新的消毒策略似乎有效地减少了环境污染,包括一些潜在的医院病原体,尽管必须对更多的样本进行分析才能得出明确的结论。这些结果可能有助于强调感染预防和控制措施的重要性,作为减少感染原在医院环境中传播的基本工具。
{"title":"Controlling bacteriological contamination of environmental surfaces at the biological isolation and containment unit of a veterinary teaching hospital.","authors":"C Verdial,&nbsp;C Carneiro,&nbsp;I Machado,&nbsp;L Tavares,&nbsp;V Almeida,&nbsp;M Oliveira,&nbsp;S Gil","doi":"10.1186/s13620-021-00197-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-021-00197-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) is a subunit of the Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Portugal, for the admission of animals with confirmed infectious diseases or under clinical suspicion and waiting for a diagnosis. As a high-risk environment for the transmission of infectious agents, it is extremely important to implement programs for the surveillance of nosocomial microorganisms in these facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of bacterial contamination of the BICU environmental surfaces and to implement corrective actions on disinfection protocols. Swab samples were collected from selected environmental surfaces in 3 different areas of the BICU (isolation, work, and preparatory rooms) to evaluate the total aerobic bacterial load and investigate the presence of 4 nosocomial microorganisms: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 3rd-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial quantification was performed by using non-selective media, while specific selective media were used for the isolation of the target microorganisms. Isolates were identified based on their macro and microscopic characteristics and their biochemical profile. Subsequently, new disinfection protocols were implemented, and their effectiveness evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The surfaces with the highest bacterial load in the isolation, preparatory, and worker's rooms were the cages, hand-held sponge, and telephone, respectively. Regarding the 4 pathogens investigated, Enterococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated (11.3%), followed by E. coli (1.5%) and P. aeruginosa (1.5%). One of the P. aeruginosa isolates obtained was resistant to imipenem. In the end, new disinfection protocols were implemented, which proved to be effective in reducing bacterial counts by 99.99% in cages and the sponge, and by 90 to 99% on the telephone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study allows to conclude that the cages and the human contact surfaces were the most contaminated in the isolation rooms. Nevertheless, the new disinfection strategies seemed to be effective in reducing environmental contamination, including by some potentially nosocomial agents, although more samples must be analyzed for definitive conclusions. These results may contribute to highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures, as fundamental tools to reduce the spread of infectious agents in the hospital environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54916,"journal":{"name":"Irish Veterinary Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13620-021-00197-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39036251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Postoperative wound assessment in cattle: How reliable is the back hand palpation? 牛术后伤口评估:后手触诊的可靠性如何?
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-16 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00195-1
Ioannis Proios, Marian Kusenda, Christian Seiler, Carsten Siewert, Hermann Seifert, Martin Kaske

Background: As part of clinical wound assessment in bovine surgery, discrepancies in skin temperature are evaluated by placing the back of the hand on the area to be examined. Generally, an increased skin temperature at the wound site for a prolonged period is considered as an indicator of impaired wound healing. The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of palpation under bovine practice conditions using laparotomy as an example. Fourteen cows (German Holstein) with a left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) without other severe concurrent diseases were examined preoperatively and once daily for ten days after surgery. The skin temperature of the wound site in the right flank was assessed by palpation, followed by thermographic evaluation using an infrared camera after a 45-min acclimatisation period, under standardised conditions in a closed examination room daily for 10 days.

Results: All the incisions healed without clinical detectable perturbances. The ambient temperature range during the study period was 7.8 - 24.1 °C. Two groups were retrospectively defined according to the ambient temperature: high ambient temperature (HT group; median: 20.2 °C 25/75 quartile: 18.5 °C / 21.7 °C; n = 6) and low ambient temperature (LT group; 10.8 °C; 9.4 °C / 12.8 °C; n = 8). The temperature differences (Δϑ) between the mean skin temperature of the wound site and a defined reference area cranial to the wound were assessed. A significant negative correlation was found between the ambient temperature (ϑAmb) and Δϑ (r=-0.51; P < 0.001). The Δϑ was postoperatively higher in the cows in the LT group (median of the individual animals 0.8-2.5 °C) than in the HT group (0.1-0.5 °C; P < 0.05). In contrast to the thermographic findings, manual palpation rarely detected local hyperthermia (> 1 °C) at the wound site (sensitivity 0.20; specificity 0.96).

