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Numerical Analysis of Therapeutic Effects by Varying Slot Numbers and Slot-to-Slot Distance in Microwave Ablation Using Multislot Coaxial Antenna 使用多槽同轴天线的微波消融中槽数和槽间距变化的治疗效果数值分析
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8841831
Donghyuk Kim, Hyunjung Kim

Microwave ablation (MWA) is based on the energy absorbed by biological tissue through microwave emission, which raises the temperature of the tumor to perform the treatment. MWA has the advantage of causing minimal bleeding and treating deep tumors. In this study, MWA for various slot design situations in a microwave coaxial antenna (MCA) was simulated through numerical analysis. For the slot design, the number of slots and the distance between slots were determined by the analysis parameters. A tumor developed inside the liver tissue was implemented, and the temperature distribution of the tumor and surrounding liver tissue was calculated for all cases selected for numerical analysis. The Helmholtz electromagnetic equation was used to calculate the electromagnetic field inside the tissue, and the modified Pennes bioheat equation was used to calculate the temperature change in the tissue due to the emitted microwave. Treatment effects were quantitatively analyzed for each slot design condition through an apoptotic variable based on the calculated temperature distribution. Lastly, conditions that produce optimal treatment effects were derived depending on the number of slots. The analysis showed that as the distance between the slots increased from 0.5 to 3.5 mm, the optimal treatment effect was obtained when the number of slots was 4, 3, 3, and 2, respectively, and the microwave input power at that time was 3.0, 2.8, 2.6, and 3.0 W, respectively. This is expected to allow for more rigorous and more therapeutically effective MWA.

微波消融术(MWA)是通过微波发射被生物组织吸收能量,使肿瘤温度升高来进行治疗的。微波消融具有出血少和治疗深部肿瘤的优点。本研究通过数值分析模拟了微波同轴天线(MCA)中各种槽设计情况下的 MWA。对于槽设计,槽的数量和槽间距由分析参数决定。模拟了肝组织内的肿瘤,并计算了所有选定进行数值分析的情况下肿瘤和周围肝组织的温度分布。利用亥姆霍兹电磁方程计算组织内的电磁场,并利用改进的彭尼斯生物热方程计算组织内因发射微波而产生的温度变化。根据计算出的温度分布,通过凋亡变量对每个槽设计条件的治疗效果进行定量分析。最后,根据槽的数量得出了产生最佳治疗效果的条件。分析表明,随着槽间距从 0.5 毫米增加到 3.5 毫米,当槽的数量分别为 4、3、3 和 2 个,且当时的微波输入功率分别为 3.0、2.8、2.6 和 3.0 W 时,可获得最佳治疗效果。这有望使微波治疗更严格、更有效。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Electromagnetic Radiation From High-Speed Train Voice and Data Antennae on the Health of Pacemaker Wearers 高速列车语音和数据天线的电磁辐射对心脏起搏器佩戴者健康的影响研究
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2690885
Rui Tian, Hao Wu, Mai Lu

In China, high-speed trains have become a major means of transportation for the masses. When the passengers wearing pacemakers travel on high-speed trains, electromagnetic environment in the carriage where the GSM-R voice and data antennae are located should be concerned. In this work, a real-size carriage monopole antennae simulating voice and data antennae as high-frequency radiation sources and wearing pacemaker passenger’ models were established to study the electromagnetic exposure of the passenger at different conditions. The results showed that when the passenger faced the voice antenna, he suffered much greater electromagnetic radiation than when his back in turned from it. The electric field strength, average SAR, and temperature rise of the heart when facing the antenna were 27.3 V/m, 0.0102 W/kg, and 0.0016°C, respectively. Meanwhile, the temperature rise of the pacemaker was 0.001°C. We also obtained the values of electromagnetic dose for the whole body. All data were below the limits of the ICNIRP guidelines. These results indicate that the electromagnetic fields generated by the GSM-R voice and data antennae do not harm the health of passengers wearing pacemaker.

