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Simple Integration of Cavity-Backed Antenna with Patch Antenna for Developing Hybrid Antenna Using SIW Technology 利用 SIW 技术将腔背天线与贴片天线简单集成以开发混合天线
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9040638
A. H. Murshed, M. A. Hossain, N. K. Kiem, N. H. Hai, E. Nishiyama, I. Toyoda, I. Mahbub

This paper proposes a novel scheme for developing a linearly polarized (LP) hybrid antenna using a simple integration of a planner cavity-backed antenna with a conventional rectangular patch antenna. To substantiate, a half-mode rectangular substrate-integrated waveguide technique is divided into halves to reduce the size and later integrated with a patch antenna. The patch antenna is getting excited by the mutual coupling of TE101 mode and resonating in the vicinity of the cavity resonator. These two different combinations of strategy let the antenna obtain superior characteristics such as bandwidth and gain. To make this structure enable to use in the planner circuit, a 50 Ω microstrip line is incorporated. This proposed hybrid antenna is simulated and tested experimentally to justify its worthiness. The simulated and measured data maintained good agreements regarding S11, bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern, and efficiency.

本文提出了一种开发线性极化(LP)混合天线的新方案,该方案采用了将规划器腔背天线与传统矩形贴片天线进行简单集成的方法。为了证明这一点,半模矩形基底集成波导技术被分成两半以减小尺寸,然后与贴片天线集成。贴片天线受到 TE101 模式的相互耦合激励,并在空腔谐振器附近产生谐振。这两种不同的策略组合使天线获得了卓越的特性,如带宽和增益。为了使这种结构能够用于规划器电路,还加入了 50 Ω 微带线。我们对所提出的混合天线进行了仿真和实验测试,以证明它的价值。模拟数据和测量数据在 S11、带宽、增益、辐射模式和效率方面保持了良好的一致性。
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引用次数: 0
Wideband 4 × 4 Nolen Matrix with 360° Continuously Tuned Differential Phase and Low In-Band Phase Deviation Error 宽带 4×4 Nolen 矩阵,360° 连续调谐差分相位,带内相位偏差误差小
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-27 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8835630
Da Yu, Hongmei Liu, Yan Zhang, Zhongbao Wang, Shaojun Fang

In the paper, a wideband tunable 4 × 4 Nolen matrix is proposed. By using the presented topology of the Nolen matrix, tunable output port phase differences can be realized by inserting one type of tunable phase shifters (T-PS). Besides, the in-band phase deviation error is minimized by adding compensation phase shifters (C-PSs) to the output ports of the Nolen matrix. Analytical design methods based on signal flow graphs and complex exponential signal are given to obtain the rigorous relationships of the coupling and phase shifts in the Nolen matrix. Besides, a detailed method for output ports phase slope compensation is provided. For validation, a prototype centered at 5.8 GHz is designed and fabricated. Measurement results agree well with the simulated ones. By using only one voltage to control the phase shifts of the T-PS in a 90° range for each input excitation of the Nolen matrix, a full 360° range of the progressive phase difference is realized by switching four input ports. The measured fractional bandwidth under 10 dB return loss and isolation is larger than 24.5% with the in − band ± 1.5 dB amplitude imbalance and ±15° phase deviation error for ports 1-4 excitations. Besides, for a more strict criterion of ±1 dB amplitude imbalance and 10° phase deviation error, the measured bandwidths are larger than 15% for all port excitations.

本文提出了一种宽带可调 4×4 诺伦矩阵。利用所提出的诺伦矩阵拓扑结构,通过插入一种可调相移器(T-PS),可实现输出端口相位差的可调。此外,通过在诺伦矩阵的输出端口添加补偿移相器(C-PS),可将带内相位偏差误差降至最低。本文给出了基于信号流图和复指数信号的分析设计方法,以获得诺伦矩阵中耦合和相移的严格关系。此外,还提供了输出端口相位斜率补偿的详细方法。为进行验证,设计并制造了一个以 5.8 GHz 为中心的原型。测量结果与模拟结果十分吻合。对于诺伦矩阵的每个输入激励,只需使用一个电压来控制 90° 范围内的 T-PS 相移,就能通过切换四个输入端口来实现 360° 范围内的渐进相位差。在 10 dB 回波损耗和隔离度条件下,端口 1-4 的带内 ±1.5 dB 振幅不平衡和 ±15° 相位偏差误差的测量分数带宽大于 24.5%。此外,对于更严格的 ±1 dB 振幅不平衡和 10° 相位偏差误差标准,所有端口激励的测量带宽均大于 15%。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Antenna Design of Compact HF and UHF Passive RFID Tags with Interconnected Structure for Energy Harvesting and Tracking Systems 用于能量收集和跟踪系统的具有互连结构的紧凑型高频和超高频无源射频识别标签的新型天线设计
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9923732
Supakit Kawdungta, Theerayut Mhunkaew, Danai Torrungrueng, Hsi-Tseng Chou

