Pub Date : 2023-08-02DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2233575
Patrick Hänsel, S. Oehrl, Lena Ideström, Per Widerström, Carl J. Reddin, A. Munnecke
ABSTRACT The picture stones from Gotland are one of the most famous and exceptional groups of monuments known from Swedish Prehistory. These carved memorial stones and their extraordinarily rich imagery are a unique source for the study of Late Iron and Viking Age culture and in particular Scandinavian pre-Christian religions. The Gotlandic picture stones are mainly made from the thickly layered limestones surrounding the reefs and bioherms of Gotland’s carbonate platform from the middle part of the Silurian (latest Llandovery to Ludlow, Telychian – Ludfordian). However, the exact origins of the picture stones’ raw materials on Gotland have remained undetermined. In this paper, we investigate the geological origin of the raw material by isotope geochemistry. Whereas the oxygen (δ18O) and strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) were strongly altered by diagenesis the carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) is quite stable. Because the different geological units on Gotland show specific isotope signatures, the δ13C values from picture stones can be used to assign them to the respective geological unit, and thus to the source area of the raw material. This also allows for an estimation of transport distance minima between the raw material source area and the find place of each sampled picture stone. Most of the picture stones seem to be produced from local material with short transport distances, less than 10 km and only a few were transported at a far distance exceeding 10 km. In summary, the transport distance was dependent mostly on the local availability of picture-stone-suitable rocks.
{"title":"Stable carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry as provenance indicator for the picture stones on Gotland (Sweden)","authors":"Patrick Hänsel, S. Oehrl, Lena Ideström, Per Widerström, Carl J. Reddin, A. Munnecke","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2233575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2233575","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The picture stones from Gotland are one of the most famous and exceptional groups of monuments known from Swedish Prehistory. These carved memorial stones and their extraordinarily rich imagery are a unique source for the study of Late Iron and Viking Age culture and in particular Scandinavian pre-Christian religions. The Gotlandic picture stones are mainly made from the thickly layered limestones surrounding the reefs and bioherms of Gotland’s carbonate platform from the middle part of the Silurian (latest Llandovery to Ludlow, Telychian – Ludfordian). However, the exact origins of the picture stones’ raw materials on Gotland have remained undetermined. In this paper, we investigate the geological origin of the raw material by isotope geochemistry. Whereas the oxygen (δ18O) and strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) were strongly altered by diagenesis the carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) is quite stable. Because the different geological units on Gotland show specific isotope signatures, the δ13C values from picture stones can be used to assign them to the respective geological unit, and thus to the source area of the raw material. This also allows for an estimation of transport distance minima between the raw material source area and the find place of each sampled picture stone. Most of the picture stones seem to be produced from local material with short transport distances, less than 10 km and only a few were transported at a far distance exceeding 10 km. In summary, the transport distance was dependent mostly on the local availability of picture-stone-suitable rocks.","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46677145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2223579
A. Ernst, Z. Tolokonnikova
ABSTRACT Suecipora ebbestadi gen. n. sp. n. (Bryozoa) is described from the Upper Ordovician of Siljan District, Dalarna, central Sweden. This taxon is characterized by long peristome-like tubes with keel-shaped projections, as well as apparent angular kenozooecia. These morphologies are regarded being homologous to the post-Palaeozoic cyclostomes. Colonies of Suecipora are mainly multilayered developed by budding of new sheets from peristome-like tubes. The morphology of Suecipora suggests its adaptation to an environment with soft substrate and strong sediment influx. It is supposed that the colonies of this bryozoan were partially elutriated and experienced fresh water diagenesis.