Conclusions: The infrared thermography provides a more reliable assessment of temperature changes at the wound site in comparison to manual palpation. The ambient temperature markedly affects the extent of local hyperthermia at the wound site.

背景:作为牛外科临床伤口评估的一部分,通过将手背放在要检查的区域来评估皮肤温度的差异。一般来说,伤口部位皮肤温度长时间升高被认为是伤口愈合受损的一个指标。本研究的目的是验证在牛实践条件下触诊的可靠性,以剖腹手术为例。术前对14头无其他严重并发疾病的左侧皱胃移位奶牛(德国荷斯坦)进行检查,术后10天每天检查一次。通过触诊评估右侧伤口部位的皮肤温度,然后在标准化条件下,每天在封闭的检查室中进行45分钟的适应期后,使用红外相机进行热成像评估。结果:所有切口均愈合,无临床可检出的扰动。研究期间的环境温度范围为7.8 ~ 24.1℃。根据环境温度回顾性分为两组:高环境温度组(HT组);中位数:20.2℃25/75四分位数:18.5℃/ 21.7℃;n = 6)和低环境温度组(LT组;10.8°C;9.4℃/ 12.8℃;n = 8)。评估伤口部位的平均皮肤温度与伤口颅侧定义的参考区域之间的温差(Δϑ)。环境温度(ϑAmb)与Δϑ呈显著负相关(r=-0.51;P 1°C)在伤口部位(敏感性0.20;特异性0.96)。结论:与手工触诊相比,红外热像仪能更可靠地评估伤口部位的温度变化。环境温度显著影响创面局部热疗的程度。
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引用次数: 0
Horn bud size of dairy-bred and suckler-bred calves at time of disbudding. 乳牛和乳牛在脱芽时的角芽大小。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-16 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00196-0
Gabriela A Marquette, Mark McGee, Andrew D Fisher, Kelly Stanger, Anastasio Argüello, Bernadette Earley

Background: Hot-iron disbudding is a common management procedure to prevent horn growth in calves. The study objective was to examine effect of age, breed and sex on horn bud size of dairy-bred and suckler-bred calves at time of disbudding.

Results: The left and right horn bud size (diameter and height in mm) of 279 calves, including dairy-bred Holstein-Friesian (Male (M) = 88) and 191 suckler-bred (86 Charolais, CH; (M = 39, Female (F) = 47), 67 Limousin, LM; (M = 32, F = 35) and 38 Simmental, SI; (M = 22, F = 16) sired)) was measured using a digital calliper at time of disbudding. Calves were retrospectively assigned to two age categories at time of disbudding: 1), 14 to 28 days (d) old and 2), 29 to 60 d old. Holstein-Friesian M calves had a greater horn bud diameter (16.97 v.14.45 mm) and height (7.79 v. 5.00 mm) compared to suckler-bred M calves (P < 0.01), with no difference (P > 0.05) among the suckler-bred calves. Suckler-bred M calves had a greater horn bud diameter (14.46 vs 13.29 mm) and height (5.01 vs 3.88 mm) compared to suckler-bred F calves (P < 0.05). The slopes of the lines of best fit show that horn bud diameter and height increased with age (P < 0.05) for HF, SI male and CH female calves while there was no relationship with age (P > 0.05) for CH and LM male calves, or for SI and LM female calves. Linear regression of age with diameter and with height for each breed and sex showed high variability in the data as indicated by R-squared values ranging from 0.003-0.41 indicating that in the case of the diameter and the height, the weight of the fitting effect was poor.

Conclusions: Calf age is not a good predictor of horn bud size and recommendations for the disbudding of calves should be based on horn bud size and not on age. The implications of these findings are that calves should be disbudded while horn development is still at the bud stage and when the bud is large enough to be easily palpable/visible, but not so large that disbudding could lead to severe tissue trauma.

