Milos Velojic, Viktor Bertrandsson Erlandsson, Peter Onuk, R. Jelenković, V. Cvetkovic
Čukaru Peki is a recently discovered porphyry- high-sulfidation Cu-Au deposit located 5km south of the mining town of Bor in east Serbia. Three styles of mineralization are distinguished in the Čukaru Peki system: a high-sulfidation type with massive sulfides (named the Upper zone), a porphyry type (named the Lower zone) and a transition type (between porphyries and massive sulfides). This study investigates the concentration and distribution of trace elements in pyrite from these three mineralization zones of Čukaru Peki. The high-sulfidation pyrite contains elevated concentrations of V, Mn, Ni, Cu, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi, compared to pyrite from the porphyry zone. The porphyry zone pyrite contains elevated concentrations of Co and Se. The sample from the transition zone contains concentrations between the two other zones, with the exception of the relative enrichment of Co and Ag. This research also aims to separate different stages of ore deposition. The porphyry stage contains several types of veins: quartz A veins, quartz B veins, pyrite D veins, magnetite veins, purple anhydrite veins, sulfide veins and orange anhydrite veins. The high sulfidation stage also formed in several stages: pyrite1, pyrite-enargite veins, pyrite-covellite veins, pyrite2 veins and calcite-anhydrite veins. There are distinct differences between various vein generations found within each zone, notable examples are the enrichment of Se in quartz B veins pyrite and Cu in sulfide veins, compared to other veins from porphyry zone veins and the enrichment of several trace elements (Cu, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi) in pyrite from the Py-cov veins in comparison to the other high-sulfidation veins. The trace element data also indicates a change in fluid compositions; the earlier fluids responsible for the porphyry zone mineralization showing a slightly more magmatic fluid signature (higher Co/Sb and Se/As values) and the later high-sulfidation fluids bearing a more typical epithermal trace element signature, which indicates cooling and diluting of fluids. Some of the porphyry zone pyrite crystals (from B-type veins and Purple anhydrite-veins) contain elevated concentrations of elements attributed to the high-sulfidation zone (e.g. Cu, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Pb and Bi), which suggests that these veins were affected by later high-sulfidation fluids.
{"title":"Trace elements in pyrite from the Čukaru Peki porphyry Cu–high-sulfidation deposit, Serbia: implications for ore evolution in a polyphase hydrothermal system","authors":"Milos Velojic, Viktor Bertrandsson Erlandsson, Peter Onuk, R. Jelenković, V. Cvetkovic","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.25","url":null,"abstract":"Čukaru Peki is a recently discovered porphyry- high-sulfidation Cu-Au deposit located 5km south of the mining town of Bor in east Serbia. Three styles of mineralization are distinguished in the Čukaru Peki system: a high-sulfidation type with massive sulfides (named the Upper zone), a porphyry type (named the Lower zone) and a transition type (between porphyries and massive sulfides). This study investigates the concentration and distribution of trace elements in pyrite from these three mineralization zones of Čukaru Peki. The high-sulfidation pyrite contains elevated concentrations of V, Mn, Ni, Cu, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi, compared to pyrite from the porphyry zone. The porphyry zone pyrite contains elevated concentrations of Co and Se. The sample from the transition zone contains concentrations between the two other zones, with the exception of the relative enrichment of Co and Ag. This research also aims to separate different stages of ore deposition. The porphyry stage contains several types of veins: quartz A veins, quartz B veins, pyrite D veins, magnetite veins, purple anhydrite veins, sulfide veins and orange anhydrite veins. The high sulfidation stage also formed in several stages: pyrite1, pyrite-enargite veins, pyrite-covellite veins, pyrite2 veins and calcite-anhydrite veins. There are distinct differences between various vein generations found within each zone, notable examples are the enrichment of Se in quartz B veins pyrite and Cu in sulfide veins, compared to other veins from porphyry zone veins and the enrichment of several trace elements (Cu, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi) in pyrite from the Py-cov veins in comparison to the other high-sulfidation veins. The trace element data also indicates a change in fluid compositions; the earlier fluids responsible for the porphyry zone mineralization showing a slightly more magmatic fluid signature (higher Co/Sb and Se/As values) and the later high-sulfidation fluids bearing a more typical epithermal trace element signature, which indicates cooling and diluting of fluids. Some of the porphyry zone pyrite crystals (from B-type veins and Purple anhydrite-veins) contain elevated concentrations of elements attributed to the high-sulfidation zone (e.g. Cu, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Pb and Bi), which suggests that these veins were affected by later high-sulfidation fluids.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45716800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dražen Kurtanjek, Damir Bucković, D. Tibljaš, B. Cvetko Tešović