在中国,高速列车已成为大众出行的主要交通工具。当佩戴心脏起搏器的乘客乘坐高铁时,GSM-R 语音和数据天线所在车厢的电磁环境值得关注。本研究建立了模拟语音和数据天线作为高频辐射源的真实尺寸车厢单极天线和佩戴心脏起搏器乘客的模型,以研究乘客在不同条件下的电磁暴露情况。结果表明,当乘客面对语音天线时,其受到的电磁辐射比背对语音天线时要大得多。面对天线时,心脏的电场强度、平均 SAR 和温升分别为 27.3 V/m、0.0102 W/kg 和 0.0016°C。同时,心脏起搏器的温升为 0.001°C。我们还获得了全身的电磁剂量值。所有数据均低于国际非电离辐射防护委员会指南的限值。这些结果表明,GSM-R 语音和数据天线产生的电磁场不会损害佩戴心脏起搏器乘客的健康。
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引用次数: 0
Miniaturize Dual-Band Open-Loop Resonator-Based MIMO Antenna With Wide Bandwidth and High Gain 基于开环谐振器的宽带高增益微型化双频 MIMO 天线
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3858416
Ming-An Chung, Chia-Wei Lin, Chih-Wei Yang

This paper proposes and analyzes a 2 × 2 multi-input multioutput antenna based on an open-loop resonator structure and an inverted L structure. The top layer of the antenna uses symmetric inverted hook-shaped and inverted L branches and is connected to the bottom layer of the dual-feed port and the ground plane using the VIAs, respectively. The open-loop resonator structure at the bottom of the antenna and the top layer of the branched circuit are resonated to provide wide-bandwidth and dual-frequency characteristics. The substrate uses FR4 with an area of 40 × 30 × 0.8 mm3. Although the two antenna feed ports are very close to each other, using via to connect the defective bottom ground structure and the top inverted L-shaped branch, the isolation still achieves an excellent performance of 15 dB. The antenna has multiband application characteristics, and the bands include 2.29–5.51, 6.14–10.26, 2.29–5.33, 5.19–6.64, and 6.78–10.16 GHz. In pattern and MIMO transmission efficiency measurement, the peak radiation efficiency is 89%, the peak gain is 8.5 dBi, and the ECC is less than 0.034. In the transmission efficiency measurement mode using 64-QAM, watching the error vector magnitude at 2.56 and 5.11 GHz, the demodulation effect is very good, and the respective throughput results are 100% and 79.2%. The broadband characteristics of the antenna have a variety of applications, and it is simulated at the specific absorption rate, which meets the standards set by the Federal Communications Commission and is very suitable for use in wearable devices. The antenna can be applied to the X-band, n77, n79, Sub-6 GHz, WiMax, DSRC, WiFi 6, WiFi 6E, WiFi 7, C-V2X, and C-band.

本文提出并分析了一种基于开环谐振器结构和倒 L 结构的 2 × 2 多输入多输出天线。天线顶层采用对称的倒钩形和倒 L 支路,并利用 VIA 分别与底层的双馈端口和地平面相连。天线底部的开环谐振器结构与顶层的分支电路发生谐振,以提供宽带和双频特性。基板采用面积为 40 × 30 × 0.8 mm3 的 FR4。虽然天线的两个馈电端口非常接近,但通过使用通孔连接底部有缺陷的接地结构和顶部的倒 L 形分支,隔离性能仍然达到了 15 dB 的优异水平。该天线具有多频段应用特性,频段包括 2.29-5.51、6.14-10.26、2.29-5.33、5.19-6.64 和 6.78-10.16 GHz。在模式和 MIMO 传输效率测量中,峰值辐射效率为 89%,峰值增益为 8.5 dBi,ECC 小于 0.034。在使用 64-QAM 的传输效率测量模式下,观察 2.56 和 5.11 GHz 的误差矢量幅度,解调效果非常好,吞吐量结果分别为 100%和 79.2%。该天线的宽带特性有多种应用,其模拟的比吸收率符合美国联邦通信委员会制定的标准,非常适合用于可穿戴设备。该天线可应用于 X 波段、n77、n79、Sub-6 GHz、WiMax、DSRC、WiFi 6、WiFi 6E、WiFi 7、C-V2X 和 C 波段。
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引用次数: 0
Multifunctional Frequency-Selective Rasorber With Passband Stealth Performance 具有通带隐形性能的多功能选频干扰器
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3699905
Kun Liao, Zhiming Liu

A multifunctional frequency-selective rasorber (MFSR) with passband stealth performance by using PIN diodes is investigated, which is made up of two reconfigurable components (a lossy layer and transmissive polarization converter surface (lossless layer)). The proposed MFSR shows transmission in-band and absorption out-band at working state, but the transparent window is closed to achieve full-band stealth at nonworking state. Besides, the equivalent circuit model (ECM) is constructed to annotate the operating principle of the designed MFSR. The MFSR indicates a wide cross-polarized transmission window from 3.71 to 4.38 GHz between two absorption bands at working, meanwhile a broadband copolarized reflection band (S11 < −10 dB) is accomplished in 1.78–5.50 GHz. At nonworking, an ultra-wideband stealth band is realized in 1.81–7.0 GHz when the absorptivity is over 80%, which has a 117.8% fractional bandwidth (FBW). In addition, the MFSR has a stable oblique incident characteristic (up to 25°). Finally, the sample of the MFSR is manufactured and experimented to demonstrate the availability of this design.

