D. Vukoičić, Danica Srećković-Batoćanin, A. Valjarević, Dušan Ristić, Milena Nikolić, D. Valjarević
Serbia is a country rich in geoheritage with eighty geomorphological sites now under protection. Although a canyon, the site of Devil’s Town is a unique geomorphological site in Serbia and deserves special attention. The geotouristic values of Devil’s Town were assessed based on the analysis of its present state and comparison with three similar and nearby geosites on the Balkan Pennisula (the Sand Pyramids in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Stob and Melnik Earth pyramids in Bulgaria). The assessment was performed using a ‘modified geosite assessment model’ (M-GAM), which includes estimation of the main indicators and sub-indicators. Devil’s Town has an average level of major and additional values. Indicators show that this geosite has great tourist, scientific and aesthetic value, as well as enough space for improving the ecological and functional values, as a basis for the development of tourism. Devil’s Town displays a higher touristic value than the Sand pyramids and slightly lower than the Stob pyramids. However, in comparison with the Melnik Earth pyramids in Bulgaria, its touristic value is significantly lower. This study could serve as a guide for managing development strategies concerning decision-making and engagement in tourism of the analysed geosite, addressing the needs of modern tourists.
{"title":"Assessment of the Geotouristic Values of Devil’s Town, Serbia","authors":"D. Vukoičić, Danica Srećković-Batoćanin, A. Valjarević, Dušan Ristić, Milena Nikolić, D. Valjarević","doi":"10.4154/gc.2021.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2021.11","url":null,"abstract":"Serbia is a country rich in geoheritage with eighty geomorphological sites now under protection. Although a canyon, the site of Devil’s Town is a unique geomorphological site in Serbia and deserves special attention. The geotouristic values of Devil’s Town were assessed based on the analysis of its present state and comparison with three similar and nearby geosites on the Balkan Pennisula (the Sand Pyramids in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Stob and Melnik Earth pyramids in Bulgaria). The assessment was performed using a ‘modified geosite assessment model’ (M-GAM), which includes estimation of the main indicators and sub-indicators. Devil’s Town has an average level of major and additional values. Indicators show that this geosite has great tourist, scientific and aesthetic value, as well as enough space for improving the ecological and functional values, as a basis for the development of tourism. Devil’s Town displays a higher touristic value than the Sand pyramids and slightly lower than the Stob pyramids. However, in comparison with the Melnik Earth pyramids in Bulgaria, its touristic value is significantly lower. This study could serve as a guide for managing development strategies concerning decision-making and engagement in tourism of the analysed geosite, addressing the needs of modern tourists.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45315672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abundant Cardioichnus planus SMITH & CRIMES, 1983 have been reported for the first time from Africa. They occur in lower Miocene deep-marine deposits near Tiaret in northwestern Algeria. Morphological features of the trace, coupled with the spatial interrelationships between Cardioichnus and the echinoids documented in this area, provide evidence that the endemic spatangoid Echinocardium nummuliticum PÉRON & GAUTHIER, 1885 represents the tracemaker of the studied C. planus. Cardioichnus is known from the upper Jurassic to the Pleistocene and it has a wide geographic and environmental distribution.
{"title":"The trace fossil Cardioichnus planus from the lower Miocene of Algeria: the first record from Africa and a probable endemic tracemaker","authors":"M. Naimi, Amine Cherif, Mourad Belaid","doi":"10.4154/gc.2021.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2021.09","url":null,"abstract":"Abundant Cardioichnus planus SMITH & CRIMES, 1983 have been reported for the first time from Africa. They occur in lower Miocene deep-marine deposits near Tiaret in northwestern Algeria. Morphological features of the trace, coupled with the spatial interrelationships between Cardioichnus and the echinoids documented in this area, provide evidence that the endemic spatangoid Echinocardium nummuliticum PÉRON & GAUTHIER, 1885 represents the tracemaker of the studied C. planus. Cardioichnus is known from the upper Jurassic to the Pleistocene and it has a wide geographic and environmental distribution.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47297178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krešimir Petrinjak, Marko Budić, S. Bergant, Tvrtko Korbar
Istrian Flysch was deposited during the Eocene in the Dinaric foredeep and is composed of hemipelagic marls and various gravity flow deposits. The latter are predominantly 5-40 cm thick turbidites, developed mostly as laminated and cross-rippled sandstone beds (Tb-e, Tc-e and Td-e Bouma sequences). In addition to the turbidites, there are deposits characterized by a significant thickness, occasionally more than 10 m, described as complex (bipartite) megabeds. The megabeds are composed of debrites in the lower part (Division I), and high-density turbidites in the upper part (Division II). The distinct clast composition of each megabed indicates that the lithoclasts were derived from tectonically active slopes and fault scarps along which collapses of the different parts of the Cretaceous to Palaeogene neritic carbonate succession, (that underlie the Flysch), occurred. The Division II deposits are well cemented, normally graded calcirudite/calcarenites composed mostly of orthophragminids, nummulitids, and red algae, originating from outer ramp environments. Redeposited marl, observed in the matrix of the debrites and as intraclasts in some megabeds, implies that the collapses along the synsedimentary fault scarps and steep slopes also occurred within the foredeep itself, during the rapid tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Dinaric foreland basin.