A kilometre west of Pag Town on Pag Island, Croatia, within the Upper Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate succession, there is a large breccia body that has an irregular, quasi-circular shape and a subvertical-oblique position in relation to the bedding of the host rock. The breccia clasts and fragments consist almost entirely of the Upper Cretaceous host rock with only sporadic clasts of the Lower Eocene foraminiferal (alveolinid) limestones. In the brecciated body, there are three breccia types. 1) crackle breccia, 2) mosaic breccia, and 3) chaotic breccia. Based on the textural and structural characteristics of these types of breccia such as chaotic appearance and random fabric, very poorly sorted material, angular fragments, the composition reflecting only the host rock lithology, two genetic scenarios or concepts for the origin of Pag Town breccia body were considered, with observations supporting each of them. The first concept involves host rock dissolution resulting in a widened dissolution cavity into which wall and roof rocks progressively collapsed, and the second concept involves the collapse of voids produced by dilational fault displacement. A common prerequisite to both opposing scenarios is the existence of a subsurface cavity or void where the accumulation of rock clasts and fragments occurred. It is assumed that the timing of the cavity formation is related mainly to karstification during the Late Cretaceous-Early Eocene emersion phase or is related to dilational faulting during the Palaeogene Dinarides thrusting event.
{"title":"The origin of a complex breccia body within the Upper Cretaceous/Early Eocene succession on Pag Island (Karst Dinarides, Croatia): karstic dissolution and collapse or dilational faulting and collapse origin?","authors":"Dražen Kurtanjek, Damir Bucković, D. Tibljaš, B. Cvetko Tešović","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.15","url":null,"abstract":"A kilometre west of Pag Town on Pag Island, Croatia, within the Upper Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate succession, there is a large breccia body that has an irregular, quasi-circular shape and a subvertical-oblique position in relation to the bedding of the host rock. The breccia clasts and fragments consist almost entirely of the Upper Cretaceous host rock with only sporadic clasts of the Lower Eocene foraminiferal (alveolinid) limestones. In the brecciated body, there are three breccia types. 1) crackle breccia, 2) mosaic breccia, and 3) chaotic breccia. Based on the textural and structural characteristics of these types of breccia such as chaotic appearance and random fabric, very poorly sorted material, angular fragments, the composition reflecting only the host rock lithology, two genetic scenarios or concepts for the origin of Pag Town breccia body were considered, with observations supporting each of them. The first concept involves host rock dissolution resulting in a widened dissolution cavity into which wall and roof rocks progressively collapsed, and the second concept involves the collapse of voids produced by dilational fault displacement. A common prerequisite to both opposing scenarios is the existence of a subsurface cavity or void where the accumulation of rock clasts and fragments occurred. It is assumed that the timing of the cavity formation is related mainly to karstification during the Late Cretaceous-Early Eocene emersion phase or is related to dilational faulting during the Palaeogene Dinarides thrusting event.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45343271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Marković, Ž. Sladović, D. Domitrović, Igor Karlović, O. Larva
The Bjelovar sub-depression is situated in the north-western part of Croatia, on the southwestern margin of the Pannonian Basin System where favourable geothermal conditions exist. Thermal waters are used for recreation, balneotherapy, space heating, directly as sanitary water and electricity production. Geophysical, geological and borehole data were used to determine the types of geothermal reservoirs. In addition, several campaigns were conducted to sample geothermal waters from the Daruvar spa, Velika-1 and Krečaves locations for isotope (δ18Ο and δ2H) and physico- chemical (EC, T, pH, DO, Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-, Br-, F-, SiO2 and H2S) analyses to determine their hydrochemical characteristics. Two major types of geothermal reservoirs were determined: (i) ‘basement – BM’ reservoir, (ii) ‘basin fill – BF’ reservoir. The BM reservoir consists of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sediments composed of: (i) fractured/karstified carbonate sediments and/or (ii) fractured/fissured crystalline/metamorphic rocks. The BF reservoirs are ‘Lower Pannonian’ and ‘Upper Pannonian’ sediments composed of coarse and fine-grained sand, sandstones and marls. The BM geothermal aquifers are the most important ones in the study area. The stable isotope δ2H and δ18O indicate that the monitored thermal waters