{"title":"Unusual cystoporate? bryozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Siljan District, Dalarna, central Sweden","authors":"A. Ernst, Z. Tolokonnikova","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2223579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2223579","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Suecipora ebbestadi gen. n. sp. n. (Bryozoa) is described from the Upper Ordovician of Siljan District, Dalarna, central Sweden. This taxon is characterized by long peristome-like tubes with keel-shaped projections, as well as apparent angular kenozooecia. These morphologies are regarded being homologous to the post-Palaeozoic cyclostomes. Colonies of Suecipora are mainly multilayered developed by budding of new sheets from peristome-like tubes. The morphology of Suecipora suggests its adaptation to an environment with soft substrate and strong sediment influx. It is supposed that the colonies of this bryozoan were partially elutriated and experienced fresh water diagenesis.","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42334798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2233569
Risto A. Kumpulainen, Mike A. Hamilton, Ulf Söderlund, Johan Petter Nystuen
Published in GFF (Vol. 144, No. 3-4, 2022)
发表于GFF (Vol. 144, No. 3-4, 2022)
{"title":"U-Pb baddeleyite age for the Ottfjället Dyke Swarm, central Scandinavian Caledonides: new constraints on the timing of the Baltoscandian Dyke Swarm, opening of the Iapetus Ocean and Neoproterozoic glaciation of Baltica – comment on the inferred age of Neoproterozoic glaciation on Baltica – a reply","authors":"Risto A. Kumpulainen, Mike A. Hamilton, Ulf Söderlund, Johan Petter Nystuen","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2233569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2233569","url":null,"abstract":"Published in GFF (Vol. 144, No. 3-4, 2022)","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2205891
Dominik Gurba, Anna Grabarczyk-Gurba, E. Krzemińska
{"title":"Late Paleoproterozoic deposition and Mesoproterozoic metamorphism of detrital material in the southernmost Baltic Sea region (Gdańsk IG1 borehole): monazite versus zircon and chemical versus isotopic age record","authors":"Dominik Gurba, Anna Grabarczyk-Gurba, E. Krzemińska","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2205891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2205891","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43577993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2205893
A. Rice
{"title":"U-Pb baddeleyite age for the Ottfjället Dyke Swarm, central Scandinavian Caledonides: New constraints on Ediacaran opening of the Iapetus Ocean and glaciations on Baltica – a comment on the inferred age of Neoproterozoic glaciations","authors":"A. Rice","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2205893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2205893","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":"205 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2201321
U. Andersson, Nils Jansson, Linda M. Wickström, S. Bergman, R. Kumpulainen, M. Johnson, M. Olvmo, Stephen McLoughlin, M. Calner
{"title":"Emendment to the term complex in: “Guide for geological nomenclature in Sweden” (Kumpulainen 2016)","authors":"U. Andersson, Nils Jansson, Linda M. Wickström, S. Bergman, R. Kumpulainen, M. Johnson, M. Olvmo, Stephen McLoughlin, M. Calner","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2201321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2201321","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42452844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-04DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2187079
D. Holtstam
{"title":"Prehistory of an enigmatic mineral: hisingerite","authors":"D. Holtstam","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2187079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2187079","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45962087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2023.2168046
E. Jonsson, K. Högdahl
ABSTRACT The presence of cobalt (Co) in sulphide deposits or sulphide-bearing iron oxide deposits in and around the Palaeoproterozoic Bergslagen ore province, south central Sweden, led to focused mining and extraction of this metal, particularly during the nineteenth century. Today, Co is considered a critical metal in the EU and among the more sought-after raw materials, not least due to its use in batteries for the rapidly increasing production of electric vehicles. Here we report new observations and data on Co concentrations in variably mineralised and not necessarily statistically representative samples from a suite of mainly skarn-hosted, at least locally, sulphide-dominated mineralisations from Bergslagen. While several localities that exhibit substantial Co concentrations represent deposits previously known to carry this metal (generally in a field/district or specifically in a mine), the majority are from mines or prospects in which the presence of Co have been hitherto unknown. Several of them share the enrichment of, e.g., Co and Cu, but the overall picture is one of more complex interrelations between the variable metal endowments in the known occurrences of Co in this province. While representing a modest dataset, our new observations complement previously available information on the occurrence of Co in Bergslagen and highlights both the need for, and potential of, new and more detailed studies on the distribution, mineralogy and origin of Co as well as other critical or near-critical metals in this and other ore provinces in Sweden.