研究了一种利用 PIN 二极管实现通带隐身性能的多功能频率选择器(MFSR),它由两个可重构组件(有损耗层和透射偏振转换器表面(无损耗层))组成。所提出的 MFSR 在工作状态下显示带内传输和带外吸收,但在非工作状态下关闭透明窗口以实现全带隐身。此外,还构建了等效电路模型(ECM)来注释所设计 MFSR 的工作原理。工作时,MFSR 在两个吸收带之间显示出 3.71 至 4.38 GHz 的宽跨偏振传输窗口,同时在 1.78 至 5.50 GHz 之间实现了宽带共偏振反射带(S11 < -10 dB)。在非工作状态下,当吸收率超过 80% 时,可在 1.81-7.0 GHz 范围内实现超宽带隐形频段,其分数带宽(FBW)为 117.8%。此外,MFSR 还具有稳定的斜入射特性(最大 25°)。最后,我们制作了 MFSR 的样品并进行了实验,以证明该设计的可用性。
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引用次数: 0
Frequency Domain UWB Channel Characterization and Modeling in Indoor Static Environment 室内静态环境中的频域 UWB 信道特性分析与建模
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3742665
Joydeep Pal, Bhaskar Gupta

In this article, distance and frequency-dependent indoor wireless channel characterization and modeling are presented in C, X, and Ku bands at the line of sight (LOS) and nonline of sight (nLOS) scenarios. Complex frequency responses of the indoor radio channel are measured using the frequency-domain approach. The terminal and measurement setup dependencies of the propagation channel are deconvoluted using closed-form expressions devised from a two-port network model approach of the antenna transreceiver system. Subsequently, terminal independent frequency-domain channel transfer functions (CTFs) and time-domain channel impulse responses (CIRs) are derived for accurate statistical analysis of large- and small-scale fading parameters of the propagation channel. A distance-dependent statistical pathloss model is proposed. Successively, a frequency domain channel model using the fifth-order autoregressive process is proposed. Subsequently, the existence of the multiple clusters in the environment is analyzed by the poles of the transfer functions of the model. Models are validated in both time and frequency domains by comparing the computer-simulated synthetic model data with the empirical channel responses. The measurement data and the model data are seen to be in good agreement.

本文介绍了在视线(LOS)和非视线(nLOS)情况下,C、X 和 Ku 波段与距离和频率相关的室内无线信道特性和建模。使用频域方法测量了室内无线信道的复杂频率响应。利用天线收发器系统的双端口网络模型方法设计的闭式表达式,对传播信道的终端和测量设置依赖性进行解卷。随后,推导出与终端无关的频域信道传递函数(CTF)和时域信道脉冲响应(CIR),以便对传播信道的大尺度和小尺度衰减参数进行精确的统计分析。提出了一个与距离相关的统计路径损耗模型。随后,提出了使用五阶自回归过程的频域信道模型。随后,通过模型传递函数的极点分析了环境中多个集群的存在。通过比较计算机模拟的合成模型数据和经验信道响应,在时域和频域对模型进行了验证。结果表明,测量数据和模型数据非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
A 10 × 10 MIMO Multiband Broadband Planar Antenna for Multiband Applications 用于多频带应用的 10 × 10 MIMO 多频带宽平面天线
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4839224
Ming-An Chung, Chia-Wei Lin, Ing-Peng Meiy

This paper proposes a 10 × 10 MIMO multiband broadband planar antenna for tablets or laptops. The designed antennas cover a large number of the popular sub-6-GHz application bands, such as 0.617–0.96, 2.1–2.7, 3.5–4.5, and 6.1–7.2 GHz for public safety communications, radio systems, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and satellite communications. The proposed antenna is designed with grounded branches, which can generate a wide bandwidth and cover most of the sub-6-GHz application band by coupling between branches of different lengths and antennas. MIMO antennas have been measured to have an envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.7 and have met the standards set by international organizations for human radiation absorption simulations. The proposed antenna validates the unique 10 × 10 MIMO antenna structure and feasibility. Multiple operable frequency bands are realized, and the radiation effect of the antenna on the human body is analyzed if it complies with international market standards. The proposed antenna design is well suited for multiband and broadband requirements.