have a meteoric origin, but without recent replenishment. Monitored waters belong to mixed hydrochemical types, from Na-ClHCO3 to Na-HCO3 types in the deep basin thermal waters and a CaMg-HCO3 type in the thermal waters from shallower parts. The study area has great geothermal potential. The estimated total available thermal power from Križevci, Velika-1 and the Daruvar spa is 70.5 MWt, but only 28 % of this thermal power is used. Since the predominant activity in the study area is agriculture, the geothermal resources available could lead to modern agricultural development and consequently contribute to increasing the standard of living of the local population. However, additional geophysical, geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations at a number of new potential locations are required to estimate the total available geothermal resources.
{"title":"Current utilization and hydrochemical characteristics of geothermal aquifers in the Bjelovar sub-depression","authors":"T. Marković, Ž. Sladović, D. Domitrović, Igor Karlović, O. Larva","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.21","url":null,"abstract":"The Bjelovar sub-depression is situated in the north-western part of Croatia, on the southwestern margin of the Pannonian Basin System where favourable geothermal conditions exist. Thermal waters are used for recreation, balneotherapy, space heating, directly as sanitary water and electricity production. Geophysical, geological and borehole data were used to determine the types of geothermal reservoirs. In addition, several campaigns were conducted to sample geothermal waters from the Daruvar spa, Velika-1 and Krečaves locations for isotope (δ18Ο and δ2H) and physico- chemical (EC, T, pH, DO, Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-, Br-, F-, SiO2 and H2S) analyses to determine their hydrochemical characteristics. Two major types of geothermal reservoirs were determined: (i) ‘basement – BM’ reservoir, (ii) ‘basin fill – BF’ reservoir. The BM reservoir consists of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sediments composed of: (i) fractured/karstified carbonate sediments and/or (ii) fractured/fissured crystalline/metamorphic rocks. The BF reservoirs are ‘Lower Pannonian’ and ‘Upper Pannonian’ sediments composed of coarse and fine-grained sand, sandstones and marls. The BM geothermal aquifers are the most important ones in the study area. The stable isotope δ2H and δ18O indicate that the monitored thermal waters have a meteoric origin, but without recent replenishment. Monitored waters belong to mixed hydrochemical types, from Na-ClHCO3 to Na-HCO3 types in the deep basin thermal waters and a CaMg-HCO3 type in the thermal waters from shallower parts. The study area has great geothermal potential. The estimated total available thermal power from Križevci, Velika-1 and the Daruvar spa is 70.5 MWt, but only 28 % of this thermal power is used. Since the predominant activity in the study area is agriculture, the geothermal resources available could lead to modern agricultural development and consequently contribute to increasing the standard of living of the local population. However, additional geophysical, geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations at a number of new potential locations are required to estimate the total available geothermal resources.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49373195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, Anže Markelj, E. Jašarević, Angelika Haindl
This paper presents the critical raw materials (CRM) potential of antimony, bauxite, fluorite, and magnesite deposits in Bosnia and Herzegovina, discusses their metallogeny and joint geological features, and explains the methodology of the InvestRM application and evaluation criteria for the selected commodities in the following steps: (1) preparation of the geological data templates, (2) evaluation and verification of the geological data, (3) ranking of deposits according to the geological data relating to quality and quantity, and (4) identification of the 10+ perspective deposits. Existing geological datasets show the existence of significant potential in primary CRM such as bauxite (56 Mt), magnesite (4 Mt), and antimony (0.2 Mt) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The geological settings of BiH provide favourable metallogenetic conditions primarily for bauxite and magnesite deposits but also for antimony within polymetallic deposits, while fluorspar is rather rare. Our methodology described herein led to the selection of the following fourteen deposits for further geological prospection and investment: the polymetallic antimony deposits Čemernica and Podhrusanj, antimony fields Srebrenica and Rupice; magnesite fields Kladanj, Banja Luka, Teslić and Novi Šeher and bauxite regions Vlasenica-Srebrenica, Grmeč Mountain deposits in Una-Sana region and South Bosnia regions from Posušje to Trebinje. A basic economic calculation based on the world producer ranking and a self-sustainability and economic contribution assessment shows that further investments in geological exploration and mining of antimony, magnesite, and bauxite CRM could place BiH on the list of important producers of these commodities in Europe.
