Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1109/TEMC.2024.3471686
Jiarui Fang;Qi Wu
This article presents a realization of nonreciprocal energy selective antenna (NESA) using conductivity modulation effect. NESA can protect sensitive Rx frontend from high power microwave threats while permitting a normal transmission of wireless signals in the Tx channel. The proposed NESA consists of a transmission module, a rectifier circuit, and a ultrawideband antenna loaded with positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes. The transmission module discriminates the direction of guided wave and controls the rectifier circuit to select the modulation mode of PIN diodes. When NESA operates in the Rx state, PIN diodes are controlled by the dc conductance modulation, and it enters the defense mode at a lower threshold. Conversely, when operating in the Tx state, PIN diodes are controlled by radio frequency (RF) conductance modulation, NESA will not enter the defense mode and allow normal power transmission. To demonstrate this new concept, a design using a Vivaldi antenna is fabricated and measured. The theoretical, numerical, and experimental results agree well for the prototype antenna. The prototype operates in the frequency range of 2–6 GHz, allowing for the transmission of continuous wave signals up to 20 W, and providing ∼20 dB of defense level across the entire band. The prototype exhibits 25 dB of nonreciprocity and ∼ 1 dB of insertion loss in the normal mode. The added circuitry has a small size and requires no dc power supply, which is useful for protecting broadband front-ends and arrays.
{"title":"A Non-Reciprocal, Ultrawideband Energy Selective Antenna Based on Conductivity Modulation Effect","authors":"Jiarui Fang;Qi Wu","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3471686","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3471686","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a realization of nonreciprocal energy selective antenna (NESA) using conductivity modulation effect. NESA can protect sensitive \u0000<italic>Rx</i>\u0000 frontend from high power microwave threats while permitting a normal transmission of wireless signals in the \u0000<italic>Tx</i>\u0000 channel. The proposed NESA consists of a transmission module, a rectifier circuit, and a ultrawideband antenna loaded with positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes. The transmission module discriminates the direction of guided wave and controls the rectifier circuit to select the modulation mode of PIN diodes. When NESA operates in the \u0000<italic>Rx</i>\u0000 state, PIN diodes are controlled by the dc conductance modulation, and it enters the defense mode at a lower threshold. Conversely, when operating in the \u0000<italic>Tx</i>\u0000 state, PIN diodes are controlled by radio frequency (RF) conductance modulation, NESA will not enter the defense mode and allow normal power transmission. To demonstrate this new concept, a design using a Vivaldi antenna is fabricated and measured. The theoretical, numerical, and experimental results agree well for the prototype antenna. The prototype operates in the frequency range of 2–6 GHz, allowing for the transmission of continuous wave signals up to 20 W, and providing ∼20 dB of defense level across the entire band. The prototype exhibits 25 dB of nonreciprocity and ∼ 1 dB of insertion loss in the normal mode. The added circuitry has a small size and requires no dc power supply, which is useful for protecting broadband front-ends and arrays.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"1836-1847"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1109/TEMC.2024.3464125
Ziyu Zuo;Lijian Yang;Jianfeng Zheng;Qingyan Wang;Hongbae Jeong;Stuart A. Long;Ananda Kumar;Ji Chen
The transfer function (TF) method is crucial in assessing radio frequency induced heating in active implantable medical devices (AIMDs) during magnetic resonance imaging scans within the human body. Despite numerous implementations to develop TF models for AIMDs, a lingering question remains: TFs are typically developed in a straight pathway configuration, which may differ from TFs in the clinically relevant curved implantation pathways. This article explores the validity of TFs developed in a straight configuration for curved pathways. To address this, a robotic arm capable of three-dimensional measurements is introduced, facilitating the direct development of TFs along curved trajectories. Various curved pathways, including three clinically relevant trajectories, are selected for TF development. The results demonstrate the consistency of TFs obtained along curved and straight pathway configurations in all the cases. This indicates the applicability of TFs developed along a straight configuration for clinically relevant scenarios. Further insights into this trajectory-independent TF model are gained through numerical simulations. Additionally, the article discusses the conditions under which the straight TF remains valid for curved trajectories. For the commercially available AIMDs investigated in the article, the TFs remain consistent regardless of the trajectories, implying its invariance with respect to implantation trajectories.