本文提出了一种适用于平板电脑或笔记本电脑的 10 × 10 MIMO 多频带宽平面天线。所设计的天线覆盖了大量常用的 6 GHz 以下应用频段,如 0.617-0.96、2.1-2.7、3.5-4.5 和 6.1-7.2 GHz,适用于公共安全通信、无线电系统、蓝牙、Wi-Fi 和卫星通信。拟议的天线采用接地分支设计,通过不同长度的分支和天线之间的耦合,可以产生宽带宽,覆盖 6 GHz 以下的大部分应用频段。经测量,MIMO 天线的包络相关系数小于 0.7,达到了国际组织规定的人体辐射吸收模拟标准。拟议的天线验证了独特的 10 × 10 MIMO 天线结构和可行性。实现了多个可操作频段,并分析了天线对人体的辐射效应是否符合国际市场标准。所提出的天线设计非常适合多频段和宽带要求。
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引用次数: 0
Low-Cost Low-Loss Tunable Dual-Band Filter Using Coupled Lines With Variable Coupling Coefficients 使用耦合系数可变的耦合线的低成本低损耗可调双频滤波器
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5668593
Wang Qunliang, Jiang Yanfeng, Wang Yanxiong

A novel low-loss tunable filter using its own coupled lines is proposed in the paper. The filter is based on a substrate-integrated suspended line (SISL) structure with two inner layers, fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate. The suspension line and the cavity are completely covered by copper. In the novel structure, the coupled line can be tuned and has a variable coupling coefficient. The performance of the dual-band filter can be flexibly tuned by using the coupled lines. The passband widths can be tuned independently with the range from 0.31 to 0.92 GHz. The center frequencies of the passbands can also be tuned independently, with the tuning range of 1.1 GHz. A low insertion loss of less than 0.54 dB is shown in the proposed filter. The proposed filter shows potential application in future tunable microwave circuit.

本文提出了一种利用自身耦合线的新型低损耗可调滤波器。该滤波器基于基板集成悬浮线(SISL)结构,有两个内层,制作在低成本的 FR4 基板上。悬浮线和空腔完全由铜覆盖。在这种新型结构中,耦合线可以调整,并具有可变的耦合系数。通过使用耦合线,可以灵活地调整双频滤波器的性能。通带宽度可在 0.31 至 0.92 GHz 范围内独立调整。通带的中心频率也可独立调整,调整范围为 1.1 GHz。该滤波器的插入损耗小于 0.54 dB。该滤波器有望应用于未来的可调谐微波电路。
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引用次数: 0
An Ultrathin Multiband Chiral Metasurface for Transmission and Asymmetric Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves 用于电磁波传输和非对称吸收的超薄多波段手性元表面
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2326362
Sayan Sarkar, Bhaskar Gupta

This article presents an ultrathin chiral metasurface which can exhibit multiband asymmetric absorption as well as symmetric transmission in a specific frequency band outside the absorption regions. Unlike most electromagnetic metasurface absorbers, the proposed structure does not have a continuous conducting sheet at the bottom which also allows it to act as a bandpass spatial filter. The metasurface has a substrate thickness of only λhigh/62.5 and λlow/34 at the highest and lowest operational free-space wavelengths, respectively. The transmission band is centered at 5.5 GHz, and the asymmetric absorption bands are centered at 3, 3.33, and 4.5 GHz, respectively. The operational bands can be tuned as per user requirements. The metasurface has an angular stability of 45° for both TE and TM incidence. It can be used for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction, electromagnetic shielding, and as a spatial bandpass filter.

本文介绍了一种超薄手性元表面,它可以在吸收区域之外的特定频段表现出多波段非对称吸收和对称传输。与大多数电磁元表面吸收器不同的是,所提出的结构底部没有连续的导电片,这也使其能够充当带通空间滤波器。在最高和最低工作自由空间波长处,元表面的衬底厚度分别只有 λhigh/62.5 和 λlow/34。传输带的中心频率为 5.5 千兆赫,非对称吸收带的中心频率分别为 3、3.33 和 4.5 千兆赫。这些工作频带可根据用户要求进行调整。元表面在 TE 和 TM 入射角下的角度稳定性均为 45°。它可用于减少雷达截面(RCS)、电磁屏蔽和空间带通滤波器。
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引用次数: 0
Resistor-Loaded Wideband Polarization Independent Absorber Using Tightly Coupled Dipole Structure 使用紧密耦合偶极子结构的电阻器负载型宽带偏振无关吸收器
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5321173
Jian Peng, Chao Li, Fei Cheng, Li Wu, Wei-wei Xu, Zhi-jie Liu

This article presents a resistor-loaded wideband absorber using a tightly coupled dipole structure. The conversional inherit wide bandwidth tightly coupled dipole which was used as an antenna is adopted as a unit cell. The port of the dipole is loaded with resistors to dissipate the microwave energy. The design principles of the absorber are given. An equivalent circuit model composed of an RLC resonant circuit is proposed to analyze the performance of the absorber. To demonstrate, a 288 mm × 288 mm absorber ranging from 1.96 to 8.08 GHz is fabricated and measured. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones which show that the absorber can work from 2 to 8.18 GHz with an absorption rate of more than 90%. Moreover, the proposed absorber is also insensitive to the polarization angle of the incident wave. When the incident angle changes from 0° to 45°, the absorption rate is nearly unchanged over the operating band.