{"title":"Geological potential of antimony, bauxite, fluorite, and magnesite of the Central Dinarides (Bosnia and Herzegovina): exploration and exploitation perspective","authors":"Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, Anže Markelj, E. Jašarević, Angelika Haindl","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.16","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the critical raw materials (CRM) potential of antimony, bauxite, fluorite, and magnesite deposits in Bosnia and Herzegovina, discusses their metallogeny and joint geological features, and explains the methodology of the InvestRM application and evaluation criteria for the selected commodities in the following steps: (1) preparation of the geological data templates, (2) evaluation and verification of the geological data, (3) ranking of deposits according to the geological data relating to quality and quantity, and (4) identification of the 10+ perspective deposits. Existing geological datasets show the existence of significant potential in primary CRM such as bauxite (56 Mt), magnesite (4 Mt), and antimony (0.2 Mt) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The geological settings of BiH provide favourable metallogenetic conditions primarily for bauxite and magnesite deposits but also for antimony within polymetallic deposits, while fluorspar is rather rare. Our methodology described herein led to the selection of the following fourteen deposits for further geological prospection and investment: the polymetallic antimony deposits Čemernica and Podhrusanj, antimony fields Srebrenica and Rupice; magnesite fields Kladanj, Banja Luka, Teslić and Novi Šeher and bauxite regions Vlasenica-Srebrenica, Grmeč Mountain deposits in Una-Sana region and South Bosnia regions from Posušje to Trebinje. A basic economic calculation based on the world producer ranking and a self-sustainability and economic contribution assessment shows that further investments in geological exploration and mining of antimony, magnesite, and bauxite CRM could place BiH on the list of important producers of these commodities in Europe.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48601456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A floral assemblage was collected from a new Polish locality (Janików) situated on the Czech- Polish border in the Intrasudetic Basin. It was found in the lower Permian (Asselian) Ruprechtice Horizon, of the Olivětín Member, Broumov Formation. The plant fossils were usually fragmentary, and the following taxa were determined: Alloiopteris aff. erosa, Nemejcopteris feminaeformis, Senftenbergia sp., Lobatopteris sp., Sphenopteris sp., Cyathocarpus cf. densifolius, Lobatopteris cf. geinitzii, Lobatopteris nov. sp., Dicksoniites cf. plukenetii, Autunia conferta, Cordaites sp. and seeds. Alloiopteris was first recorded in the Permian. The assemblage is composed predominantly of ferns and pteridosperms that tend to be hygrophilous to mesophilous floral elements. The flora from the Otovice and Ruprechtice horizons is usually rich in walchian conifers and peltasperms (Autunia conferta), and so the Janików flora is quite different with its hygrophilous elements. The fragmentary preservation suggests long transport distances, and probably only the remains of flora growing on the lakeshore were deposited in the calcareous bituminous shales. This coastal vegetation probably formed a barrier to mesophilous plants growing further from the lake, so their fragments are more sporadic.