{"title":"Megabeds in Istrian Flysch as markers of synsedimentary tectonics within the Dinaric foredeep (Croatia)","authors":"Krešimir Petrinjak, Marko Budić, S. Bergant, Tvrtko Korbar","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.07","url":null,"abstract":"Istrian Flysch was deposited during the Eocene in the Dinaric foredeep and is composed of hemipelagic marls and various gravity flow deposits. The latter are predominantly 5-40 cm thick turbidites, developed mostly as laminated and cross-rippled sandstone beds (Tb-e, Tc-e and Td-e Bouma sequences). In addition to the turbidites, there are deposits characterized by a significant thickness, occasionally more than 10 m, described as complex (bipartite) megabeds. The megabeds are composed of debrites in the lower part (Division I), and high-density turbidites in the upper part (Division II). The distinct clast composition of each megabed indicates that the lithoclasts were derived from tectonically active slopes and fault scarps along which collapses of the different parts of the Cretaceous to Palaeogene neritic carbonate succession, (that underlie the Flysch), occurred. The Division II deposits are well cemented, normally graded calcirudite/calcarenites composed mostly of orthophragminids, nummulitids, and red algae, originating from outer ramp environments. Redeposited marl, observed in the matrix of the debrites and as intraclasts in some megabeds, implies that the collapses along the synsedimentary fault scarps and steep slopes also occurred within the foredeep itself, during the rapid tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Dinaric foreland basin.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42293604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Davor Pollak, Vlatko Gulam, T. Novosel, Radovan Avanić, B. Tomljenović, Nina Hećej, Josip Terzić, J. Stipčević, Mario Bačić, Tomislav Kurečić, Mario Dolić, Iris Bostjančić, L. Wacha, I. Kosovic, Marko Budić, M. Vukovski, N. Belic, M. Špelić, V. Brčić, J. Barbača, B. Kordić, D. Palenik, R. Filjak, Tihomir Frangen, M. Pavić, K. Urumović, Marin Sečanj, B. Matos, Marin Govorcin, M. Kovačević, L. Librić
The most recent major earthquake series struck near Petrinja (December 29th 2020 M 6.2), and triggered extensive ground failures in the wider area of Petrinja, Sisak and Glina. Coseismic ground failures including subsidence dolines, liquefaction and landslides have been documented over a large area by various experts and teams. These data are stored in the newly created inventory, which is openly presented in this paper. This inventory is administered and updated by the Croatian Geological Survey, and will be available online via a Web Map Service (WMS) (www.hgi-cgs.hr). The aim of the inventory is to not only provide data for the development of susceptibility maps and more detailed exploration for possible remediation measures, but also to define the priorities for immediate action. The earthquake triggered the rapid development of dropout dolines which endanger the local populations of the villages of Mečenčani and Borojevići. This is still an ongoing process in the vicinity of the houses and therefore in-situ exploration started immediately. Liquefaction related to alluvial sediments of the Sava, Kupa and Glina rivers occurred almost exclusively in loose and pure sands, and was accompanied by sand boils, subsidence and lateral spreading. Liquefaction also presents a greater hazard because settlement of houses and river embankments occurred. Lateral spreading caused failures of river flood embankments and natural river banks. According to the data known to date, the majority of the coseismic landslides were reactivated with minor displacements. Despite that, it has been recognised that houses at the edge, or in landslide colluvium suffered greater damage than other houses located outside the landslide impact zone.
最近的一次大地震发生在佩特里尼亚附近(2020年12月29日，里氏6.2级)，在佩特里尼亚、西萨克和格利纳等更广泛的地区引发了大面积的地面塌陷。不同的专家和团队已经记录了包括沉降线、液化和滑坡在内的同震地面故障。这些数据存储在新创建的库存中，在本文中公开展示。该清单由克罗地亚地质调查局管理和更新，并将通过网络地图服务(www.hgi-cgs.hr)在线提供。该清单的目的不仅是为绘制易感性地图和更详细地探索可能的补救措施提供数据，而且还为立即采取行动确定优先事项。地震引发了辍学儿童的迅速发展，危及到me en ani村和Borojevići村的当地人口。在房屋附近，这一过程仍在进行中，因此立即开始了现场勘探。与萨瓦河、库帕河和格利纳河冲积沉积物相关的液化几乎全部发生在松散和纯砂中，并伴有砂沸腾、沉降和横向扩张。液化也带来了更大的危害，因为房屋和河堤会发生沉降。横向扩展造成了河流防洪堤防和天然河岸的破坏。根据迄今所知的资料，大多数同震滑坡都以较小的位移重新激活。尽管如此，人们已经认识到，位于滑坡边缘或崩积层的房屋比位于滑坡影响区外的其他房屋遭受的破坏更大。
{"title":"The preliminary inventory of coseismic ground failures related to December 2020 – January 2021 Petrinja earthquake series","authors":"Davor Pollak, Vlatko Gulam, T. Novosel, Radovan Avanić, B. Tomljenović, Nina Hećej, Josip Terzić, J. Stipčević, Mario Bačić, Tomislav Kurečić, Mario Dolić, Iris Bostjančić, L. Wacha, I. Kosovic, Marko Budić, M. Vukovski, N. Belic, M. Špelić, V. Brčić, J. Barbača, B. Kordić, D. Palenik, R. Filjak, Tihomir Frangen, M. Pavić, K. Urumović, Marin Sečanj, B. Matos, Marin Govorcin, M. Kovačević, L. Librić","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.08","url":null,"abstract":"The most recent major earthquake series struck near Petrinja (December 29th 2020 M 6.2), and triggered extensive ground failures in the wider area of Petrinja, Sisak and Glina. Coseismic ground failures including subsidence dolines, liquefaction and landslides have been documented over a large area by various experts and teams. These data are stored in the newly created inventory, which is openly presented in this paper. This inventory is administered and updated by the Croatian Geological Survey, and will be available online via a Web Map Service (WMS) (www.hgi-cgs.hr). The aim of the inventory is to not