We propose a new dual-band passive RFID tag antenna design by combining a rectangular spiral coil and patch-meander-line dipole with an interconnected structure. This design enables operation in high-frequency (HF) and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID systems, suitable for energy harvesting and tracking applications. The simulations by the CST full-wave software demonstrate conjugate impedance matching between the tag antenna and two RFID tag chips. At 13.56 MHz (HF), the tag antenna exhibits an inductive reactance of 422.79 Ω, while at 922.5 MHz (UHF), it presents an impedance of 9.41 + j174.96 Ω. The antenna generates a maximum magnetic field intensity of 0.5 A/m and omnidirectional electromagnetic fields with an antenna realized gain of -4.26 dBi at 922.5 MHz. We also analyze the impact of the tag antenna combination using numerical software. Furthermore, we fabricate a prototype tag antenna and validate its performance with RFID readers. The proposed tag antenna achieves the maximum read ranges of 11 cm and 6.9 m for the HF (13.56 MHz) and UHF (920-925 MHz) bands, respectively, accompanied by the energy harvesting of 1.48 volts at the HF band by the coupling magnetic field received by the HF antenna to the chip ST25DV04K at the output voltage pin.

我们提出了一种新的双频无源射频识别(RFID)标签天线设计,将矩形螺旋线圈和贴片蜿蜒线偶极子与互连结构相结合。这种设计可在高频(HF)和超高频(UHF)射频识别(RFID)系统中运行,适用于能量采集和跟踪应用。CST 全波软件的模拟结果表明,标签天线与两个 RFID 标签芯片之间存在共轭阻抗匹配。在 13.56 MHz(高频)频率下,标签天线的电抗为 422.79 Ω,而在 922.5 MHz(超高频)频率下,它的阻抗为 9.41+j174.96 Ω。天线产生的最大磁场强度为 0.5 A/m 和全向电磁场,在 922.5 MHz 时,天线实现增益为 -4.26 dBi。我们还利用数值软件分析了标签天线组合的影响。此外,我们还制作了一个标签天线原型,并用 RFID 阅读器验证了其性能。拟议的标签天线在高频(13.56 MHz)和超高频(920-925 MHz)频段的最大读取距离分别达到 11 厘米和 6.9 米,同时通过高频天线接收到的耦合磁场,在芯片 ST25DV04K 的输出电压引脚处采集到高频频段 1.48 伏的能量。
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引用次数: 0
Realization of a Wide Stopband Filter Using the Weakest Electric Field Method and Electromagnetic Hybrid Coupling Method 利用最弱电场法和电磁混合耦合法实现宽截止带滤波器
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9298815
Xiaohei Yan, Minjie Guo

To enhance filter performance in terms of stopband, we propose a wide-stopband substrate-integrated waveguide filter based on the rejection of higher-order modes. The filter establishes the inner and outer coupling windows at the mode’s weakest electric field to achieve mode suppression. Simultaneously, we employ the electromagnetic hybrid coupling theory to analyze the electromagnetic distribution of the particular modes and determine the dimensions of the coupling circular apertures and slits based on the extracted coupling coefficients to attain suppression of the specific modes. The filter successfully suppresses all higher-order modes having resonant frequencies below that of the TE150 mode, as demonstrated by simulation results. We conducted measurements and found that the filter has a center frequency of 4.78 GHz, a bandwidth of 100 MHz with a -3 dB attenuation, and a stopband of -25 dB that extends up to 16.62 GHz (i.e., 3.48 times the center frequency). Simulation and measurement results demonstrate a good correlation. This method, compared to other SIW filters, is easy to design, has a wider stopband range, can be readily applied to practical microwave communication systems, and has potential applications.