{"title":"The New flora from the Permian of the Intrasudetic Basin, Poland","authors":"Z. Šimůnek, I. Ploch","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.18","url":null,"abstract":"A floral assemblage was collected from a new Polish locality (Janików) situated on the Czech- Polish border in the Intrasudetic Basin. It was found in the lower Permian (Asselian) Ruprechtice Horizon, of the Olivětín Member, Broumov Formation. The plant fossils were usually fragmentary, and the following taxa were determined: Alloiopteris aff. erosa, Nemejcopteris feminaeformis, Senftenbergia sp., Lobatopteris sp., Sphenopteris sp., Cyathocarpus cf. densifolius, Lobatopteris cf. geinitzii, Lobatopteris nov. sp., Dicksoniites cf. plukenetii, Autunia conferta, Cordaites sp. and seeds. Alloiopteris was first recorded in the Permian. The assemblage is composed predominantly of ferns and pteridosperms that tend to be hygrophilous to mesophilous floral elements. The flora from the Otovice and Ruprechtice horizons is usually rich in walchian conifers and peltasperms (Autunia conferta), and so the Janików flora is quite different with its hygrophilous elements. The fragmentary preservation suggests long transport distances, and probably only the remains of flora growing on the lakeshore were deposited in the calcareous bituminous shales. This coastal vegetation probably formed a barrier to mesophilous plants growing further from the lake, so their fragments are more sporadic.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49389700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jelena Ratković, D. Polomcic, Z. Gligorić, Dragoljub Bajić
Groundwater management is one of today’s important tasks. It has become necessary to seek out increasingly reliable methods to conserve groundwater resources. Dependable forecasting of the amounts of groundwater that can be abstracted in a sustainable manner requires longterm monitoring of the groundwater regime (rate of abstraction and groundwater levels). Monitoring of the groundwater source for the town of Bečej, Serbia had been disrupted for multiple years. The objective of the paper is to assess the possibility of reinterpreting the missing data or, in other words, to reconstruct the operation of the groundwater source and its effect on groundwater levels. At the Bečej source, groundwater is withdrawn from three water-bearing strata comprised of fine- to coarse-grained sands. Historic data are used to reconstruct the operation of the Bečej source between 1st of October 1980 to 1st of May 2010. The monitored parameters are total source yield and piezometric head at seven observation wells and 14 pumping wells. A data reconstruction methodology was developed, which included the use of an autoregressive (AR) model, a grey model (GM), and the biplot method. The methodology is applied to fill the data gaps during the considered period. The paper also describes the criteria for evaluating the accuracy of the AR model, GM, and biplot method. The proposed data reconstruction approach yielded satisfactory results and the methodology is deemed useful for the Bečej source data, as well as other historic data not necessarily associated with groundwater sources, but also groundwater control and protection systems, as well as hydrometeorological, hydrological and similar uses.
{"title":"Imputing missing data using grey system theory and the biplot method to forecast groundwater levels and yields","authors":"Jelena Ratković, D. Polomcic, Z. Gligorić, Dragoljub Bajić","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.14","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater management is one of today’s important tasks. It has become necessary to seek out increasingly reliable methods to conserve groundwater resources. Dependable forecasting of the amounts of groundwater that can be abstracted in a sustainable manner requires longterm monitoring of the groundwater regime (rate of abstraction and groundwater levels). Monitoring of the groundwater source for the town of Bečej, Serbia had been disrupted for multiple years. The objective of the paper is to assess the possibility of reinterpreting the missing data or, in other words, to reconstruct the operation of the groundwater source and its effect on groundwater levels. At the Bečej source, groundwater is withdrawn from three water-bearing strata comprised of fine- to coarse-grained sands. Historic data are used to reconstruct the operation of the Bečej source between 1st of October 1980 to 1st of May 2010. The monitored parameters are total source yield and piezometric head at seven observation wells and 14 pumping wells. A data reconstruction methodology was developed, which included the use of an autoregressive (AR) model, a grey model (GM), and the biplot method. The methodology is applied to fill the data gaps during the considered period. The paper also describes the criteria for evaluating the accuracy of the AR model, GM, and biplot method. The proposed data reconstruction approach yielded satisfactory results and the methodology is deemed useful for the Bečej source data, as well as other historic data not necessarily associated with groundwater sources, but also groundwater control and protection systems, as well as hydrometeorological, hydrological and similar uses.