背景:热铁脱芽是一种常见的管理程序,以防止小牛角生长。研究目的是考察年龄、品种和性别对乳种和乳种犊牛脱芽时角芽大小的影响。结果279头犊牛的左右角芽大小(直径和高度,单位为mm),其中乳种荷尔斯泰因-弗里马(公(M) 88头)和乳种191头(夏洛莱86头,CH;(M = 39,女(F) = 47), 67利穆赞,LM;(M = 32, F = 35)和38 Simmental, SI;(M = 22, F = 16))在脱芽时使用数字卡尺测量。小牛在脱芽时被回顾性地分为两个年龄类别:1),14至28日龄(d)和2),29至60日龄。在哺乳犊牛中,荷斯泰因-弗里马M犊牛的角芽直径(16.97 vs .14.45 mm)和高度(7.79 vs . 5.00 mm)均大于哺乳犊牛(P < 0.05)。哺乳M犊牛的角芽直径(14.46 mm比13.29 mm)和角高(5.01 mm比3.88 mm)均大于哺乳F犊牛(P < 0.05)。各品种和性别的年龄随直径和身高的线性回归表明,数据具有很大的变异性,r平方值在0.003-0.41之间,表明在直径和身高的情况下,权重拟合效果较差。结论:犊牛年龄不能很好地预测牛角芽的大小,建议犊牛的脱芽应基于牛角芽的大小,而不是年龄。这些发现的含义是,小牛应该在角发育仍处于萌芽阶段时脱芽,并且当芽足够大以容易触摸/可见时,但不要太大,以免脱芽可能导致严重的组织损伤。
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引用次数: 1
The effect of short term peripheral parenteral nutrition on treatment outcomes and mortality in critically ill pediatric canine patients. 短期外周肠外营养对重症小儿犬患者治疗效果和死亡率的影响。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00194-2
Cesar Augusto Flores Dueñas, Soila Maribel Gaxiola Camacho, Martin Francisco Montaño Gómez, Rafael Villa Angulo, Idalia Enríquez Verdugo, Tomás Rentería Evangelista, José Ascención Pérez Corrales, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Gaxiola

Background: Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) is increasingly considered as an alternative to central parenteral nutrition (CPN) given the higher cost and more frequent clinical complications associated with the latter. However, the assessment of potential risks and benefits of PPN in critically ill pediatric canine patients has not been extensively performed. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of short-term, hypocaloric PPN on weight loss, length of hospital stay, the incidence of complications, adverse effects, and mortality in critically ill pediatric canine patients.

Results: Between August 2015 and August 2018, a total of 59 critically ill pediatric canine patients aged from 1 to 6 months admitted at the Veterinary Sciences Research Institute of the Autonomous University of Baja California were included in this non-randomized clinical trial. Canine pediatric patients were initially allocated to 3 groups: 11 in group 1 receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) supplementation equivalent to 40% of the resting energy requirement (RER), 12 in group 2 receiving supplementation of 50% of the RER, and 36 in group 3 receiving no PN supplementation. After establishing that there was no significant difference between 40 and 50% of PN supplementation, these groups were not separated for downstream analysis. Similar lengths of hospital stays were noted among study subjects who received PN supplementation and those who did not (4.3 ± 1.5 vs. 5.0 ± 1.5, days, p = 0.097). No metabolic-, sepsis- or phlebitis-related complications were observed in any animal in the PPN supplemented group. Higher mortality (19.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.036), and a greater percentage of weight loss (9.24% vs. 0%, p <  0.001) were observed in patients who received no supplementation.

Conclusion: Even though short-term, hypocaloric PPN did not reduce the length of hospital stay, it was associated with lower mortality and resulted in mitigation of weight loss. In contrast to previous studies evaluating central and peripheral parenteral nutrition protocols, we observed a lower frequency of metabolic, septic, and phlebitis complications using a 40-50% parenteral nutrition treatment. The parenteral nutrition therapeutic intervention used in our study may reduce PN-related adverse effects and promote a favorable disease outcome in critically ill canine patients. Larger studies will be needed to confirm these observations.

