Invertebrate Systematics最新文献

Molecular data have been suggesting the existence of a complex of cryptic species within the taxon Perinereis cultrifera , which has not been fully explored yet. In this study, we performed a morphological and molecular analysis (mtCOI-5P , 16S rRNA and 28SD2 rRNA ) of Perinereis specimens from intertidal marine and brackish European localities, mostly focusing on the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands. Two major phylogenetic clades with at least 18 divergent (COI , 19.8; 6.4-28.5%) and completely sorted lineages were uncovered based on original data, 13 of which occurred exclusively in the Mediterranean Sea, a further 5 of which are unique to Italian brackish waters. An additional morphologically similar lineage, corresponding to P. oliveirae , coexisting with the single NE Atlantic lineage of the complex, was also retrieved as an ingroup. Careful morphological inspection, combined with the deep divergence between the two major molecular clades and the perfect match of each clade to the specific paragnath and chaetal types, highlighted the existence of two distinct groups of European Perinereis species: Clade A, which shows features matching historical descriptions of P. cultrifera , and Clade B corresponding to an overlooked morphotype described as P. rullieri . Although paragnaths show a similar pattern in the two clades, their sizes are considerably smaller in P. rullieri and the chaetae are characterised by coarse serration at the base of the spiniger blades and long falciger blades, as opposed to the lightly serrated blades and short falcigers in P. cultrifera . Further overlooked morphological features mainly based on thickness, direction and length of paragnaths, as well as the expansion of posteriormost dorsal ligules were also revealed within each major clade, which together with geographic and environmental boundaries allowed for the differentiation of most of these lineages without molecular data. Thirteen new species are here formally described, eight belonging to Clade A: P. caesarea sp. nov., P. faulwetterae sp. nov., P. houbinae sp. nov., P. maleniae sp. nov., P. miquellai sp. nov., P. muscoi sp. nov., P. nieri sp. nov. and P. twobae sp. nov.; and five belonging to Clade B: P. castellii sp. nov., P. juno sp. nov., P. jupiter sp. nov., P. minerva sp. nov. and P. tibicena sp. nov. The new combination P. beaucoudrayi is also proposed for Nereis beaucoudrayi , previously considered synonymous with P. cultrifera , for the only lineage occurring in the NE Atlantic. Lastly, Perinereis cultrifera s.s., P. rullieri s.s and the ingroup P. oliveirae are redescribed using topotypical material, with available syntypes and lectotypes assigned to the former two. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:28C64123-DE82-411D-BC96-5E892FC692E3.

Australia is a main centre of diversity for extant cycads (Cycadophyta), harbouring 4 genera and 85 named species and subspecies. Three cycad genera, Bowenia , Lepidozamia and Macrozamia , serve as hosts for four weevil genera of the Tranes group, Tranes Schoenherr, Miltotranes Zimmerman, Demyrsus Pascoe and Siraton Hustache. Several morphologically based taxonomic studies have been undertaken on some of these genera recently, but their classification, diversity and species delineations have not been evaluated using an integrative taxonomic approach. In the present study, we combine morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA data to assess the taxonomic status of taxa in this group. Different methods of molecular species delimitation, especially distance-based ones, generally provide strong support for taxon concepts derived from morphological characteristics, demonstrating that these are well able to delineate natural species and assess taxonomic diversity in this group of weevils. Exceptions are that molecular analyses indicate Siraton internatus (Pascoe) to be more closely related to Demyrsus than to S. roei (Boheman), rendering Siraton a paraphyletic taxon, and a genetically distinct but morphologically cryptic species of Miltotranes to occur south of Cairns. A key to all genera and species of the Tranes group is presented. The genus Tranes and its four previously named species are redescribed and six species are newly described, T. chadwicki sp. nov., T. forsteri sp. nov., T. kgariensis sp. nov., T. occidentalis sp. nov., T. terryae sp. nov. and T. tinctipennis sp. nov., and a lectotype is designated for the name Tranes insignipes Lea, 1929. The salient characters and distribution ranges of all Tranes species are illustrated, and their host specificities are assessed. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:45DE986E-A8B3-4247-B056-DF3126D4B31D.