本文介绍了一种采用紧耦合偶极子结构的电阻加载宽带吸收器。它采用了用作天线的转换继承宽带紧耦合偶极子作为单元单元。偶极子的端口装有电阻器以耗散微波能量。文中给出了吸收器的设计原理。提出了一个由 RLC 谐振电路组成的等效电路模型来分析吸收器的性能。为了进行演示,制作并测量了一个 288 mm × 288 mm 的吸收器,频率范围从 1.96 GHz 到 8.08 GHz。测量结果与模拟结果非常吻合,表明该吸收器可在 2 至 8.18 GHz 范围内工作,吸收率超过 90%。此外,所提出的吸收器对入射波的偏振角也不敏感。当入射角从 0° 变为 45° 时,吸收率在工作频带内几乎保持不变。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Millimeter-Wave Radar Interference Suppression Method Based on VMD and VI-CFAR Algorithms 基于 VMD 和 VI-CFAR 算法的新型毫米波雷达干扰抑制方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2305711
Chao Lv, Xun Huang, Guozheng Li, Dongqi Liu

With the increasing use of millimeter-wave radar in automobiles, mutual interference between vehicle-mounted millimeter-wave radar systems is becoming increasingly serious. Mutual interference between vehicle-mounted millimeter-wave radars significantly reduces the accuracy of target parameter estimation and the reliability of target detection. In view of this, this study proposes an interference suppression method that combines the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) algorithm and Variation Index Constant False Alarm Rate (VI-CFAR). First, the method performs adaptive decomposition of the intermediate frequency (IF) signals of an interfered vehicle-mounted millimeter-wave radar by VMD in order to obtain several different intrinsic modal functions (IMFs). Then, the relevant IMFs containing target information are identified based on the spectrograms of each IMF, followed by signal reconstruction of the relevant IMFs using VI-CFAR. Finally, the relevant IMFs are superimposed to complete the signal reconstruction. In the case of simultaneous interference by several different interference radars, the results of simulation experiments show that the method can improve the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) of the target and increase the detection of the interfered target to a greater extent than the Adaptive Noise Cancellation (ANC), Empirical Modal Decomposition (EMD), and Iterative Zeroing methods. According to the SIR results of the simulation experiments, it can be seen that under the static interference of several slightly weak interference sources, the SIR of each target is improved by 8.1, 8.1, 5.8, and 7.9 dB, respectively, after suppressing the interference by the method, whereas in the dynamic cases of simultaneous interference of several strong interference sources and detection of several weak targets, the SIR of each target is improved by 4.6, 2.2, 7.9, and 6.8 dB, respectively. Therefore, the method has some performance advantages.

随着毫米波雷达在汽车中的应用越来越广泛,车载毫米波雷达系统之间的相互干扰也越来越严重。车载毫米波雷达之间的相互干扰会大大降低目标参数估计的准确性和目标探测的可靠性。有鉴于此,本研究提出了一种结合变异模式分解(VMD)算法和变异指数恒误报率(VI-CFAR)的干扰抑制方法。首先,该方法通过 VMD 对受干扰的车载毫米波雷达的中频(IF)信号进行自适应分解,以获得多个不同的本征模态函数(IMF)。然后,根据每个 IMF 的频谱图确定包含目标信息的相关 IMF,接着使用 VI-CFAR 对相关 IMF 进行信号重建。最后,将相关 IMF 叠加,完成信号重建。在同时受到几种不同干扰雷达干扰的情况下,模拟实验结果表明,与自适应噪声消除法(ANC)、经验模态分解法(EMD)和迭代归零法相比,该方法能在更大程度上改善目标的信噪比(SIR),提高受干扰目标的探测率。根据仿真实验的 SIR 结果可以看出,在几个稍弱干扰源的静态干扰下,用该方法抑制干扰后,每个目标的 SIR 分别提高了 8.1、8.1、5.8 和 7.9 dB;而在几个强干扰源同时干扰和检测几个弱目标的动态情况下,每个目标的 SIR 分别提高了 4.6、2.2、7.9 和 6.8 dB。因此,该方法具有一定的性能优势。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering
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