为了提高滤波器的阻带性能,我们提出了一种基于高阶模式抑制的宽阻带基片集成波导滤波器。该滤波器在模式最弱电场处建立内外耦合窗口,以实现模式抑制。同时,我们采用电磁混合耦合理论分析特定模式的电磁分布,并根据提取的耦合系数确定耦合圆孔和狭缝的尺寸,以实现对特定模式的抑制。模拟结果表明,滤波器成功抑制了谐振频率低于 TE150 模式的所有高阶模式。我们进行了测量,发现滤波器的中心频率为 4.78 GHz,带宽为 100 MHz,衰减为 -3 dB,阻带为 -25 dB,最高可达 16.62 GHz(即中心频率的 3.48 倍)。仿真和测量结果显示了良好的相关性。与其他 SIW 滤波器相比,这种方法易于设计,止带范围更宽,可随时应用于实际微波通信系统,具有潜在的应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
A Review of Over-the-Air Testing Methods for Performance Measurement of Antennas and Devices in Communication Systems 通信系统中天线和设备性能测量的空中测试方法综述
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6660144
Siqi Duan, Weimin Wang, Bihua Tang, Yongle Wu, Yuanan Liu

With the fast development of communication techniques, over-the-air testing has developed into the main testing method for current communication systems due to its advantages including no cable connection, high measurement efficiency, and independence from environment. OTA testing has become almost the only solution for 5G system testing especially after the popularity of 5G massive multiple-input-multiple-output. In this paper, we summarize the three main methods of OTA testing including the reverberation chamber-based method, the radiation two-step method, and the multiprobe anechoic chamber- (MPAC-) based method, among which we focus on the MPAC method systematically. In the MPAC method, there are two main channel synthesis techniques that have been heavily studied, namely, prefaded signal synthesis and plane wave synthesis. We summarize the current main research based on these two techniques including probe configurations, probe selection algorithms, and probe design based on the PFS technique and the design of plane wave generators based on PWS technique. The main comparisons are made for the performance of different probe selection algorithms and the performance of different plane wave generators as well as the latest advances.

随着通信技术的快速发展,空中测试因其无需电缆连接、测量效率高、不受环境影响等优势,已发展成为当前通信系统的主要测试方法。特别是在 5G 大规模多输入多输出普及之后,空中下载(OTA)测试几乎成为 5G 系统测试的唯一解决方案。本文总结了 OTA 测试的三种主要方法,包括基于混响室的方法、辐射两步法和基于多探针电波暗室(MPAC)的方法,其中重点对 MPAC 方法进行了系统阐述。在 MPAC 方法中,有两种主要的信道合成技术得到了大量研究,即前置信号合成和平面波合成。我们总结了目前基于这两种技术的主要研究,包括基于 PFS 技术的探针配置、探针选择算法和探针设计,以及基于 PWS 技术的平面波发生器设计。主要比较了不同探针选择算法的性能、不同平面波发生器的性能以及最新进展。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing Three Types of Design Methods for 5G N41 Band Acoustic Wave Filters 分析 5G N41 频带声波滤波器的三种设计方法
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-13 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4638443
Youna Jang, Dal Ahn

This paper presents three design methods for acoustic wave (AW) filters: the direct conversion design method, the slope parameter method, and the band edge fitting method (BEFM). Since the conventional BVD model consists only of lumped elements and has accuracy only near the resonance frequency, an NM-BVD model capable of broadband modeling is proposed in this paper and used to design the filter. In the proposed BEFM, a systematically optimal filter method is used to design the AW filter, and each AW resonator is tuned to the filter prototype value to meet the desired specifications. Thus, the filter design time and the number of resonators can be efficiently improved, and the filter design time can be reduced compared with the direct conversion and slope parameter methods commonly used in filter design. To demonstrate the effectiveness of these design methods, the proposed methods were used to design and fabricate an N41 filter using scandium-doped aluminum nitride (ScAlN) resonators. The broadband capabilities of the filter were verified using BEFM. The design, fabrication, and measurement of a broadband filter that meets the requirements of the 5G N41 frequency band centered at 2.593 GHz with a bandwidth of 196 MHz have verified the filter fabricated using the proposed design method. The insertion loss is less than -3 dB in the target band and more than 30 dB out of band. In summary, the proposed BEFM provides an efficient and accurate method for designing AW filters.