The recent subdivision of the pseudoscorpion family Garypinidae into three subfamilies, Garypininae, Amblyolpiinae and Protogarypininae, used a combination of molecular and morphological criteria. Newly obtained sequence data from several new garypinoid pseudoscorpions has helped clarify the relationships between various clades. Most importantly, we were able to include the type species of the family, Garypinus dimidiatus (L. Koch, 1873), and two additional species of Amblyolpium Simon, 1898, including A. shenzhou sp. nov. from southern China, which provided a better resolved phylogeny with Amblyolpium as sister to all other Garypinoidea. We raise the subfamily Amblyolpiinae to full family level, Amblyolpiidae stat. nov. In addition, we describe a new genus and species from the Himalayan Plateau, Absensus zhangi sp. nov., which has a morphological feature that allows placement in Amblyolpiidae. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4BDE596B-6EFE-4AB8-932E-1D4379849677.

The superfamily Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera) includes the families Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae. Among these taxa, the last two are collectively known as Raptorial Mantispoidea due to the presence of grasping forelegs for predatory habits. The Mantispidae classically included the subfamilies Symphrasinae, Drepanicinae, Calomantispinae and Mantispinae, yet recent research challenged this classification scheme as well as the monophyly of this family resulting in Symphrasinae being transferred to Rhachiberothidae. The phylogenetic position of the subfamily Symphrasinae within Mantispoidea is here inferred based on total evidence analysis combining three genes (COI , 16S and 18S ) and 72 morphological characters scored from living representatives of all Mantispidae subfamilies (12 genera), the 3 genera of Symphrasinae, and Rhachiberothinae (1 genus). Representatives of Berothidae (four genera) and Hemerobiidae (one genus) were used as outgroup taxa. Results of the total evidence analysis were compared with parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of the morphological and molecular datasets of the COI , 16S and 18S genes. The resultant phylogeny under total evidence recovered Rhachiberothidae as a monophyletic group with strong support in which Symphrasinae was found as sister to Rhachiberothinae. The three genera contained in Symphrasinae, i.e. Anchieta , Plega and Trichoscelia were each recovered as monophyletic in the parsimony analysis, with Anchieta as sister to Trichoscelia + Plega . The family Mantispidae was also recovered as monophyletic and sister to Rhachiberothidae, with Mantispinae as sister to Calomantispinae + Drepanicinae. Evolution of the raptorial condition in Mantispoidea is discussed based on the performed analyses. The morphology and the structure of the raptorial foreleg and the prothorax (i.e. the raptorial system) support the close relationship of Symphrasinae with Rhachiberothinae rather than to other Mantispidae subfamilies which possess a distinctive and well-differentiated raptorial apparatus. The Rhachiberothidae (including Symphrasinae) are distinguished by the presence of a foretarsal Stitz organ. Furthermore, a sit-and-wait predatory strategy is hypothesised for this taxon, whereas the Mantispidae are likely sophisticated active-ambushing predators.

Uropygi is an order of arachnids commonly known as vinegaroons or whip-scorpions. So far, two genera are known to occur in Brazil: Thelyphonellus Pocock, 1894 and Mastigoproctus Pocock, 1894. We examined the morphology of 182 specimens of Brazilian Mastigoproctus and sequenced 42 specimens for phylogenetic analyses, using mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers. Phylogenetic inference was performed under maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Our results suggest that the Brazilian species previously included in Mastigoproctus represent two different genera, with the following species and synonymies: the revalidated Amauromastigon Mello-Leitão, 1931, composed of A. maximus (Tarnani, 1889), comb. nov. (=Mastigoproctus annectens Werner, 1916, M. butleri Pocock, 1894 and M. perditus Mello-Leitão, 1931), and Heptatarsus gen. nov., composed of H. brasilianus (Koch, 1843), comb. nov. (=Mastigoprotus minensis Mello-Leitão, 1931) and H. custodioi sp. nov. Also, we urge caution when using certain morphological characters when describing uropygid taxa based on specimens in early developmental stages. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9EF06715-2BA1-4616-A801-2239DBE3DAB4.