only provide data for the development of susceptibility maps and more detailed exploration for possible remediation measures, but also to define the priorities for immediate action. The earthquake triggered the rapid development of dropout dolines which endanger the local populations of the villages of Mečenčani and Borojevići. This is still an ongoing process in the vicinity of the houses and therefore in-situ exploration started immediately. Liquefaction related to alluvial sediments of the Sava, Kupa and Glina rivers occurred almost exclusively in loose and pure sands, and was accompanied by sand boils, subsidence and lateral spreading. Liquefaction also presents a greater hazard because settlement of houses and river embankments occurred. Lateral spreading caused failures of river flood embankments and natural river banks. According to the data known to date, the majority of the coseismic landslides were reactivated with minor displacements. Despite that, it has been recognised that houses at the edge, or in landslide colluvium suffered greater damage than other houses located outside the landslide impact zone.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44167986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-hai Fan, Xi'an City China Resources, Yuiqing Wan, Hui Wang, Xing-ke Yang, Liang Min, C. Pan, Zhang Shaopeng, Wenbo Wang, F. Tan
The airborne hyper-spectral survey system CASI/SASI, which has an integrated system for gathering both image an spectral data, is at the cutting edge developments in the remote-sensing field. It can be used to directly identify surface objects based on diagnostic spectral chara cteristics. In this paper, the CASI/SASI were used in the Huaniushan gold-silver-lead-zinc ore district–Gansu to produce a lithologic map, identify altered minerals, and map the mineralized-alteration zones. Radiometric correction, radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction (spectral reconstruction), and geometric corrections were carried out in ENVI to pre-process the measured data. A FieldSpec ® Pro FR portable spectrometer was used to obtain the spectral signatures of all types of rock samples, ore deposits, and mineralized-alteration zones. We extracted and analyzed the spectral characteristics of typical alteration minerals. On the basis of hyper-spectral data, ground-spectral data processing, and comparative analysis of the measured image spectrum, we used the spectral-angle-mapping (SAM) and mixture-tuned matchedfiltering (MTMF) methods to perform hyperspectralalteration mineral mapping of wall rock and mineralizedalterationzone hyperspectral identification. Hyperspectralremotesensing geologicalclassification maps were produced as well as distribution maps of all kinds of alteration minerals and mineralized-alteration zones. Based on geological comprehensive analysis and field investigations, the range of mineral alteration was proven to be the same as shown by the remote-sensing imagery. Indications are that airborne hyperspectral-remote-sensing-image CASI/SASI offer good application results and show a promising potential as a tool in geological investigations. The results will provide the basis for hyperspectral remote-sensing prospecting in the same or similar unexplored areas. 2006), thereby offering a high spectral resolution. Many unrecognized substances in wide-band remote sensing can be detected in the hyperspectral data and quantitatively studied (CLARK et al., 2003; TANG et al., 2006; SCHAEPMAN et al., 2009; KRUSE, 2012; VAN DER MEER et al., 2012). Because various minerals and rocks have diagnostic spectral-characteristic-absorption bands in the range of 400–2,500 nm, hyperspectral remote sensing can better capture the characteristics of minerals. Based on these characteristic spectral features, mineral compositional information can be inverted and identified. Thus, classification, mapping of rocks and mineral-resource exploration can be performed (CLARK et al., 2003; GAN & WANG, 2007; ZHANG et al., 2011; WEI et al., 2017). Since the mid-1980s, with the rapid development of key technologies such as data acquisition, radiation calibration, spectral reconstruction, and data processing, many applications of hyperspectral remote-sensing technology to the fields of geology and mineral resources have been performed by researchers around the world, re
机载超光谱测量系统CASI/SASI具有一个用于收集图像和光谱数据的集成系统，处于遥感领域的前沿发展。它可用于根据诊断光谱特征直接识别表面物体。本文将CASI/SASI应用于甘肃花牛山金银铅锌矿区，制作岩性图，识别蚀变矿物，绘制矿化蚀变带。在ENVI中进行了辐射校正、辐射定标、大气校正（光谱重建）和几何校正，以预处理测量数据。FieldSpec®Pro FR便携式光谱仪用于获得所有类型岩石样品、矿床和矿化蚀变带的光谱特征。我们提取并分析了典型蚀变矿物的光谱特征。在高光谱数据、地面光谱数据处理和实测图像光谱对比分析的基础上，我们使用光谱角映射（SAM）和混合调谐匹配滤波（MTMF）方法对围岩进行了高光谱蚀变矿物映射和矿化蚀变带高光谱识别。制作了高光谱遥感地质分类图，以及各种蚀变矿物和矿化蚀变带的分布图。根据地质综合分析和野外调查，证实了矿物蚀变的范围与遥感图像所示的范围相同。结果表明，航空高光谱遥感图像CASI/SASI具有良好的应用效果，在地质调查中具有广阔的应用前景。研究结果将为在相同或相似的未勘探区域进行高光谱遥感勘探提供依据。2006），从而提供高光谱分辨率。宽带遥感中许多未被识别的物质可以在高光谱数据中检测到并进行定量研究（CLARK等人，2003年；TANG等人，2006年；SCHAEPMAN等人，2009年；KRUSE，2012年；VAN DER MEER等人，2012年）。由于各种矿物和岩石具有在400–2500 nm范围内的诊断光谱特征吸收带，高光谱遥感可以更好地捕捉矿物的特征。基于这些特征光谱特征，可以反演和识别矿物成分信息。因此，可以进行岩石的分类、测绘和矿产资源勘探（CLARK et al.，2003；甘和王，2007；张等人，2011；魏等人，2017）。自20世纪80年代中期以来，随着数据采集、辐射校准、光谱重建和数据处理等关键技术的快速发展，世界各地的研究人员将高光谱遥感技术应用于地质矿产领域，取得了一些值得注意的新成就（HUNT，1989；CLARK等人，19902003；PIETERS和MUSTARD，1988；KRUSE等人，1990；CLOUDS，1996；YESSY等人，2011；刘等人，1999；GAN等人，2000；王等人，2000年；YAN等人，2004年；王等，2010）。在文章历史：手稿于2019年5月9日收到修订稿于2021年2月3日接受2021年2月份28日在线提供
