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Knowledge-Based Methodology of CPW-Fed Open Stub Loaded C-Shaped Microstrip Antenna by Surrogate-Based Modeling 基于知识的 CPW-Fed 开路存根负载 C 形微带天线代理建模方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6247693
Cem Gocen, Ismail Akdag, Tarlan Mahouti, Mehmet A. Belen, Merih Palandöken, Peyman Mahouti

Antenna systems with more complicated geometries have been created as a result of evolving technology and rising performance standards in the industry. The geometric complexity of modern antennas makes it difficult for circuit theory tools or parametric studies to produce adequate findings, making it difficult for designers to create the designs they want. Even though full-wave electromagnetic (EM) modeling tools are widely utilized today, they are computationally expensive for local optimization alone. In order to speed up the stages of the simulation-based design of high-performance systems, many strategies have been devised to solve and/or minimize this challenge. Thanks to their adaptability, affordable computing costs, and widespread usage, surrogate-based models have grown to be a well-known branch. Herein, an innovative knowledge-based methodology for building a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antenna using surrogate models is presented. In this work, a knowledge-based methodology using surrogate modeling is applied as an advanced approach that combines domain-specific knowledge with surrogate models to optimize the performance of a microwave antenna in a computationally efficient manner. For this aim, firstly, a 3D-EM simulator is deployed to generate a dataset for a deep learning-based surrogate model. When compared to the conventional optimization approach using direct deployment of EM simulators which is around 47.2 h, the proposed surrogate model approach has an average cost reduction of over 50% which corresponds to a total computational time of 24.3 h. The collected results are compared to performance metrics for prototype antenna designs as well as simulated outcomes from EM simulators and counterpart works from the literature.

随着技术的不断发展和行业性能标准的不断提高,几何形状更加复杂的天线系统应运而生。现代天线的几何复杂性使得电路理论工具或参数研究难以得出充分的结论,从而使设计人员难以创建他们想要的设计。尽管目前全波电磁(EM)建模工具已得到广泛应用,但仅就局部优化而言,这些工具的计算成本非常昂贵。为了加快基于仿真的高性能系统设计阶段,人们设计了许多策略来解决和/或尽量减少这一难题。由于其适应性强、计算成本低廉、应用广泛,基于代理的模型已成为一个著名的分支。本文提出了一种基于知识的创新方法,利用代用模型构建共面波导(CPW)馈源天线。在这项工作中,使用代用模型的基于知识的方法被作为一种先进的方法加以应用,它将特定领域的知识与代用模型相结合,以计算效率高的方式优化微波天线的性能。为此,首先部署了三维电磁模拟器,为基于深度学习的代用模型生成数据集。收集的结果与原型天线设计的性能指标、电磁模拟器的模拟结果以及文献中的对应作品进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Circularly Polarized Sixteen-Port Flexible UWB MIMO Antenna Featuring Polarization Diversity for WBAN Applications 用于 WBAN 应用的具有极化分集功能的圆极化十六端口柔性 UWB MIMO 天线
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8442770
Shailesh, Garima Srivastava, Sachin Kumar, Arpan Desai, Bhawna Goyal, Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani, Turki Alsuwian

A sixteen-port circularly polarized (CP) ultrawideband (UWB) multiple-input−multiple-output (MIMO) belt antenna is designed and developed for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna comprises sixteen modified octagon-like ring antenna elements with a common ground. These antenna elements are designed on leather material and can be worn as a belt. Each antenna element contains a microstrip line feed and a modified octagon-like open-ended ring radiator to generate circular polarization. The belt antenna provides an impedance bandwidth (S11 ≤ −10 dB) of 3.08–11 GHz (112.5%) and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 4.7–7.07 GHz (40.27%). The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) amongst the resonating elements is <0.003. Additionally, the bending analysis and specific absorption rate (SAR) of the presented antenna are examined. The overall size of the belt antenna is 30 mm × 574 mm × 1 mm. The designed belt antenna is suitable for WBAN applications due to its leather material, good on-body performance, and nearly identical simulated and experimental results.