{"title":"On the Validity of the AIMD Transfer Function Model Developed Over Different Implantation Trajectories","authors":"Ziyu Zuo;Lijian Yang;Jianfeng Zheng;Qingyan Wang;Hongbae Jeong;Stuart A. Long;Ananda Kumar;Ji Chen","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3464125","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3464125","url":null,"abstract":"The transfer function (TF) method is crucial in assessing radio frequency induced heating in active implantable medical devices (AIMDs) during magnetic resonance imaging scans within the human body. Despite numerous implementations to develop TF models for AIMDs, a lingering question remains: TFs are typically developed in a straight pathway configuration, which may differ from TFs in the clinically relevant curved implantation pathways. This article explores the validity of TFs developed in a straight configuration for curved pathways. To address this, a robotic arm capable of three-dimensional measurements is introduced, facilitating the direct development of TFs along curved trajectories. Various curved pathways, including three clinically relevant trajectories, are selected for TF development. The results demonstrate the consistency of TFs obtained along curved and straight pathway configurations in all the cases. This indicates the applicability of TFs developed along a straight configuration for clinically relevant scenarios. Further insights into this trajectory-independent TF model are gained through numerical simulations. Additionally, the article discusses the conditions under which the straight TF remains valid for curved trajectories. For the commercially available AIMDs investigated in the article, the TFs remain consistent regardless of the trajectories, implying its invariance with respect to implantation trajectories.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"1698-1705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142374063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TEMC.2024.3462940
Yuan Ping;Yanming Zhang;Lijun Jiang
In this article, we propose a novel machine learning approach for uncertainty quantification (UQ) within the partial equivalent element circuit (PEEC) framework, employing physics-informed neural networks (PINNs)-based polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) scheme. Initially, the PEEC method is formulated via the electrical field integral equations and current continuity equations. Subsequently, random parameters are introduced to construct corresponding stochastic equations, thereby facilitating the generation of input–output data pairs for the training process. Then, by utilizing the PCE methodology, a mapping function is established. Next, the PINN-based approach is adopted to compute the coefficients of the polynomial bases, leveraging the matrix constructed from training data. Finally, this proposed approach enables the determination of stochastic parameters for quantities of interest within the PEEC method. The numerical examples involving the transmission lines are provided to verify the efficiency of the proposed method. It is found that the uncertainty is well quantified in each case. Compared to the traditional MCM, the proposed method can make UQ in the PEEC method 20 times faster. Hence, our work offers a practical machine learning approach for quantifying uncertainty, which could also be extended to other computational electromagnetic methods.