{"title":"Application of an airborne hyper-spectral survey system CASI/SASI in the gold-silver-lead-zinc ore district of Huaniushan, Gansu, China","authors":"Yu-hai Fan, Xi'an City China Resources, Yuiqing Wan, Hui Wang, Xing-ke Yang, Liang Min, C. Pan, Zhang Shaopeng, Wenbo Wang, F. Tan","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.04","url":null,"abstract":"The airborne hyper-spectral survey system CASI/SASI, which has an integrated system for gathering both image an spectral data, is at the cutting edge developments in the remote-sensing field. It can be used to directly identify surface objects based on diagnostic spectral chara cteristics. In this paper, the CASI/SASI were used in the Huaniushan gold-silver-lead-zinc ore district–Gansu to produce a lithologic map, identify altered minerals, and map the mineralized-alteration zones. Radiometric correction, radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction (spectral reconstruction), and geometric corrections were carried out in ENVI to pre-process the measured data. A FieldSpec ® Pro FR portable spectrometer was used to obtain the spectral signatures of all types of rock samples, ore deposits, and mineralized-alteration zones. We extracted and analyzed the spectral characteristics of typical alteration minerals. On the basis of hyper-spectral data, ground-spectral data processing, and comparative analysis of the measured image spectrum, we used the spectral-angle-mapping (SAM) and mixture-tuned matchedfiltering (MTMF) methods to perform hyperspectralalteration mineral mapping of wall rock and mineralizedalterationzone hyperspectral identification. Hyperspectralremotesensing geologicalclassification maps were produced as well as distribution maps of all kinds of alteration minerals and mineralized-alteration zones. Based on geological comprehensive analysis and field investigations, the range of mineral alteration was proven to be the same as shown by the remote-sensing imagery. Indications are that airborne hyperspectral-remote-sensing-image CASI/SASI offer good application results and show a promising potential as a tool in geological investigations. The results will provide the basis for hyperspectral remote-sensing prospecting in the same or similar unexplored areas. 2006), thereby offering a high spectral resolution. Many unrecognized substances in wide-band remote sensing can be detected in the hyperspectral data and quantitatively studied (CLARK et al., 2003; TANG et al., 2006; SCHAEPMAN et al., 2009; KRUSE, 2012; VAN DER MEER et al., 2012). Because various minerals and rocks have diagnostic spectral-characteristic-absorption bands in the range of 400–2,500 nm, hyperspectral remote sensing can better capture the characteristics of minerals. Based on these characteristic spectral features, mineral compositional information can be inverted and identified. Thus, classification, mapping of rocks and mineral-resource exploration can be performed (CLARK et al., 2003; GAN & WANG, 2007; ZHANG et al., 2011; WEI et al., 2017). Since the mid-1980s, with the rapid development of key technologies such as data acquisition, radiation calibration, spectral reconstruction, and data processing, many applications of hyperspectral remote-sensing technology to the fields of geology and mineral resources have been performed by researchers around the world, re","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":"74 1","pages":"73-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48467142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Plicanic, Ž. Pogačnik, Eva Koren, G. Vižintin, geologija rudarjenje in ekologija d.o.o. Deskle Slovenia Georudeko
The purpose of this article is to showcase opportunities for local communities to demonstrate selfsufficiency with respect to natural resources (gravel and sand) in the east of Slovenia. Limitations put in place for the exploitation of mineral resources by applicable regulations in the light of groundwater protection were analysed particularly in the context of mining undertaken in an area of shallow alluvium with a shallow groundwater table. It is essential that land disturbance (from mining activity) complies with the environmental limitations imposed by both EU and Slovenian law. The study highlights the factors directly indicating the inadequacy of the applicable regulations in Slovenia in relation to mining in areas of shallow groundwater; those limitations put in place the exploitation of mineral resources as unlawful works. This article outlines how such limitations negatively affect local communities’ self-sufficiency and the region with natural resources, specifically mineral resources. To this end, when selecting which alluvial plain to test, we focused on the area of the Drava and Ptuj Plain (Dravsko polje and Ptujsko polje) in Slovenia. The Drava River flows through the area in question across this alluvial plain. The artificially regulated power canal of the Zlatoličje hydroelectric power plant runs parallel to the river. Pursuant to environmental regulations, mineral resources can be exploited in these areas only up to two metres above the highest groundwater level. This criterion makes it almost impossible to pursue the additional exploitation of mineral resources in this area, as well as similar areas in the catchment area of the Danube River in Slovenia. We believe that in terms of the shared use of physical space it is necessary to change this limitation and link it directly to the percentage of exploited physical space and the application of relevant extraction technologies, which do not pollute groundwater either directly or indirectly. We also believe that the criterion put in place does not withstand expert judgment as the requirement for excavation to cease up to two metres above the highest groundwater level was not defined by means of the scientific method. The article analyses inconsistencies and puts forward measures for the ongoing eco-friendly and economically sustainable exploitation of mineral resources. As an alternative, we thus suggest implementing the EU Regulation via an act that would set out the necessary limitations, based on expert starting points arising from cartogra phic bases under consideration of the tetrahedral consensus-seeking methodology. The Drava and Ptuj Plain (yellow area in Figure 1), which is discussed here, falls under two geotectonic units: the smaller part to the west encompasses the east Pohorje Massif and belongs to the eastern Alps, whereas the remaining part comprising the Slovenske Gorice Hills, Haloze Hills, Dravinjske Gorice Hills (between the Dravinja River and the Drava Plain) an