Recent studies have proposed different biogeographic patterns of intertidal Diaulota and marine littoral Psammostiba along the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere. To compare the biogeographic patterns of different lineages of aleocharine beetles and explore the recurrent patterns among them, we studied coastal Adota, with a distribution range almost identical to those of Diaulota and Psammostiba. We performed phylogenetic analysis of the marine littoral Adota occurring on the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere using molecular characters (5188 bp: ~1452 bp of COI, ~404 bp of COII, ~475 bp of 16S, ~879 bp of 18S, ~973 bp of 28S, ~542 bp of EF1-α and ~463 bp of Wg) to discuss their phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic patterns. The data were analysed using parsimony (PA), Bayesian (BA) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. The genus Adota and clade A with the same patterns of relationships (A. sinanensis ((A. elongata + A. koreana) (A. magnipennis + A. ushio))), were strongly supported as monophyletic in all analyses. The PA, BA and ML analyses yielded different species relationships in clade B: (A. kamchatkaensis (A. namhae + A. maritima)) in the ML tree using IQ-TREE2, (A. namhae (A. kamchatkaensis + A. maritima)) in the BA and RAxML trees and unresolved polytomy in the PA tree. Our results suggest that the ancestors of Adota were widespread along the East Asian coasts (North and South Korea, Japan, and Kamchatka, Russia). Subsequently, Adota species expanded their range and underwent vicariance between South Korea and Japan and Russia (Kamchatka). Later, another dispersal event occurred from South Korea and Japan to North America and a vicariance event occurred between South Korea and Japan, and North America. Adota have similar biogeographical patterns to Psammostiba, probably because they occupy the same microhabitats and have similar biological characteristics. The findings demonstrate the importance of microhabitats and biological traits in the study of biogeographic patterns of marine coastal insects.

Freshwater bivalves (Bivalvia, Unionida, Unionidae) are among the most threatened groups of animals in the world. Taxonomic uncertainties pose a particular challenge due to significant intraspecific variation and apparent plasticity in shell morphology among these species, impeding efficient conservation planning and management. The species Unio szechenyii that is endemic to China has long been regarded as a synonym for Cuneopsis heudei due to the high convergence in shell morphology. The recently validated species Middendorffinaia mongolica is currently restricted to the Amur Basin and Primorye in eastern Russia. This species is classified under the tribe Middendorffinaiini of the subfamily Unioninae within the family Unionidae based on multilocus phylogeny. However, the lack of comprehensive taxonomic information and sufficient molecular phylogenetic data casts uncertainty on the validity and taxonomic status of these two species. We aim to reassess the validity of Unio szechenyii and confirm the taxonomic status of Middendorffinaia mongolica, a new record for China, by integrating taxonomy with robust mitochondrial phylogenomics. We support the validity of Unio szechenyii and propose a recombination as Cuneopsis szechenyiicomb. nov. by integrating shell morphometry, soft-body anatomy and molecular evidence. By determination of the mitochondrial genome of Cuneopsis szechenyii, Cuneopsis kiangsiensis, Middendorffinaia mongolica and Pseudocuneopsis wuana, we elucidate intrageneric relationships within the genera Cuneopsis and Pseudocuneopsis. In addition, based on the updated consensus taxonomic framework including tribes and subtribes in Unioninae, mitochondrial phylogenomics strongly support the transfer of Middendorffinaia mongolica from the tribe Middendorffinaiini to the tribe Unionini and classification under the subtribe Middendorffinaiina stat. rev. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:820589D5-0100-4195-B92B-1E1005384B9B.