{"title":"Uncertainty Quantification in PEEC Method: A Physics-Informed Neural Networks-Based Polynomial Chaos Expansion","authors":"Yuan Ping;Yanming Zhang;Lijun Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3462940","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3462940","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose a novel machine learning approach for uncertainty quantification (UQ) within the partial equivalent element circuit (PEEC) framework, employing physics-informed neural networks (PINNs)-based polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) scheme. Initially, the PEEC method is formulated via the electrical field integral equations and current continuity equations. Subsequently, random parameters are introduced to construct corresponding stochastic equations, thereby facilitating the generation of input–output data pairs for the training process. Then, by utilizing the PCE methodology, a mapping function is established. Next, the PINN-based approach is adopted to compute the coefficients of the polynomial bases, leveraging the matrix constructed from training data. Finally, this proposed approach enables the determination of stochastic parameters for quantities of interest within the PEEC method. The numerical examples involving the transmission lines are provided to verify the efficiency of the proposed method. It is found that the uncertainty is well quantified in each case. Compared to the traditional MCM, the proposed method can make UQ in the PEEC method 20 times faster. Hence, our work offers a practical machine learning approach for quantifying uncertainty, which could also be extended to other computational electromagnetic methods.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"2095-2101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1109/temc.2024.3457787
Jinjun Bai, Bing Hu, Alistair Duffy
{"title":"Uncertainty Analysis for EMC Simulation Based on Bayesian Optimization","authors":"Jinjun Bai, Bing Hu, Alistair Duffy","doi":"10.1109/temc.2024.3457787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/temc.2024.3457787","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/temc.2024.3459923
Sijia Liu, Tianxi Li, He Huang, Chongqing Jiao
{"title":"Transient Magnetic Shielding of a Planar Conductive Screen in the Presence of a Parallel Circular Loop Carrying Pulsed Current","authors":"Sijia Liu, Tianxi Li, He Huang, Chongqing Jiao","doi":"10.1109/temc.2024.3459923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/temc.2024.3459923","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142321729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1109/temc.2024.3454127
Qi Chen, Rongxuan Zhang, Zhenyi Niu, Chunying Gong
{"title":"Frequency Characteristics of Insertion Loss and Loop Gain of VSCC Feedback Active EMI Filters","authors":"Qi Chen, Rongxuan Zhang, Zhenyi Niu, Chunying Gong","doi":"10.1109/temc.2024.3454127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/temc.2024.3454127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes a procedure for reconstructing dipole moment models from magnitude-only near-field scanned magnetic fields. Preprocessing uses a finite-impulse response filter to deblur the 2-D divergence of the magnetic fields to locate the dipoles. The procedure defines the modes of the dipole distribution using singular value decomposition. Based on mode decomposition, the modal coefficients are optimized through a pattern search algorithm to obtain the dipole moments. Compared with existing methods, this method reconstructs better phase information in high-noise situations. Using mode decomposition circumvents the problem of a limited number of dipoles that can be solved by existing optimization methods. Real experiments using high-resolution near-field scanned data show that the main emission sources of individual traces inside an integrated circuit (IC) chip can be distinguished through the proposed procedure.
{"title":"Optimization of Source Modeling From Phaseless Near-Field Scanning Based on SVD-Defined Eigenmodes","authors":"Min-Hsu Tsai;Hong-Wen Qian;Wei-Kai Chen;Ming-Chung Huang;Jen-Chieh Liu;Ruey-Beei Wu","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3449375","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3449375","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a procedure for reconstructing dipole moment models from magnitude-only near-field scanned magnetic fields. Preprocessing uses a finite-impulse response filter to deblur the 2-D divergence of the magnetic fields to locate the dipoles. The procedure defines the modes of the dipole distribution using singular value decomposition. Based on mode decomposition, the modal coefficients are optimized through a pattern search algorithm to obtain the dipole moments. Compared with existing methods, this method reconstructs better phase information in high-noise situations. Using mode decomposition circumvents the problem of a limited number of dipoles that can be solved by existing optimization methods. Real experiments using high-resolution near-field scanned data show that the main emission sources of individual traces inside an integrated circuit (IC) chip can be distinguished through the proposed procedure.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"1876-1887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TEMC.2024.3457629
Cheng-Pan Huang;Yi-Hao Ma;Qi Qiang Liu;Wen-Sheng Zhao;Bin You;Xiang Wang;Cheng-Hao Yu;Da-Wei Wang
In this article, the common-mode suppression filters (CMF) are synthesized using deep reinforcement learning algorithm called proximal policy optimization (PPO). The Latin hypercube is firstly employed to sample the parameters of complementary split-ring resonator structure, which is used as a reflective CMF. Then, with the help of PPO algorithm, a resistor-equipped defected ground structure is developed to absorb the reflective common-mode noise. To prove the feasibility of the proposed optimization method, two samples are designed and tested. The first sample is an absorptive CMF with absorption band located at 5 GHz, and the second sample is with dual absorption bands located at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach enables the automatic design of CMF.