{"title":"Cobalt enrichment in some ores of the Bergslagen province, south central Sweden","authors":"E. Jonsson, K. Högdahl","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2023.2168046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2168046","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The presence of cobalt (Co) in sulphide deposits or sulphide-bearing iron oxide deposits in and around the Palaeoproterozoic Bergslagen ore province, south central Sweden, led to focused mining and extraction of this metal, particularly during the nineteenth century. Today, Co is considered a critical metal in the EU and among the more sought-after raw materials, not least due to its use in batteries for the rapidly increasing production of electric vehicles. Here we report new observations and data on Co concentrations in variably mineralised and not necessarily statistically representative samples from a suite of mainly skarn-hosted, at least locally, sulphide-dominated mineralisations from Bergslagen. While several localities that exhibit substantial Co concentrations represent deposits previously known to carry this metal (generally in a field/district or specifically in a mine), the majority are from mines or prospects in which the presence of Co have been hitherto unknown. Several of them share the enrichment of, e.g., Co and Cu, but the overall picture is one of more complex interrelations between the variable metal endowments in the known occurrences of Co in this province. While representing a modest dataset, our new observations complement previously available information on the occurrence of Co in Bergslagen and highlights both the need for, and potential of, new and more detailed studies on the distribution, mineralogy and origin of Co as well as other critical or near-critical metals in this and other ore provinces in Sweden.","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46238128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2022.2147214
K. Billström, J. Söderhielm, C. Broman, K. Sundblad
ABSTRACT The Solstad copper deposit, located in SE Sweden, is hosted by a quartz-rich rock sliver surrounded by a granite belonging to the 1.8 Ga Transscandinavian Igneous Belt. Ore petrographic studies have revealed a number of previously unrecognized opaque phases, including several Co phases, selenides and tellurides. Based on an in situ U-Pb investigation of zircons from a mineralized sample, it is suggested that zircons have a detrital origin and that the quartz-rich host rock is a xenolith belonging to the c. 1.88–1.86 Ga Västervik quartzite formation. A low-radiogenic galena sample implies that the source for the metals in the ore has a primitive origin, probably the basaltic lavas (now amphibolites) that are intercalated in the Västervik quartzite. Fluid inclusion studies in quartz distinguish four distinct ore fluids: (1) a hypersaline halite-bearing aqueous fluid related to an early (1.85–1.86 Ga) chalcopyrite depositional stage, (2) a subsequent CO2-rich fluid, that deposited native gold, tellurides, selenides and bismuthinite, developed (at ≥1.8 Ga) as a result of a phase separation, (3), a moderate- to high-salinity aqueous fluid did also develop at this event and led to the deposition of bornite and (4) a concluding, low-salinity aqueous fluid stage (at ≤1.8 Ga) caused oxidation to covelline and digenite of previously formed phases. It is proposed that the Solstad deposit and other Cu ± Co-rich sulphide (± magnetite) occurrences in the Västervik region along the southernmost margin of the 1.9–1.8 Ga Svecofennian Domain, represent a distinct ore type associated with quartzites and amphibolites.