{"title":"Natural Resources Self-Sufficiency – How to Balance Groundwater Protection and Mineral Resources Exploitation – Pleterje Case, Slovenia: Legal and Geological Aspects","authors":"S. Plicanic, Ž. Pogačnik, Eva Koren, G. Vižintin, geologija rudarjenje in ekologija d.o.o. Deskle Slovenia Georudeko","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to showcase opportunities for local communities to demonstrate selfsufficiency with respect to natural resources (gravel and sand) in the east of Slovenia. Limitations put in place for the exploitation of mineral resources by applicable regulations in the light of groundwater protection were analysed particularly in the context of mining undertaken in an area of shallow alluvium with a shallow groundwater table. It is essential that land disturbance (from mining activity) complies with the environmental limitations imposed by both EU and Slovenian law. The study highlights the factors directly indicating the inadequacy of the applicable regulations in Slovenia in relation to mining in areas of shallow groundwater; those limitations put in place the exploitation of mineral resources as unlawful works. This article outlines how such limitations negatively affect local communities’ self-sufficiency and the region with natural resources, specifically mineral resources. To this end, when selecting which alluvial plain to test, we focused on the area of the Drava and Ptuj Plain (Dravsko polje and Ptujsko polje) in Slovenia. The Drava River flows through the area in question across this alluvial plain. The artificially regulated power canal of the Zlatoličje hydroelectric power plant runs parallel to the river. Pursuant to environmental regulations, mineral resources can be exploited in these areas only up to two metres above the highest groundwater level. This criterion makes it almost impossible to pursue the additional exploitation of mineral resources in this area, as well as similar areas in the catchment area of the Danube River in Slovenia. We believe that in terms of the shared use of physical space it is necessary to change this limitation and link it directly to the percentage of exploited physical space and the application of relevant extraction technologies, which do not pollute groundwater either directly or indirectly. We also believe that the criterion put in place does not withstand expert judgment as the requirement for excavation to cease up to two metres above the highest groundwater level was not defined by means of the scientific method. The article analyses inconsistencies and puts forward measures for the ongoing eco-friendly and economically sustainable exploitation of mineral resources. As an alternative, we thus suggest implementing the EU Regulation via an act that would set out the necessary limitations, based on expert starting points arising from cartogra phic bases under consideration of the tetrahedral consensus-seeking methodology. The Drava and Ptuj Plain (yellow area in Figure 1), which is discussed here, falls under two geotectonic units: the smaller part to the west encompasses the east Pohorje Massif and belongs to the eastern Alps, whereas the remaining part comprising the Slovenske Gorice Hills, Haloze Hills, Dravinjske Gorice Hills (between the Dravinja River and the Drava Plain) an","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":"74 1","pages":"85-97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45348075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-hai Fan, Hui Wang, Xing-ke Yang, Guofeng Zhang, Zhaoyang Li, Furong Tan, Zhang Shaopeng, Wenbo Wang, Xi'an City China Resources, Xi'an City China Resources, Hohhot China Inner Mongolia Mining Exploitation Co.Ltd
This study focuses on the iron ore of Taxkorgan and Heiqia in the West Kunlun mountains as a case study, for the application of WorldView−2 and IKONOS remote sensing images as major data sources in the fabrication of a standard image map and in the adoption of image enhancement methods to extract information on the ore-controlling factors and mineralization, to interpret remote sensing for the mineral resources in these areas. ASTER, WorldView−2, and IKONOS data were applied for the extraction of alteration anomaly information. With an appropriate amount of field sampling and verification tests, this was used to establish a remote sensing geology prospecting model, that would provide the basis for future remote sensing of metalloge nic belts in West Kunlun in the hope of discovering similar minerals. Survey results showed four additional iron ore mineralization belts could be delineated in the Taxkorgan area. A comparative analysis conducted for part of the field confirmation and the known mineral deposits indicated good reliability. In Heiqia, a siderite-haematite mineralization