设计并开发了一种十六端口圆极化(CP)超宽带(UWB)多输入多输出(MIMO)腰带天线,用于无线体域网(WBAN)应用。拟议的天线由十六个改进的八角形环状天线元件组成,具有公共接地。这些天线元件设计在皮革材料上,可作为腰带佩戴。每个天线元件都包含一个微带线馈线和一个改进的八角形开口环形辐射器,以产生圆极化。腰带天线的阻抗带宽(S11 ≤ -10 dB)为 3.08-11 GHz(112.5%),3 dB 轴向比带宽(ARBW)为 4.7-7.07 GHz(40.27%)。谐振元件之间的包络相关系数(ECC)为 0.003。此外,还对所介绍天线的弯曲分析和比吸收率(SAR)进行了研究。腰带天线的整体尺寸为 30 mm × 574 mm × 1 mm。所设计的腰带天线采用皮革材料,具有良好的贴身性能,模拟结果与实验结果几乎完全一致,因此适用于 WBAN 应用。
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引用次数: 0
An Improved Nonlinear I-V Model for GaN HEMTs GaN HEMT 的改进型非线性 I-V 模型
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8834864
Qingyu Yuan, Yixin Zhang, Xiaodong Luan, Jun Zhang, Chunxu Xie, Jiali Cheng

In this article, an improved nonlinear model for gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) is proposed. Aiming at the problem of insufficient accuracy of the nonlinear DC model caused by the self-heating effect and trap effect in the traditional model, this thesis uses the Softplus function to improve the traditional nonlinear DC model and establishes a nonlinear DC model including the self-heating effect, which is verified by the three GaN HEMT devices of different sizes. The MSE of Ids is less than 2.44 × 10−6. The traditional empirical basis model needs to calculate the partial derivative of the current expression with respect to Vds, which is tedious and complicated. The proposed model can be directly used to fit the Gm. The verification results show that the MSE of the Gm is less than 1.07 × 10−4, which proves the effectiveness of the equation.

本文提出了一种改进的氮化镓高电子迁移率晶体管(GaN HEMT)非线性模型。针对传统模型中自热效应和陷阱效应导致的非线性直流模型精度不足的问题,本文利用 Softplus 函数改进了传统的非线性直流模型,建立了包含自热效应的非线性直流模型,并通过三个不同尺寸的 GaN HEMT 器件进行了验证。Ids 的 MSE 小于 2.44 × 10-6。传统的经验基础模型需要计算电流表达式相对于 Vds 的偏导数,既繁琐又复杂。所提出的模型可直接用于拟合 Gm。验证结果表明,Gm 的 MSE 小于 1.07 × 10-4,这证明了方程的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Constant False Alarm Detection Algorithm Based on KL Scattering 基于 KL 散射的恒定误报检测算法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2218790
Chao Lv, Guozheng Li, Xun Huang, Dongqi Liu

With the continuous development of the radar field, millimeter-wave radar target detection, as a major tool, faces important challenges in improving detection performance. Especially in some application scenarios, due to multitarget interference and other reasons, the detection performance of the traditional variability index (VI) constant false alarm rate (CFAR) (VI-CFAR) algorithm decreases significantly in the case where both side windows contain interfering targets. To solve this problem, this paper introduces an innovative algorithm, Kullback–Leibler Divergence and Otsu’s Method Enhanced VI-CFAR (KLOVI-CFAR), to better adapt to the multitarget background environment. By combining the KL scattering and Otsu method, we realize the adaptive rejection of outliers in the reference window and further automatically select the detection algorithm adapted to the processed background environment. The results of simulation experiments verify the excellent detection performance of KLOVI-CFAR in multitarget environments with interfering targets in both side windows. The algorithm not only effectively improves the detection capability and antijamming but also shows good detection performance in homogeneous environment and clutter edge cases. The research results in this paper provide a useful reference for improving the radar target detection algorithm.