{"title":"PPO Algorithm-Assisted Design of Absorptive Common-Mode Suppression Filters","authors":"Cheng-Pan Huang;Yi-Hao Ma;Qi Qiang Liu;Wen-Sheng Zhao;Bin You;Xiang Wang;Cheng-Hao Yu;Da-Wei Wang","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3457629","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3457629","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the common-mode suppression filters (CMF) are synthesized using deep reinforcement learning algorithm called proximal policy optimization (PPO). The Latin hypercube is firstly employed to sample the parameters of complementary split-ring resonator structure, which is used as a reflective CMF. Then, with the help of PPO algorithm, a resistor-equipped defected ground structure is developed to absorb the reflective common-mode noise. To prove the feasibility of the proposed optimization method, two samples are designed and tested. The first sample is an absorptive CMF with absorption band located at 5 GHz, and the second sample is with dual absorption bands located at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach enables the automatic design of CMF.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"2039-2047"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142275622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1109/TEMC.2024.3450307
Til Hillebrecht;Morten Schierholz;Youcef Hassab;Johannes Alfert;Christian Schuster
In this article, a physics inspired and data-driven analysis is performed using a very large dataset of printed circuit board (PCB) based high-speed interconnects. Three different subsets are defined having approximately 15000 PCB material and geometry variations. To the authors' knowledge, this dataset is the largest ever generated and applied dataset for signal integrity (SI) purposes. The dataset is generated using accurate physics based (PB) modeling up to $60 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$ and provided for download in the SI/PI-Database. The first two subsets consist of a single-ended and a differential via array with up to 116 ports with arbitrary positions for signal, power, and ground vias. The third subset represents a link over differential transmission lines between two via arrays. A data and machine learning (ML) analysis is performed showing the dependencies between the PCB parameters and clock frequency of PCI Gen 6. The large and realistic defined design spaces reflect the high complexity and dimensionality of the SI design problems and allow multipurpose ML-based analysis.
在本文中，使用基于高速互连的印刷电路板（PCB）的非常大的数据集进行了物理启发和数据驱动的分析。三个不同的子集定义了大约15000个PCB材料和几何变化。据作者所知，该数据集是有史以来为信号完整性（SI）目的生成和应用的最大数据集。该数据集是使用精确的基于物理的（PB）建模生成的，最高可达$60 , mathm {G} mathm {Hz}$，并提供SI/ pi数据库下载。前两个子集由单端和差分通孔阵列组成，多达116个端口，任意位置用于信号、电源和接地通孔。第三个子集表示两个通过阵列之间的差分传输线上的链路。执行数据和机器学习（ML）分析，显示PCB参数与PCI Gen 6时钟频率之间的依赖关系。大而现实的定义设计空间反映了SI设计问题的高复杂性和维度，并允许基于ml的多用途分析。
{"title":"Generation and Application of a Very Large Dataset for Signal Integrity Via Array and Link Analysis","authors":"Til Hillebrecht;Morten Schierholz;Youcef Hassab;Johannes Alfert;Christian Schuster","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3450307","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3450307","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a physics inspired and data-driven analysis is performed using a very large dataset of printed circuit board (PCB) based high-speed interconnects. Three different subsets are defined having approximately 15000 PCB material and geometry variations. To the authors' knowledge, this dataset is the largest ever generated and applied dataset for signal integrity (SI) purposes. The dataset is generated using accurate physics based (PB) modeling up to \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$60 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and provided for download in the SI/PI-Database. The first two subsets consist of a single-ended and a differential via array with up to 116 ports with arbitrary positions for signal, power, and ground vias. The third subset represents a link over differential transmission lines between two via arrays. A data and machine learning (ML) analysis is performed showing the dependencies between the PCB parameters and clock frequency of PCI Gen 6. The large and realistic defined design spaces reflect the high complexity and dimensionality of the SI design problems and allow multipurpose ML-based analysis.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"1967-1976"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142245497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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