zone was observed with copperlead-zinc formation, 60-km in length and 200–500 m wide, which includes several mineralized bodies. The ore bodies, appear as stratoid, lenticular, or podiform morphologies and were located in the transition site from clastic to carbonate rocks of the D segment in the Wenquangou Group. The ore bodies generally occur within 40°–50° strike and 68°–81° dip, in accordance to the strata. The length of the single body varies from several hundred metres to more than 9500 m. Its exposed thickness on the surface ranges from 2–50 m, and the general thickness was approximately 15 m. The surface ore minerals were mainly haematite and limonite, with a small amount of siderite. Therefore, high-resolution remote sensing technology is suitable for iron ore geological and mineral remote sensing surveying. It is advantageous in both high-ground resolution of optical characteristics and a certain spectral recognition capability, and is effective not only for information extraction from a large area, but also for recognition of local mineralization outcrops. Therefore, high-resolution remote sensing technology is valuable for popularization. an effective, prospective means of acquiring the geological anoma ly information related closely to ore-bearing strata, mineralized alteration zones, contact metamorphic zones, and tectonic zones (SHANG, 2009; WANG et al., 2011; CHEN et al., 2012; JIN et al., 2014; ZHANG et al., 2015; YANG & ZHAO, 2015; HOWARI et al., 2019; FAN et al., 2021). Located at the junction of the Palaeo–Asian and Tethyan tectonic domains, West Kunlun is an important part of the Qin–Qi– Kun tectonic belt of China, and also serves as an important area for studying the evolution of the Tethyan Ocean (PAN,1989, 1994, 1999; JIANG & ZHU, 1992; CHENG, 1994; JIANG & ZHU, 1992, 2002; YANG, 1994; PAN et al., 1995; PAN et al., 1996; CUI et al., 2006; WU et al
{"title":"Application of high-resolution remote sensing technology for the iron ore deposits of the West Kunlun Mountains in China","authors":"Yu-hai Fan, Hui Wang, Xing-ke Yang, Guofeng Zhang, Zhaoyang Li, Furong Tan, Zhang Shaopeng, Wenbo Wang, Xi'an City China Resources, Xi'an City China Resources, Hohhot China Inner Mongolia Mining Exploitation Co.Ltd","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the iron ore of Taxkorgan and Heiqia in the West Kunlun mountains as a case study, for the application of WorldView−2 and IKONOS remote sensing images as major data sources in the fabrication of a standard image map and in the adoption of image enhancement methods to extract information on the ore-controlling factors and mineralization, to interpret remote sensing for the mineral resources in these areas. ASTER, WorldView−2, and IKONOS data were applied for the extraction of alteration anomaly information. With an appropriate amount of field sampling and verification tests, this was used to establish a remote sensing geology prospecting model, that would provide the basis for future remote sensing of metalloge nic belts in West Kunlun in the hope of discovering similar minerals. Survey results showed four additional iron ore mineralization belts could be delineated in the Taxkorgan area. A comparative analysis conducted for part of the field confirmation and the known mineral deposits indicated good reliability. In Heiqia, a siderite-haematite mineralization zone was observed with copperlead-zinc formation, 60-km in length and 200–500 m wide, which includes several mineralized bodies. The ore bodies, appear as stratoid, lenticular, or podiform morphologies and were located in the transition site from clastic to carbonate rocks of the D segment in the Wenquangou Group. The ore bodies generally occur within 40°–50° strike and 68°–81° dip, in accordance to the strata. The length of the single body varies from several hundred metres to more than 9500 m. Its exposed thickness on the surface ranges from 2–50 m, and the general thickness was approximately 15 m. The surface ore minerals were mainly haematite and limonite, with a small amount of siderite. Therefore, high-resolution remote sensing technology is suitable for iron ore geological and mineral remote sensing surveying. It is advantageous in both high-ground resolution of optical characteristics and a certain spectral recognition capability, and is effective not only for information extraction from a large area, but also for recognition of local mineralization outcrops. Therefore, high-resolution remote sensing technology is valuable for popularization. an effective, prospective means of acquiring the geological anoma ly information related closely to ore-bearing strata, mineralized alteration zones, contact metamorphic zones, and tectonic zones (SHANG, 2009; WANG et al., 2011; CHEN et al., 2012; JIN et al., 2014; ZHANG et al., 2015; YANG & ZHAO, 2015; HOWARI et al., 2019; FAN et al., 2021). Located at the junction of the Palaeo–Asian and Tethyan tectonic domains, West Kunlun is an important part of the Qin–Qi– Kun tectonic belt of China, and also serves as an important area for studying the evolution of the Tethyan Ocean (PAN,1989, 1994, 1999; JIANG & ZHU, 1992; CHENG, 1994; JIANG & ZHU, 1992, 2002; YANG, 1994; PAN et al., 1995; PAN et al., 1996; CUI et al., 2006; WU et al","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":"74 1","pages":"57-72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46637462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radovan Avanić, D. Pavelić, Z. Pécskay, Mirjana Miknić, D. Tibljaš, L. Wacha