本文介绍了声波(AW)滤波器的三种设计方法:直接转换设计法、斜率参数法和带边拟合法(BEFM)。由于传统的 BVD 模型仅由块状元素组成,精度仅在共振频率附近,因此本文提出了一种能够进行宽带建模的 NM-BVD 模型,并将其用于设计滤波器。在所提出的 BEFM 中,使用了系统优化滤波器方法来设计 AW 滤波器,并将每个 AW 谐振器调谐到滤波器原型值,以满足所需的规格。因此,与滤波器设计中常用的直接转换法和斜率参数法相比,滤波器设计时间和谐振器数量都能得到有效改善,滤波器设计时间也能缩短。为了证明这些设计方法的有效性,我们使用所提出的方法设计并制造了一个使用掺钪氮化铝(ScAlN)谐振器的 N41 滤波器。滤波器的宽带能力通过 BEFM 得到验证。设计、制造和测量的宽带滤波器满足了以 2.593 GHz 为中心、带宽为 196 MHz 的 5G N41 频段的要求,验证了使用拟议设计方法制造的滤波器。目标频段内的插入损耗小于-3 dB,带外插入损耗大于 30 dB。总之,所提出的 BEFM 为设计 AW 滤波器提供了一种高效、精确的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Design a Compact and Miniaturized Unit Cell in Substrate Integrated Plasmonic Waveguides 在基底集成的等离子体波导中设计紧凑、小型化的单元单元
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5149636
Salma Mirhadi, Zahra Javidi, Nader Komjani

This paper presents a novel procedure to design a compact and miniaturized unit cell in the substrate integrated plasmonic waveguide (SIPW) structures. The slot of the unit cell is automatically obtained in this method without needing any prior knowledge of its shape. The method is based on topology optimization through pixelization of the slot surface in the unit cell and uses a combination of binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) and commercial electromagnetic (EM) software. With this method, first, the shapes of the two unit cells are engineered to arbitrarily reduce the high cut-off frequency. Then, two low-pass filters consisting of the proposed unit cells are designed and simulated. To further verify the proposed procedure, one of the filters is fabricated, whose measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation results. This filter provides a pass band of 5.6 to 6.3 GHz and has dimensions of 0.82λg × 0.22λg. The proposed method has the potential to minimize microwave and terahertz devices.

本文介绍了一种设计基底集成等离子体波导(SIPW)结构中紧凑型和微型化单元单元的新程序。该方法可自动获得单元单元的槽,而无需事先了解其形状。该方法基于拓扑优化,通过对单元槽表面进行像素化处理,并结合使用了二进制粒子群优化(BPSO)和商用电磁(EM)软件。采用这种方法时,首先要设计两个单元的形状,以任意降低高截止频率。然后,设计并仿真由所提单元组成的两个低通滤波器。为了进一步验证所提出的方法,我们制作了其中一个滤波器,其测量结果与模拟结果十分吻合。该滤波器的通频带为 5.6 至 6.3 GHz,尺寸为 0.82λg×0.22λg。所提出的方法有可能最大限度地减少微波和太赫兹器件。
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引用次数: 0
A High-Gain Wideband Fabry-Pérot Antenna Employing a Water-Based Frequency Selective Surface for Polarization- and RCS-Reconfigurability 一种高增益宽带法布里-佩罗天线,采用水基频率选择性表面,具有极化和 RCS 可重构性
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1804375
Ying Wang, Zhiming Liu, Huilin Zhou, Jens Bornemann, Yuhao Wang, Xiangkun Kong

A Fabry-Pérot (FP) antenna with wideband dual-polarization and radar cross section- (RCS-) reconfigurability adopting water-based frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. The feed antenna is designed to switch between horizontal polarization (HP) and vertical polarization (VP) by controlling the on/off states of two PIN diodes. By optimizing the height of the FP resonant cavity, the proposed FP antenna achieves wideband and high-gain properties. In addition, the incident wave can be absorbed when the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) container is filled with water, which reduces the monostatic RCS. This design can be selected to be in stealth mode or radiation mode by injecting water into or extracting water from the water container. The measured results indicate that in stealth mode, the 10-dB RCS reduction band is from 4.5 GHz to 6.4 GHz, and the peak RCS reduction is 31.5 dB at 5.2 GHz. In the radiation mode, the realized gains of the FP antenna in both HP and VP at 5.2 GHz reach 16.6 dBi. Simulated and measured results verify the realizability and operational concept of the designed FP antenna.

本文介绍了一种采用水基频率选择表面(FSS)、具有宽带双极化和雷达截面(RCS)可重构性的法布里-佩罗(FP)天线。通过控制两个 PIN 二极管的开/关状态,馈源天线可在水平极化(HP)和垂直极化(VP)之间切换。通过优化 FP 谐振腔的高度,所提出的 FP 天线实现了宽带和高增益特性。此外,当聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)容器充满水时,入射波可以被吸收,从而降低了单静态 RCS。这种设计可以通过向水容器注水或从水容器取水来选择隐身模式或辐射模式。测量结果表明,在隐身模式下,10 分贝 RCS 降低频带为 4.5 GHz 至 6.4 GHz,在 5.2 GHz 时 RCS 降低峰值为 31.5 分贝。在辐射模式下,FP 天线在 5.2 GHz 时的 HP 和 VP 增益均达到 16.6 dBi。仿真和测量结果验证了所设计 FP 天线的可实现性和操作理念。
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引用次数: 0
Evolutionary Algorithm-Inspired Binary Sequence-Based Hybrid Fault Detection Method for Nonuniformly Excited Linear Antenna Array 进化算法启发的基于二进制序列的非均匀激励线性天线阵列混合故障检测方法
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9976061
Sandipan Mitra, Soumyo Chatterjee, Sayan Chatterjee, Bhaskar Gupta