随着雷达领域的不断发展,毫米波雷达目标探测作为一种重要手段,在提高探测性能方面面临着重要挑战。特别是在一些应用场景中,由于多目标干扰等原因,在两个侧窗都包含干扰目标的情况下,传统的变异指数(VI)恒定误报率(CFAR)(VI-CFAR)算法的探测性能明显下降。为解决这一问题,本文引入了一种创新算法--库尔贝-莱布勒散度和大津方法增强型 VI-CFAR(KLOVI-CFAR),以更好地适应多目标背景环境。通过结合 KL 散射和大津方法,我们实现了对参考窗口中异常值的自适应剔除,并进一步自动选择适应处理后背景环境的检测算法。仿真实验结果验证了 KLOVI-CFAR 在两侧窗口均有干扰目标的多目标环境中的优异检测性能。该算法不仅有效提高了探测能力和抗干扰能力,而且在同质环境和杂波边缘情况下也表现出良好的探测性能。本文的研究成果为改进雷达目标检测算法提供了有益的参考。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Analysis of Irregular Hexagonal Patch Antenna Using Multiport Network Model (MNM) 使用多端口网络模型 (MNM) 设计和分析不规则六边形贴片天线
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8343100
Mishor Biswas, Soham Ghosh, Suman Dey, Kaushik Patra, Bhaskar Gupta

Multiport network model (MNM) of microstrip patch antennas is an extension of cavity model analysis. In MNM, electromagnetic fields present under and outside patch are modeled separately and the patch is considered as a planar element with multiple ports at its edges. The MNM approach was previously used for the analysis of different patches such as rectangular and circular. However, MNM analysis for irregular-shaped hexagonal patch antenna is not studied yet. Analysis of hexagonal patch antenna is required for its several advantages over other patches such as equivalent surface current distribution with less size compared to circular patch and higher bandwidth. In this work, the irregular-shaped hexagonal patch antenna is analyzed using MNM technique. The antenna is decomposed into rectangular and right-angle triangular segments. Multiport impedance (Z) matrices are calculated for all elements based on Green’s functions of corresponding shapes. Finally, the current distribution of the complete patch is obtained by connecting these elements using Z matrices. The irregular-shaped patch antenna is fabricated, and its responses are measured to verify the results obtained from MNM analysis. MNM can estimate antenna performance with ~3.5% average error with respect to simulated responses in terms of antenna performance parameters.

微带贴片天线的多端口网络模型(MNM)是空腔模型分析的延伸。在 MNM 中,贴片下方和外部的电磁场分别建模,贴片被视为边缘有多个端口的平面元件。MNM 方法以前曾用于分析矩形和圆形等不同的贴片。然而,对不规则形状的六角形贴片天线的 MNM 分析尚未研究。与其他贴片相比,六边形贴片天线具有多种优势,如等效表面电流分布、与圆形贴片相比尺寸更小、带宽更高,因此需要对六边形贴片天线进行分析。在这项工作中,使用 MNM 技术分析了不规则形状的六边形贴片天线。天线被分解成矩形和直角三角形段。根据相应形状的格林函数计算所有元件的多端口阻抗 (Z) 矩阵。最后,利用 Z 矩阵将这些元素连接起来,就得到了整个贴片的电流分布。我们制作了不规则形状的贴片天线,并对其响应进行了测量,以验证 MNM 分析得出的结果。就天线性能参数而言,MNM 估算的天线性能与模拟响应的平均误差约为 3.5%。
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引用次数: 0
Mounted Director Element on Dual-Band Vivaldi Antenna for Wireless Energy Harvesting Application 用于无线能量收集应用的双波段 Vivaldi 天线上安装的导向元件
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5552790
Saeed Hosseini, Changiz Ghobadi, Javad Nourinia, Majid Shokri

This paper presents radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) using a rectenna system for 3.1 and 5.75 GHz frequencies. The antenna used in this work is a Vivaldi antenna with a new structure. Mounting the newly designed parasitic element on the proposed Vivaldi antenna has improved the gain and directivity of the antenna. The parasitic element is introduced as the director element. The arms of the director element are expanded exponentially. We simulated the proposed antenna design in CST Studio Suite and simulated the proposed rectifier in an advanced design system (ADS). The substrates chosen for the antenna and rectifier are of low-cost type. We have used the voltage doubler technique for the rectifier. Good impedance matching using two stubs has made it possible to connect the rectifier to the antenna. We obtained RF to DC measurement results for the proposed design, which are 56.3% for 3.1 GHz at 8.5 dBm input power and 33.4% for 5.75 GHz at 6.5 dBm input power, respectively. After combining the antenna and the rectifier, the maximum efficiency measured for the power input of 5 dBm at the frequency of 3.1 GHz is equal to 50.8%, which is suitable for energy harvesting.