The northward distribution limit of groundwater fauna is generally dictated by the extent of glacial ice sheets during the Pleistocene. However, some taxa can be found far above this limit, sometimes on isolated oceanic islands, implying long-term survival in subglacial subterranean refugia. Here we report a peculiar assemblage comprising two new depigmented and blind (stygomorphic) amphipods from the subarctic ancient lake El'gygytgyn (northern Far East): Palearcticarellus hyperboreus sp. nov. and Pseudocrangonyx elgygytgynicus sp. nov. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on five markers confirm their affinity to Crangonyctidae and Pseudocrangonyctidae, respectively. Fossil-calibrated molecular dating indicates that the ages of both species predate the onset of Pleistocene glaciations by at least an order of magnitude. Although both species are clearly adapted for subterranean life and are related to groundwater taxa, they are only known from the lake waters (5-170-m depth). Despite being nested within Pseudocrangonyctidae, P. elgygytgynicus has an atypical third uropod that preserves a vestigial inner ramus, a trait characteristic to the monotypic sister family Crymostygidae. Given that this character was the main distinguishing feature between the two families, we propose merging Crymostygidae with Pseudocrangonyctidae. Our findings represent the world's northernmost record of stygomorphic amphipods, emphasising their relictual biogeography and the importance of Lake El'gygytgyn as a long-term, high latitude refugium for ancient pre-glacial fauna. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3A51D1F8-E65D-4A3A-B663-D5C40272E68B.

The identification of spider species presents many challenges, since in most cases the characters used are from genital structures that are only fully developed in the adult stage, hence the identification of immatures is most often not possible. Additionally, these structures usually also present some intra-specific variability, which in some cases makes the identification of closely related species difficult. The genetic barcode technique (DNA barcodes), based on sequencing of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI ), has proven a useful, complementary tool to overcome these limitations. In this work, the contribution of DNA barcoding to the taxonomy of the subfamily Amaurobioidinae is explored using the refined single linkage analysis (RESL) algorithm for the delimitation of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), in comparison with the assemble species by automatic partitioning (ASAP) algorithm, and presented in conjunction with an updated molecular phylogenetic analysis of three other markers (28S rRNA, 16S rRNA, Histone H3 ), in addition to COI . Of a total of 97 included species identified by morphology, 82 species were concordant with the operational taxonomic units obtained from RESL, representing an 85% correspondence between the two methods. Similar results were obtained using the ASAP algorithm. Previous observations of morphological variation within the same species are supported, and this technique provides new information on genetic structure and potentially cryptic species. Most of the discrepancies between DNA barcoding and morphological identification are explained by low geographic sampling or by divergent or geographically structured lineages. After the addition of many specimens with only COI data, the multi-marker phylogenetic analysis is consistent with previous results and the support is improved. The markers COI , closely followed by 28S , are the most phylogenetically informative. We conclude that the barcode DNA technique is a valuable source of data for the delimitation of species of Amaurobioidinae, in conjunction with morphological and geographic data, and it is also useful for the detection of cases that require a more detailed and meticulous study.

Australian salt lakes contain a diverse range of endemic invertebrates. The brine shrimp Parartemia is among the most speciose and salt-tolerant of these invertebrates. The morphotaxonomy of Parartemia is well established but there has only been limited molecular assessment of the phylogenetic relationships and boundaries of the morphospecies. We used multiple genetic markers (nuclear 28S and mitochondrial 16S and COI ) and tree-building methods (Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood) to investigate the phylogeny of Parartemia . We also used species delimitation methods to test the validity of morphological species designations. The data set included all but 2 of the 18 described Parartemia morphospecies, collected from a total of 93 sites from across southern Australia plus some sequences from GenBank. The results identified large amounts of molecular divergence (e.g. COI P- values of up to 25.23%), some groups of closely related species (which also usually shared some morphological similarities) and some distinctive species, although the relationships among divergent lineages were generally not well resolved. The most conservative set of results from the species delimitation analyses suggests that the morphotaxonomy is largely accurate, although many morphospecies comprised divergent genetic lineages separated by COI P- values of up to 17.02%. Two putative new morphospecies, three cryptic species and one synonymy were identified. Our findings improve the knowledge of Parartemia taxonomy and will facilitate the development of future studies and conservation of this taxon.