{"title":"Solstad, a Co-Se-bearing copper ore in the Västervik quartzites, Sweden","authors":"K. Billström, J. Söderhielm, C. Broman, K. Sundblad","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2022.2147214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2022.2147214","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The Solstad copper deposit, located in SE Sweden, is hosted by a quartz-rich rock sliver surrounded by a granite belonging to the 1.8 Ga Transscandinavian Igneous Belt. Ore petrographic studies have revealed a number of previously unrecognized opaque phases, including several Co phases, selenides and tellurides. Based on an in situ U-Pb investigation of zircons from a mineralized sample, it is suggested that zircons have a detrital origin and that the quartz-rich host rock is a xenolith belonging to the c. 1.88–1.86 Ga Västervik quartzite formation. A low-radiogenic galena sample implies that the source for the metals in the ore has a primitive origin, probably the basaltic lavas (now amphibolites) that are intercalated in the Västervik quartzite. Fluid inclusion studies in quartz distinguish four distinct ore fluids: (1) a hypersaline halite-bearing aqueous fluid related to an early (1.85–1.86 Ga) chalcopyrite depositional stage, (2) a subsequent CO2-rich fluid, that deposited native gold, tellurides, selenides and bismuthinite, developed (at ≥1.8 Ga) as a result of a phase separation, (3), a moderate- to high-salinity aqueous fluid did also develop at this event and led to the deposition of bornite and (4) a concluding, low-salinity aqueous fluid stage (at ≤1.8 Ga) caused oxidation to covelline and digenite of previously formed phases. It is proposed that the Solstad deposit and other Cu ± Co-rich sulphide (± magnetite) occurrences in the Västervik region along the southernmost margin of the 1.9–1.8 Ga Svecofennian Domain, represent a distinct ore type associated with quartzites and amphibolites.","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41410035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2022.2120065
Anton Fahlvik, T. C. Kampmann, N. Jansson
ABSTRACT The Svärdsjö Zn-Pb-Cu deposit is situated in the heavily mineralised Bergslagen lithotectonic unit of the Fennoscandian shield, south-central Sweden. Intense hydrothermal alteration followed by a strong overprint by deformation and metamorphism during the Svecokarelian orogeny complicate interpretation of the local geology. Integration of whole-rock lithogeochemical and petrographic methods has allowed the mainly dacitic volcanic host succession and effects of ore-related hydrothermal alteration to be characterised. Mineralisation is hosted by 2–15 m thick, commonly skarn-altered dolomitic marble interbeds. Zones of strong–intense hydrothermal chlorite-sericite alteration envelop the marble units, recording mass gains of Fe and Mg, as well as Na depletion. Minerals such as cordierite, anthophyllite and sillimanite formed in these rocks during regional metamorphism. Mineralisation via sub-seafloor replacement is suggested for the deposit based on alteration zoning and the irregular, stratabound, marble-hosted style of sulphide lenses. It is inferred that mineralisation formed via neutralisation of hot, acidic metalliferous fluids. Geochemically and lithologically distinct units adjacent to the mineralised zones can serve as marker units to aid further exploration in the area. Mass change calculations reveal that Fe and Mg enrichment, as well as Na depletion exhibit detectable changes extending up to 100 m from the mineralised lenses, providing exploration vectors.
{"title":"Hydrothermal alteration, lithogeochemical marker units and vectors towards mineralisation at the Svärdsjö Zn-Pb-Cu deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden","authors":"Anton Fahlvik, T. C. Kampmann, N. Jansson","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2022.2120065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2022.2120065","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Svärdsjö Zn-Pb-Cu deposit is situated in the heavily mineralised Bergslagen lithotectonic unit of the Fennoscandian shield, south-central Sweden. Intense hydrothermal alteration followed by a strong overprint by deformation and metamorphism during the Svecokarelian orogeny complicate interpretation of the local geology. Integration of whole-rock lithogeochemical and petrographic methods has allowed the mainly dacitic volcanic host succession and effects of ore-related hydrothermal alteration to be characterised. Mineralisation is hosted by 2–15 m thick, commonly skarn-altered dolomitic marble interbeds. Zones of strong–intense hydrothermal chlorite-sericite alteration envelop the marble units, recording mass gains of Fe and Mg, as well as Na depletion. Minerals such as cordierite, anthophyllite and sillimanite formed in these rocks during regional metamorphism. Mineralisation via sub-seafloor replacement is suggested for the deposit based on alteration zoning and the irregular, stratabound, marble-hosted style of sulphide lenses. It is inferred that mineralisation formed via neutralisation of hot, acidic metalliferous fluids. Geochemically and lithologically distinct units adjacent to the mineralised zones can serve as marker units to aid further exploration in the area. Mass change calculations reveal that Fe and Mg enrichment, as well as Na depletion exhibit detectable changes extending up to 100 m from the mineralised lenses, providing exploration vectors.","PeriodicalId":55094,"journal":{"name":"Gff","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49230282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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