本文介绍了使用整流天线系统在 3.1 和 5.75 千兆赫频率上进行射频能量采集(RFEH)的情况。这项工作中使用的天线是一种具有新结构的 Vivaldi 天线。在拟议的 Vivaldi 天线上安装新设计的寄生元件提高了天线的增益和指向性。寄生元件被引入作为导向元件。导向元件的臂呈指数扩展。我们在 CST Studio Suite 中模拟了拟议的天线设计,并在高级设计系统 (ADS) 中模拟了拟议的整流器。天线和整流器选用的基板都是低成本类型。我们在整流器中使用了电压倍增器技术。使用两个存根的良好阻抗匹配使整流器与天线的连接成为可能。我们获得了拟议设计的射频至直流测量结果,在输入功率为 8.5 dBm 的情况下,3.1 GHz 的测量结果为 56.3%;在输入功率为 6.5 dBm 的情况下,5.75 GHz 的测量结果为 33.4%。将天线和整流器组合后,在 3.1 GHz 频率下,输入功率为 5 dBm 时测得的最大效率等于 50.8%,适合用于能量收集。
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引用次数: 0
An Efficient Geometric Parameter Optimization Method for Microstrip Bandpass Filter Based on One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network 基于一维卷积神经网络的微带带通滤波器高效几何参数优化方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5524054
Yang Gao, Danyang Wang, Huilong Yu, Tao Hua, Ning Hou, Yapeng Lu

Machine learning-assisted electromagnetic simulation has become an effective acceleration tool for designing microwave components by introducing high-precision models and optimization algorithms, featuring fast design and high efficiency. However, enormous amount of data generated from the blind preliminary and computationally expensive simulation is required to predict the accuracy response. An efficient geometric parameter optimization method for microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network is proposed. Nonlinear convergence factor, adaptive weight, and Gaussian difference mutation strategies are integrated using the whale optimization algorithm to avoid the local optimum and improve optimization accuracy. Computational efficiency is improved significantly with small-scale training data. The validity and efficiency of the proposed method are confirmed by fifth-order microstrip BPFs, and the performance of the predicted structure parameters is significantly improved, which shows great promise for application in optimization and performance improvement in microwave electromagnetic simulation.

通过引入高精度模型和优化算法,机器学习辅助电磁仿真已成为设计微波元件的有效加速工具,具有设计速度快、效率高等特点。然而,要预测准确的响应,需要通过盲目的初步仿真和计算昂贵的仿真产生大量数据。本文提出了一种基于一维卷积神经网络的高效微带带通滤波器(BPF)几何参数优化方法。利用鲸鱼优化算法整合了非线性收敛因子、自适应权重和高斯差突变策略,以避免局部最优并提高优化精度。在使用小规模训练数据时,计算效率明显提高。五阶微带 BPF 验证了所提方法的有效性和高效性,预测的结构参数性能显著提高,在微波电磁仿真的优化和性能改进方面具有广阔的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Miniaturized High-Performance Metasurface Antenna Embedded in Cross-Shaped Strips 嵌入十字形条带的微型高性能元面天线
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9944694
Shuangde Li, Xuelan Xiong, Yuanjian Liu, Jinhong Jiang, Minyu Jiang

A miniaturized high-performance metasurface (MTS) antenna with cross-shaped strips is designed, which can be applied to wireless communication systems. The resonant frequency of the main mode of the proposed MTS is reduced by embedding a 2 × 2 cross-shaped strip array in the gaps of the 3 × 3 circular MTS array, resulting in a lower operating frequency and miniaturization. The main mode of the MTS and the probe mode are excited simultaneously by the L-probe structure, resulting in a dual-mode resonance for a broadband performance. The entire design mechanism of the antenna is explained analytically through characteristic mode analysis (CMA) method. Additionally, the cross-polarization levels in H-plane are effectively suppressed by a metal via positioned at the MTS center. Measured results show a wide impedance bandwidth of 32.6% (reflection coefficient ≤ −10 dB) with an MTS size of 0.44λ0 × 0.39λ0 (where λ0 is the free-space wavelength of 6.6 GHz). The achieved peak gain is 7.1 dBi, with a 2 dB gain bandwidth of 36% (5.25-7.55 GHz) and a low cross-polarization level below -20 dB.