背景:外周肠外营养(PPN)越来越被认为是中心肠外营养(CPN)的替代方案,因为后者成本更高,临床并发症更频繁。然而,对PPN在重症儿科犬患者中的潜在风险和益处的评估尚未广泛进行。在本研究中,我们旨在探讨短期低热量PPN对重症儿科犬患者体重减轻、住院时间、并发症发生率、不良反应和死亡率的影响。结果:2015年8月至2018年8月,在下加利福尼亚自治大学兽医科学研究所共收治了59例1至6个月的重症儿科犬患者,纳入了这项非随机临床试验。犬儿患者最初被分为3组:1组11例接受相当于静息能量需取量40%的肠外营养(PN)补充,2组12例接受相当于静息能量需取量50%的肠外营养补充,3组36例不接受肠外营养补充。在确定PN添加量为40%和50%之间没有显著差异后,这些组没有被分开进行下游分析。在接受PN补充和未接受PN补充的研究对象中,住院时间相似(4.3±1.5 vs 5.0±1.5,天,p = 0.097)。在PPN补充组中,没有观察到任何动物的代谢、败血症或静脉炎相关并发症。更高的死亡率(19.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.036)和更高的体重减轻百分比(9.24% vs. 0%, p)结论:即使短期低热量PPN并没有缩短住院时间,但它与较低的死亡率相关,并导致体重减轻。与先前评估中央和外周肠外营养方案的研究相比,我们观察到使用40-50%的肠外营养治疗可降低代谢、脓毒症和静脉炎并发症的发生率。在我们的研究中使用的肠外营养治疗干预可以减少pn相关的不良反应,促进危重犬患者的良好预后。需要更大规模的研究来证实这些观察结果。
{"title":"The effect of short term peripheral parenteral nutrition on treatment outcomes and mortality in critically ill pediatric canine patients.","authors":"Cesar Augusto Flores Dueñas,&nbsp;Soila Maribel Gaxiola Camacho,&nbsp;Martin Francisco Montaño Gómez,&nbsp;Rafael Villa Angulo,&nbsp;Idalia Enríquez Verdugo,&nbsp;Tomás Rentería Evangelista,&nbsp;José Ascención Pérez Corrales,&nbsp;Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Gaxiola","doi":"10.1186/s13620-021-00194-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-021-00194-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) is increasingly considered as an alternative to central parenteral nutrition (CPN) given the higher cost and more frequent clinical complications associated with the latter. However, the assessment of potential risks and benefits of PPN in critically ill pediatric canine patients has not been extensively performed. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of short-term, hypocaloric PPN on weight loss, length of hospital stay, the incidence of complications, adverse effects, and mortality in critically ill pediatric canine patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between August 2015 and August 2018, a total of 59 critically ill pediatric canine patients aged from 1 to 6 months admitted at the Veterinary Sciences Research Institute of the Autonomous University of Baja California were included in this non-randomized clinical trial. Canine pediatric patients were initially allocated to 3 groups: 11 in group 1 receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) supplementation equivalent to 40% of the resting energy requirement (RER), 12 in group 2 receiving supplementation of 50% of the RER, and 36 in group 3 receiving no PN supplementation. After establishing that there was no significant difference between 40 and 50% of PN supplementation, these groups were not separated for downstream analysis. Similar lengths of hospital stays were noted among study subjects who received PN supplementation and those who did not (4.3 ± 1.5 vs. 5.0 ± 1.5, days, p = 0.097). No metabolic-, sepsis- or phlebitis-related complications were observed in any animal in the PPN supplemented group. Higher mortality (19.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.036), and a greater percentage of weight loss (9.24% vs. 0%, p <  0.001) were observed in patients who received no supplementation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Even though short-term, hypocaloric PPN did not reduce the length of hospital stay, it was associated with lower mortality and resulted in mitigation of weight loss. In contrast to previous studies evaluating central and peripheral parenteral nutrition protocols, we observed a lower frequency of metabolic, septic, and phlebitis complications using a 40-50% parenteral nutrition treatment. The parenteral nutrition therapeutic intervention used in our study may reduce PN-related adverse effects and promote a favorable disease outcome in critically ill canine patients. Larger studies will be needed to confirm these observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54916,"journal":{"name":"Irish Veterinary Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13620-021-00194-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39058539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exotic pets in Ireland: 1. Prevalence of ownership and access to veterinary services. 爱尔兰的外来宠物:拥有和获得兽医服务的普遍程度。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-05-26 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00190-6
Matt Goins, Alison J Hanlon