The Macelj formation is an informal Eggenburgian-early Ottnangian lithostratigraphic unit that is established in the area of the Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin, which represented a marginal zone of the Early Miocene Central Paratethys Sea. Modern studies, as a part of the Geologic Map of the Republic of Croatia 1:50 000 project, yielded new data that improves the knowledge of the depositional and stratigraphic characteristics of the formation. The sedimentological research within this study was focused on the two older lithostratigraphic units of the Macelj formation: the Vucji Jarek member and the Cemernica member. The Vucji Jarek mb. is represented by three facies. The Facies of horizontally bedded sandstones is characterized by mostly medium-grained, moderately sorted sandstones that reflect deposition on the foreshore to the upper shoreface. The facies of horizontally and cross-bedded glauconitic sandstones is composed of fine- to coarsegrained, well-sorted sandstones that indicate foreshore to shoreface deposition under tidal influence. The Facies of horizontally and cross-bedded pyroclastics consists of tuff, pumice, lapilli and large blocks, showing a chaotic structure in places. Deposition occurred at the shoreface under tidal influence. The Cemernica mb. is represented by the Facies of structureless clayey-silty sands that are poorly sorted and bioturbated, and indicates deposition below the fairweather wavebase, in the offshore-transition zone. Deposits of the members include marine macro- and microfossil associations.K-Ar dating of separated glauconite mineral fractions yielded an early Eggenburgian age for the Vucji Jarek mb. glauconitic sandstones (19.2±0.64 Ma) which is in accordance with biostratigraphical analyses. Sedimentological characteristics of the Eggenburgian Macelj fm., especially those that reflect the tidal influence, fit the general characteristics of the Central Paratethys Sea in the Early Miocene.
{"title":"Tidal deposits in the Early Miocene Central Paratethys: the Vučji Jarek and Čemernica members of the Macelj formation (NW Croatia)","authors":"Radovan Avanić, D. Pavelić, Z. Pécskay, Mirjana Miknić, D. Tibljaš, L. Wacha","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.06","url":null,"abstract":"The Macelj formation is an informal Eggenburgian-early Ottnangian lithostratigraphic unit that is established in the area of the Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin, which represented a marginal zone of the Early Miocene Central Paratethys Sea. Modern studies, as a part of the Geologic Map of the Republic of Croatia 1:50 000 project, yielded new data that improves the knowledge of the depositional and stratigraphic characteristics of the formation. The sedimentological research within this study was focused on the two older lithostratigraphic units of the Macelj formation: the Vucji Jarek member and the Cemernica member. The Vucji Jarek mb. is represented by three facies. The Facies of horizontally bedded sandstones is characterized by mostly medium-grained, moderately sorted sandstones that reflect deposition on the foreshore to the upper shoreface. The facies of horizontally and cross-bedded glauconitic sandstones is composed of fine- to coarsegrained, well-sorted sandstones that indicate foreshore to shoreface deposition under tidal influence. The Facies of horizontally and cross-bedded pyroclastics consists of tuff, pumice, lapilli and large blocks, showing a chaotic structure in places. Deposition occurred at the shoreface under tidal influence. The Cemernica mb. is represented by the Facies of structureless clayey-silty sands that are poorly sorted and bioturbated, and indicates deposition below the fairweather wavebase, in the offshore-transition zone. Deposits of the members include marine macro- and microfossil associations.K-Ar dating of separated glauconite mineral fractions yielded an early Eggenburgian age for the Vucji Jarek mb. glauconitic sandstones (19.2±0.64 Ma) which is in accordance with biostratigraphical analyses. Sedimentological characteristics of the Eggenburgian Macelj fm., especially those that reflect the tidal influence, fit the general characteristics of the Central Paratethys Sea in the Early Miocene.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":"74 1","pages":"41-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46135451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An upper Campanian to upper Oligocene stratigraphic succession has been examined from six deep exploration wells in the Palmyrides area of Syria. Most of the sedimentary succession contains rich and well to moderately preserved planktonic foraminiferal assemblages that enable successful age determination. The upper Campanian and Maastrichtian planktonic fauna is highly diverse with domination of warm water taxa such as Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Gansserina gansseri, Globotruncanella havanensis, Globotruncanita angulata and Pseudotextularia elegans. The most dramatic turnover occurred across the Cretaceous/Palaeocene boundary when most planktonic foraminiferal species became extinct. The oldest Palaeocene planktonic foraminiferal assemblage, rich in the number of specimens, but not very diverse, includes the following species: Eoglobigerina eobulloides, Globanomalina archeocompressa, Chiloguembelina morsei, Woodringina claytonensis and Parasubbotina pseudobulloides. The late Palaeocene is marked by origination of the morozovellids, acarininids and globanomalinids, while the early Eocene is characterized by a tropical assemblage, dominated by muricate species, and by intensive speciation of Acarinina