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47327632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rupnica geosite, a key locality of the UNESCO-protected Papuk Geopark in northern Croatia, is well-known for an excellent exposure of columnar jointing in volcanic rock. This rock is defined as an albite rhyolite that comprises almost pure albite phenocrysts within a fine-grained matrix composed of microphenocrysts of albite, quartz and devitrified volcanic glass. Primary accessory minerals are clinopyroxene, apatite, zircon and magnetite. Haematite, apatite and anatase were found as inclusions in zircon. The albite rhyolite is characterized by a highly siliceous, peraluminous, oxidized (ferroan), dry, alkali-calcic to alkalic composition, with low CaO, MgO, and MnO contents and high FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) ratios. Normalized trace element contents display positive anomalies of K, Pb, and Zr as well as negative anomalies of Nb, P, Ti, Ba and Eu, together with an enrichment of light rare-earth elements (REE) relative to heavy REE. Zircon from the rhyolite of Rupnica is characterized by ratios of Th/U=1.13 and Zr/Hf=55 and contents of HfO2=1.04 wt. % typical for an early-stage igneous zircon crystallized from a dry high-temperature magma in a deep magma chamber. Apatite REE patterns show enrichment of light REE over heavy REE and a pronounced Eu anomaly, typical for apatite from granitoids formed in an oxidizing environment. The magma is of A-type and was generated at high temperatures at 800–900 °C by partial melting of lower- to mid-crustal rocks. The age of the albite rhyolite of Rupnica is Late Cretaceous at 80.8±1.8 (2σ) Ma, according to U-Pb dating of zircon, coeval with geochemically similar igneous rocks of Mt. Požeška Gora and Mt. Kozara within the Sava Zone.
{"title":"Dating and geochemistry of zircon and apatite from rhyolite at the UNESCO geosite Rupnica (Mt. Papuk, northern Croatia) and the relationship to the Sava Zone","authors":"P. Schneider, D. Balen, J. Opitz, H. Massonne","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.19","url":null,"abstract":"The Rupnica geosite, a key locality of the UNESCO-protected Papuk Geopark in northern Croatia, is well-known for an excellent exposure of columnar jointing in volcanic rock. This rock is defined as an albite rhyolite that comprises almost pure albite phenocrysts within a fine-grained matrix composed of microphenocrysts of albite, quartz and devitrified volcanic glass. Primary accessory minerals are clinopyroxene, apatite, zircon and magnetite. Haematite, apatite and anatase were found as inclusions in zircon. The albite rhyolite is characterized by a highly siliceous, peraluminous, oxidized (ferroan), dry, alkali-calcic to alkalic composition, with low CaO, MgO, and MnO contents and high FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) ratios. Normalized trace element contents display positive anomalies of K, Pb, and Zr as well as negative anomalies of Nb, P, Ti, Ba and Eu, together with an enrichment of light rare-earth elements (REE) relative to heavy REE. Zircon from the rhyolite of Rupnica is characterized by ratios of Th/U=1.13 and Zr/Hf=55 and contents of HfO2=1.04 wt. % typical for an early-stage igneous zircon crystallized from a dry high-temperature magma in a deep magma chamber. Apatite REE patterns show enrichment of light REE over heavy REE and a pronounced Eu anomaly, typical for apatite from granitoids formed in an oxidizing environment. The magma is of A-type and was generated at high temperatures at 800–900 °C by partial melting of lower- to mid-crustal rocks. The age of the albite rhyolite of Rupnica is Late Cretaceous at 80.8±1.8 (2σ) Ma, according to U-Pb dating of zircon, coeval with geochemically similar igneous rocks of Mt. Požeška Gora and Mt. Kozara within the Sava Zone.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49148050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Lower Paleozoic sediments of the Barrandian area are globally renowned as a classical example of well-preserved skeletal marine fauna, including abundant remains of trilobites. Several tens of morphologically anomalous exoskeletons of trilobites have been collected and documented from Cambrian to Devonian clastic sediments and carbonates. One of them, an exceptionally well preserved, articulated and partly enrolled exoskeleton of the Ordovician nektobenthic trilobite Parabarrandia bohemica (NOVÁK, 1884) exhibits a prominent palaeopathological anomaly in its pygidium. We interpret this anomaly as a healed traumatic injury and attribute this damage to a failed predatory attack. The subsequently healed injury is classified as the ichnogenus Oichnus BROMLEY, 1981. The structure on the pygidium is strongly reminiscent of injuries caused by octopods and a large cephalopod is proposed as a potential durophagous predator responsible for the herein described trilobite injury. However, an attack from an unknown arthropod while the trilobite was in a soft-shelled stage cannot be excluded.