In this article, a novel method of fault detection in nonuniformly excited linear antenna array has been reported. This method uses an evolutionary algorithm-based technique to generate approximate radiation pattern in tune with reference faulty pattern for a nonuniformly excited linear antenna array. Based on the approximation, a binary sequence-based method of exact fault detection has been developed. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the method, 12- and 20-element Dolph Tschebyscheff linear antenna array with amplitude fault has been considered. Superiority of the proposed method has been demonstrated through comparative study.

本文报告了一种新型的非均匀激励线性天线阵故障检测方法。该方法采用基于进化算法的技术,为非均匀激励线性天线阵列生成与参考故障模式一致的近似辐射模式。在近似的基础上,开发了一种基于二进制序列的精确故障检测方法。为了说明该方法的有效性,考虑了具有振幅故障的 12 元和 20 元 Dolph Tschebyscheff 线性天线阵列。通过对比研究,证明了所提方法的优越性。
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引用次数: 0
Asymmetric Coplanar Strip- (ACS-) Fed Side Edge Panel MIMO Antenna for IoT and 5G Applications 用于物联网和 5G 应用的非对称共面带 (ACS-) 馈电侧缘面板 MIMO 天线
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4814376
I. S. Masoodi, J. Sheikh, Zahid A. Bhat, Shazia Ashraf, S. A. Parah
For future wireless high-speed wireless applications, the antenna design plays an indispensable role. Electrical compactness has been challenging over the years among the research fraternity. Hence, this paper proposes an electrically compact and miniaturized asymmetric coplanar strip- (ACS-) fed MIMO to bridge this research gap. In MIMO antennas, two electrically small antennas are used and are placed on the edges of the smartphone. A ladder-shaped radiator with a C-shaped slit inserted on the ground plane makes up the antenna’s monopole radiator. A compact antenna is proposed in this paper with dimensions of 0.076 λ×0.409 λ×0.005 λ. This achieves dual band characteristics, which cater to 3.5/5.5 GHz (WiMAX), 5.8 GHz (WLAN), 6.3 GHz (C-band), and sub-6 GHz 5G bands. For the available aperture, reasonable gain is attained by the proposed architecture. Furthermore, fractional bandwidth of 69% and 43% in 2.6 GHz and 5.5 GHz bands, respectively, acting in accordance with the bandwidth stated by Wheeler and Chu’s limit, has been attained in this ACS-fed antenna. In both the operating frequency bands, more than 20 dB isolation between the antenna elements has been achieved. High integrity is attained by the radiation pattern, and actual deployment is granted. Moreover, the simulated results presented are in good accordance with the measured results.
对于未来的高速无线应用,天线设计起着不可或缺的作用。多年来,电气紧凑性一直是研究人员面临的挑战。因此,本文提出了一种电气紧凑、小型化的非对称共面带(ACS)馈电多输入多输出(MIMO)天线,以弥补这一研究空白。在多输入多输出(MIMO)天线中,使用了两个电气尺寸较小的天线,并将其放置在智能手机的边缘。在地平面上插入一个带有 C 形狭缝的梯形辐射器,构成天线的单极辐射器。本文提出的小型天线尺寸为 0.076 λ×0.409 λ×0.005 λ。这实现了双频特性,可满足 3.5/5.5 GHz(WiMAX)、5.8 GHz(WLAN)、6.3 GHz(C 频段)和 6 GHz 以下 5G 频段的要求。对于可用的孔径,拟议的架构可实现合理的增益。此外,该 ACS 馈电天线在 2.6 GHz 和 5.5 GHz 频段的分数带宽分别达到 69% 和 43%,符合 Wheeler 和 Chu 规定的带宽极限。在这两个工作频段,天线元件之间的隔离度都超过了 20 dB。辐射模式达到了很高的完整性,可以进行实际部署。此外,模拟结果与测量结果相符。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering
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