Background: There has been increasing concern expressed about the welfare of exotic pets worldwide. For the purposes of this article, an exotic pet is considered to be a non-domesticated species, where there are knowledge gaps on good practice (minimum standards of care), veterinary diagnostics and treatments. The categories of exotic pets included in this study were: small mammals (< 20 kg), large mammals (> 20 kg), birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. Dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, mice, rats, and ferrets were excluded from the study. An online survey of pet owning staff at University College Dublin was conducted between July and August 2020 to provide the first empirical data for Ireland. In this pilot study (the first in this thematic series) we aim to characterise exotic pet ownership, the challenges and benefits of keeping exotic pets, and access to veterinary services from the pet owner's perspective.

Results: Using an online survey this pilot study gathered evidence from 83 domestic and 32 exotic pet owners within the staff (n = ~ 3600 FTE) at University College Dublin, the largest third level institution in Ireland. The prevalence of exotic pet ownership was determined to be 34.4 % of households with more than 10 % of pet owning households owning only exotic pets. Fish (n = 15), reptiles (n = 13) and birds (n = 8) were the most common types of exotic pets. Thirty-four per cent of exotic pet owners never sought veterinary services, the most common reasons were due to lack of local veterinary specialists (n = 10) and good owner knowledge (n = 8). However identifying appropriate guidance on the animals' needs was a common challenge for exotic pet owners (n = 13). A reasonable monthly cost of caring for an exotic ranged from €20-180, depending on the species.

Conclusions: This pilot study contains important implications for veterinary education to support the veterinary community with providing services to the exotic pet owning community. Policy issues with exotic pet ownership also need to be considered and further research into the proposed strategies to support the health and welfare of exotic pets should be carried out such as the introduction of white lists and guidelines on responsible pet ownership.

背景:世界各地对外来宠物的福利越来越关注。就本文而言,外来宠物被认为是一种非驯化物种,在良好实践(最低护理标准)、兽医诊断和治疗方面存在知识差距。外来宠物的种类包括:小型哺乳动物(20公斤)、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物、鱼类和无脊椎动物。狗、猫、兔子、仓鼠、沙鼠、豚鼠、小鼠、大鼠和雪貂被排除在研究之外。2020年7月至8月期间,都柏林大学学院对养宠物的员工进行了一项在线调查,为爱尔兰提供了第一批实证数据。在这项试点研究中(本专题系列的第一项研究),我们旨在从宠物主人的角度描述饲养异国宠物的特点,饲养异国宠物的挑战和好处,以及获得兽医服务的机会。结果:通过在线调查,本试点研究收集了爱尔兰最大的三级机构都柏林大学(University College Dublin)工作人员(n = ~ 3600 FTE)中83名国内宠物主人和32名外国宠物主人的证据。34.4%的家庭拥有外来宠物,10%以上的家庭只拥有外来宠物。鱼类(n = 15)、爬行动物(n = 13)和鸟类(n = 8)是最常见的外来宠物。34%的外来宠物主人从未寻求过兽医服务,最常见的原因是缺乏当地兽医专家(n = 10)和良好的主人知识(n = 8)。然而,对于外来宠物主人来说,为动物的需求提供适当的指导是一个共同的挑战(n = 13)。照顾一只外来物种的合理费用每月在20-180欧元之间,具体取决于物种。结论:本初步研究对兽医教育具有重要意义,可为兽医界提供服务。还需要考虑与外来宠物饲养有关的政策问题,并应进一步研究拟议的策略,以支持外来宠物的健康和福利,例如引入白名单和负责任的宠物饲养准则。
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引用次数: 4
Exotic pets in Ireland: 2. Provision of veterinary services and perspectives of veterinary professionals' on responsible ownership. 爱尔兰的外来宠物:2.兽医服务的提供和兽医专业人员对负责任的主人的看法。
IF 2.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00191-5
Matt Goins, Alison J Hanlon