{"title":"Healed injury in a nektobenthic trilobite: “Octopus-like” predatory style in Middle Ordovician?","authors":"O. Fatka, P. Budil, R. Mikuláš","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.17","url":null,"abstract":"The Lower Paleozoic sediments of the Barrandian area are globally renowned as a classical example of well-preserved skeletal marine fauna, including abundant remains of trilobites. Several tens of morphologically anomalous exoskeletons of trilobites have been collected and documented from Cambrian to Devonian clastic sediments and carbonates. One of them, an exceptionally well preserved, articulated and partly enrolled exoskeleton of the Ordovician nektobenthic trilobite Parabarrandia bohemica (NOVÁK, 1884) exhibits a prominent palaeopathological anomaly in its pygidium. We interpret this anomaly as a healed traumatic injury and attribute this damage to a failed predatory attack. The subsequently healed injury is classified as the ichnogenus Oichnus BROMLEY, 1981. The structure on the pygidium is strongly reminiscent of injuries caused by octopods and a large cephalopod is proposed as a potential durophagous predator responsible for the herein described trilobite injury. However, an attack from an unknown arthropod while the trilobite was in a soft-shelled stage cannot be excluded.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49377441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Brenko, Tena Karavidović, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, T. Sekelj Ivančan
Archaeological excavations in the Podravina region led to discovery of sites with traces of bloomery iron production during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Mineralogical analysis of the slags recognized fayalite as the main mineral phase, while geochemical analysis confirmed high Fe contents, typical for bloomery iron smelting. Based on the previously established occurrences of bog iron ores in the study area, provenance studies were carried out using trace and rare earth elements to create a geochemical signature. Similar shapes and patterns of bog iron ores and iron slag signatures imply a genetic connection between the ore and the slag, as well as variation related to the temporal and spatial context of both slags and ores.
{"title":"The contribution of geochemical and mineralogical characterization of iron slags in provenance studies in the Podravina region, NE Croatia","authors":"T. Brenko, Tena Karavidović, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, T. Sekelj Ivančan","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.11","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological excavations in the Podravina region led to discovery of sites with traces of bloomery iron production during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Mineralogical analysis of the slags recognized fayalite as the main mineral phase, while geochemical analysis confirmed high Fe contents, typical for bloomery iron smelting. Based on the previously established occurrences of bog iron ores in the study area, provenance studies were carried out using trace and rare earth elements to create a geochemical signature. Similar shapes and patterns of bog iron ores and iron slag signatures imply a genetic connection between the ore and the slag, as well as variation related to the temporal and spatial context of both slags and ores.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44619233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the preliminary results of analyses of landsliding processes derived from detailed LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scans supported by field prospection on the south-western slopes of Mt. Moslavačka gora, in the wider Kutina area. This area is known for frequent landslides, but dedicated regional landslide research has not been previously undertaken. High resolution LiDAR scanning and orthophoto imaging enabled the production of a reliable landslide inventory, but also enabled research on landslide properties and the morphology of the area. Field mapping and prospection, sampling and borehole coring assisted in the collection of information about the material characteristics and specific features of typical landslides. In the research area, which covers more than 71 km2, more than 1200 very small landslides were detected. The majority of landslides were discovered in just several geological units indicating their high susceptibility: Pleistocene silts and sands with clayey interlayers, followed by M2 silty sands and gravels, and M7 sands. Nearly half of the landslides are estimated to be of recent and younger age, while other landslides may be considered as being historical implying a “long tradition” of landslide events in the research area. Preliminary terrain surface roughness analysis also supported the conclusion that the inventory contains landslides of several historical generations which are still detectable. In addition to slides (1123), this research also discovered numerous earthflow processes (143), which are more frequent in the predominantly sandy units. The landslides in this area are largely located on the banks of the gullies and are directly related to the action of water. Regarding that situation and the engineering properties of the encountered geological units, four types of bank instabilities can be differentiated: slides on top of rock masses; slides in firm soil mixtures; landslides in sands; landslides in predominantly coherent soil complexes.