本文设计了一种带有十字形条纹的微型高性能元表面(MTS)天线,可应用于无线通信系统。通过在 3 × 3 圆形 MTS 阵列的间隙中嵌入 2 × 2 十字形条带阵列,降低了拟议 MTS 主模的谐振频率,从而实现了更低的工作频率和小型化。L 型探针结构同时激发了 MTS 的主模和探针模,从而产生了双模谐振,实现了宽带性能。通过特征模态分析(CMA)方法对天线的整个设计机制进行了分析解释。此外,位于 MTS 中心的金属通孔有效抑制了 H 平面的交叉极化水平。测量结果显示,MTS 尺寸为 0.44λ0 × 0.39λ0(λ0 为 6.6 GHz 的自由空间波长),阻抗带宽为 32.6%(反射系数 ≤ -10dB)。实现的峰值增益为 7.1 dBi,2 dB 增益带宽为 36%(5.25-7.55 GHz),交叉极化电平低于 -20 dB。
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引用次数: 0
Metadevice for Electromagnetic Cloaking With Monitors in Complex Space 在复杂空间利用监测器进行电磁隐形的元设备
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7826340
Junjie Shao, Yuehai Sang, Ren Wang, Jun Xie, Xiaolong Xu, Junjie Lang, Ziwei Zhou, Bing-Zhong Wang

Electromagnetic cloaking with monitors within waveguide plays a pivotal role in minimizing the risk of detection while intercepting sensitive information which holds immense potential in both military and communication sectors. However, the integration of electromagnetic cloaking and monitoring is challenging and even more difficult to realize in waveguide. To address these challenges, we propose a metadevice design method based on the internal multiport method (IMPM) for ensuring effective monitoring while maintaining electromagnetic cloaking in the complex environments of waveguide systems. Strategically adjusting the distribution and arrangement of auxiliary scatterers in proximity to the monitoring apparatus can flexibly regulate the behavior of electromagnetic wave propagation to enhance the cloaking performance of metadevice. The cases presented in the paper validate the designed metadevices that are capable of achieving both cloaking and monitoring for monitors within waveguide systems.

波导中的电磁隐形与监测器在截获敏感信息的同时最大限度地降低探测风险方面发挥着关键作用,在军事和通信领域都具有巨大的潜力。然而,电磁隐形与监测的整合具有挑战性,在波导中实现更是难上加难。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一种基于内部多端口法(IMPM)的元设备设计方法,以确保在波导系统的复杂环境中保持电磁隐形的同时进行有效监测。通过战略性地调整辅助散射体在监测设备附近的分布和布置,可以灵活地调节电磁波的传播行为,从而提高元设备的隐形性能。文中介绍的案例验证了所设计的元器件能够同时实现波导系统内监测器的隐形和监测功能。
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引用次数: 0
Design of Rocket-Borne Data Transmission System for Sounding Rocket 探空火箭数据传输系统的设计
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3646911
Ziyu Xu, Yongsheng Deng, Yifang Xie

The design of a rocket-borne data transmission system is presented in this article. This data transmission system is used for Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project II sounding rocket. The major function of this data transmission system is to transmit payload data and rocket telemetry data to ground station. The data transmission system achieves power greater than 4 W (36 dBm). The amplitude unbalance is 1.60% (0.14 dB) and the phase unbalance is 1.74°. Total power consumption of the data transmission system is less than 24 W (28 V power supply). The radiation performance of the data transmission antenna is good. Based on the actual condition of solid rocket, the relevant heat dissipation and vibration reduction measures are designed under the demand of miniaturization. The data transmission system has been tested by performance test, environmental simulation test, system integration test, and other tests; the test results show that it has good working performance, good stability, and high reliability.

本文介绍了火箭所载数据传输系统的设计。该数据传输系统用于子午线空间气象监测项目 II 探空火箭。该数据传输系统的主要功能是向地面站传输有效载荷数据和火箭遥测数据。数据传输系统的功率大于 4 W(36 dBm)。振幅不平衡度为 1.60%(0.14 dB),相位不平衡度为 1.74°。数据传输系统的总功耗小于 24 W(28 V 电源)。数据传输天线的辐射性能良好。根据固体火箭的实际情况,在小型化的要求下设计了相关的散热和减震措施。数据传输系统经过性能测试、环境模拟测试、系统集成测试等测试,测试结果表明其工作性能好、稳定性好、可靠性高。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering
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