Background: There has been increasing concern expressed about the welfare of exotic pets worldwide. For the purposes of this article, an exotic pet is considered to be a non-domesticated species, where there are knowledge gaps on good practice (minimum standards of care), veterinary diagnostics and treatments. The categories of exotic pets included in this study were: small mammals (< 20 kg), large mammals (> 20 kg), birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. Dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, mice, rats, and ferrets were excluded from the study. An online survey of veterinary professionals conducted between July and August 2020 provides the first empirical data for Ireland. In this pilot study (the second in this thematic series) we aim to characterise the provision of veterinary services to exotic pets from the veterinary professionals' perspective, explore the main concerns of veterinary professionals towards exotic pet ownership, and their recommendations to support responsible exotic pet ownership.

Results: Using an online survey this pilot study gathered evidence from 63 veterinary professionals currently working in private practice in Ireland. The prevalence of veterinary services for exotic pets in Ireland was determined to be 82% of small and mixed animal clinics of respondents' practices ranging from 9.1 to 100% for different categories of exotic pets. The most common issues encountered in practice with exotic pets were related to nutrition, environment, and behaviour followed by clinical diseases such as respiratory, infectious, and gastrointestinal issues. The most common concerns veterinary professionals had with exotic pet ownership related to the lack of owner knowledge as well as the lack of veterinary knowledge and accessible resources. The most common strategic initiatives indicated by veterinary professionals included black or white lists (to prohibit and permit the keeping of exotic pet species respectively), licensing for owners and increased availability of CPD for veterinary professionals.

Conclusions: More than four in every five veterinary professionals in small or mixed animal practices surveyed were willing to treat exotic pets and in many cases they already were. A scaffold for best practice is required to support the health and welfare of exotic pets and responsible ownership. Keystones include veterinary education to support veterinary professionals with daily practice, establishing a white list of exotic species that are suitable as pets, registration at the point of purchase to enable traceability for biosecurity purposes and research to identify care standards to support the health and welfare of exotic pets.

背景:全世界对外来宠物的福利问题日益关注。在本文中,外来宠物被认为是非驯化物种,在这些物种中,有关良好操作(最低护理标准)、兽医诊断和治疗的知识存在空白。本研究中的外来宠物包括:小型哺乳动物(20 千克)、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物、鱼类和无脊椎动物。狗、猫、兔子、仓鼠、沙鼠、豚鼠、小鼠、大鼠和雪貂不在研究范围内。2020 年 7 月至 8 月期间对兽医专业人员进行的在线调查为爱尔兰提供了第一批经验数据。在这项试点研究(本专题系列的第二项研究)中,我们旨在从兽医专业人员的角度了解为外来宠物提供兽医服务的情况,探讨兽医专业人员对拥有外来宠物的主要关切,以及他们对支持负责任地拥有外来宠物的建议:这项试点研究通过在线调查收集了目前在爱尔兰私人诊所工作的 63 名兽医专业人员的证据。在爱尔兰,受访者所在的小动物和混合动物诊所中,为外来宠物提供兽医服务的比例为82%,不同种类的外来宠物的比例从9.1%到100%不等。外来宠物最常见的问题与营养、环境和行为有关,其次是临床疾病,如呼吸道、传染病和肠胃问题。兽医专业人员对饲养外来宠物最常见的担忧与主人缺乏知识以及兽医知识和可利用资源有关。兽医专业人员提出的最常见的战略举措包括黑名单或白名单(分别禁止和允许饲养外来宠物物种)、向宠物主人发放许可证以及为兽医专业人员提供更多的持续专业发展机会:在接受调查的小型或混合动物诊所中,每五位兽医专业人员中就有四位以上愿意治疗外来宠物,而且在许多情况下他们已经在这样做了。为支持外来宠物的健康和福利以及负责任的拥有,需要一个最佳实践的支架。基石包括兽医教育以支持兽医专业人员的日常实践,建立适合作为宠物的外来物种白名单,在购买时进行登记以实现生物安全目的的可追溯性,以及开展研究以确定支持外来宠物健康和福利的护理标准。
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引用次数: 0
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Irish Veterinary Journal
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