本文介绍了详细的激光雷达(光探测和测距)扫描得到的滑坡过程分析的初步结果，该扫描得到了在更广阔的库蒂纳地区moslava ka gora山西南坡的实地勘探的支持。该地区以山体滑坡频繁而闻名，但以前没有进行过专门的区域滑坡研究。高分辨率激光雷达扫描和正射影像成像能够生成可靠的滑坡清单，同时也能够研究滑坡特性和该地区的形态。实地测绘和勘探、取样和钻孔取心有助于收集有关典型滑坡的物质特征和具体特征的信息。在超过71平方公里的研究区内，发现了1200多个非常小的滑坡。大多数滑坡发生在几个地质单元中，这表明它们具有很高的易感性:更新世粉砂和粘土夹层砂，其次是M2粉砂和砾石，M7砂。据估计，近一半的滑坡是最近发生的，年龄较小，而其他滑坡可能被认为是历史性的，这意味着研究地区的滑坡事件具有“悠久的传统”。初步的地形表面粗糙度分析也支持这样的结论，即该清单包含几个历史世代的滑坡，这些滑坡仍然可以检测到。除了滑坡(1123)，本研究还发现了许多土流过程(143)，这些土流过程在主要的砂质单元中更为频繁。该地区的滑坡主要分布在沟壑的两岸，与水的作用直接相关。根据这种情况和所遇到的地质单元的工程性质，可以将河岸失稳分为四种类型:岩体顶部滑动;在坚固的混合土中滑动;沙质山体滑坡;滑坡主要发生在黏性土壤复合体中。
{"title":"Landslide inventory and characteristics, based on LiDAR scanning and optimised field investigations in the Kutina area, Croatia","authors":"Davor Pollak, Nina Hećej, A. Grizelj","doi":"10.4154/gc.2022.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the preliminary results of analyses of landsliding processes derived from detailed LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scans supported by field prospection on the south-western slopes of Mt. Moslavačka gora, in the wider Kutina area. This area is known for frequent landslides, but dedicated regional landslide research has not been previously undertaken. High resolution LiDAR scanning and orthophoto imaging enabled the production of a reliable landslide inventory, but also enabled research on landslide properties and the morphology of the area. Field mapping and prospection, sampling and borehole coring assisted in the collection of information about the material characteristics and specific features of typical landslides. In the research area, which covers more than 71 km2, more than 1200 very small landslides were detected. The majority of landslides were discovered in just several geological units indicating their high susceptibility: Pleistocene silts and sands with clayey interlayers, followed by M2 silty sands and gravels, and M7 sands. Nearly half of the landslides are estimated to be of recent and younger age, while other landslides may be considered as being historical implying a “long tradition” of landslide events in the research area. Preliminary terrain surface roughness analysis also supported the conclusion that the inventory contains landslides of several historical generations which are still detectable. In addition to slides (1123), this research also discovered numerous earthflow processes (143), which are more frequent in the predominantly sandy units. The landslides in this area are largely located on the banks of the gullies and are directly related to the action of water. Regarding that situation and the engineering properties of the encountered geological units, four types of bank instabilities can be differentiated: slides on top of rock masses; slides in firm soil mixtures; landslides in sands; landslides in predominantly coherent soil complexes.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46824152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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