and Subbotina in the latest part. Most of these species continue into the middle Eocene and become a significant component of the planktonic community. The middle Eocene is characterized by intensive speciation and domination of warm water genera such as Acarinina, Morozovelloides, and to a lesser degree Turborotalia, Globigerinatheka and Hantkenina. The middle/late Eocene boundary is marked by double extinction of the last muricate taxa Acarinina mcgowrani and Morozovelloides crasssatus, which indicate a variable climate, water column instability, and loss of surface habitats. In contrast, Turborotalia and Globigerinateheka become more important in the late Eocene. The Eocene/Oligocene boundary is marked by the extinction of most warm water taxa including Turborotalia cerroazulensis group, Hantkenina, Globigerinatheka and some subbotinids. The beginning of the early Oligocene is indicated by the domination of cool water taxa such as Dentoglobigerina, Globorotaloides, Tenuitella and Chiloguembelina. Speciation of the spinose surface dweller Ciperoella ciperoensis group reflects warming in the late Oligocene. The combined observations of lithology with the diversity and composition of planktonic foraminifera assemblages indicate that the Palmyrides area in Syria was a Tethyan bioprovince with a tropical to subtropical climate from the late Campanian to the end of the Eocene with deposition in deep sea environments (upper bathyal to outer shelf). In contrast, Oligocene deposits and their microfossil content suggest temperate to warm climate conditions and sedimentation in middle to inner shelf environments.
{"title":"Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and lithology of the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian-Maastrichtian) and Palaeogene succession of the Palmyrides (Syria)","authors":"Vlasta Premec-Fuček, Morana Hernitz Kučenjak, Gabrijela Pecimotika","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.05","url":null,"abstract":"An upper Campanian to upper Oligocene stratigraphic succession has been examined from six deep exploration wells in the Palmyrides area of Syria. Most of the sedimentary succession contains rich and well to moderately preserved planktonic foraminiferal assemblages that enable successful age determination. The upper Campanian and Maastrichtian planktonic fauna is highly diverse with domination of warm water taxa such as Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Gansserina gansseri, Globotruncanella havanensis, Globotruncanita angulata and Pseudotextularia elegans. The most dramatic turnover occurred across the Cretaceous/Palaeocene boundary when most planktonic foraminiferal species became extinct. The oldest Palaeocene planktonic foraminiferal assemblage, rich in the number of specimens, but not very diverse, includes the following species: Eoglobigerina eobulloides, Globanomalina archeocompressa, Chiloguembelina morsei, Woodringina claytonensis and Parasubbotina pseudobulloides. The late Palaeocene is marked by origination of the morozovellids, acarininids and globanomalinids, while the early Eocene is characterized by a tropical assemblage, dominated by muricate species, and by intensive speciation of Acarinina and Subbotina in the latest part. Most of these species continue into the middle Eocene and become a significant component of the planktonic community. The middle Eocene is characterized by intensive speciation and domination of warm water genera such as Acarinina, Morozovelloides, and to a lesser degree Turborotalia, Globigerinatheka and Hantkenina. The middle/late Eocene boundary is marked by double extinction of the last muricate taxa Acarinina mcgowrani and Morozovelloides crasssatus, which indicate a variable climate, water column instability, and loss of surface habitats. In contrast, Turborotalia and Globigerinateheka become more important in the late Eocene. The Eocene/Oligocene boundary is marked by the extinction of most warm water taxa including Turborotalia cerroazulensis group, Hantkenina, Globigerinatheka and some subbotinids. The beginning of the early Oligocene is indicated by the domination of cool water taxa such as Dentoglobigerina, Globorotaloides, Tenuitella and Chiloguembelina. Speciation of the spinose surface dweller Ciperoella ciperoensis group reflects warming in the late Oligocene. The combined observations of lithology with the diversity and composition of planktonic foraminifera assemblages indicate that the Palmyrides area in Syria was a Tethyan bioprovince with a tropical to subtropical climate from the late Campanian to the end of the Eocene with deposition in deep sea environments (upper bathyal to outer shelf). In contrast, Oligocene deposits and their microfossil content suggest temperate to warm climate conditions and sedimentation in middle to inner shelf environments.","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":"74 1","pages":"21-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44939756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Basiru Mohammed Kore, M. Gül, Ceren Küçükuysal, Bilal Sarı
Scientific Research Projects Office (BAP) of Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Turkey - 17/118
Mugla Sitki kokman大学科学研究项目办公室(BAP)，土耳其- 17/118
{"title":"Lithostratigraphy and Sedimentological Characteristics of the Calciturbidites of the Babadağ Formation-Tavas Nappe (SW Turkey)","authors":"Basiru Mohammed Kore, M. Gül, Ceren Küçükuysal, Bilal Sarı","doi":"10.4154/GC.2021.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2021.01","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific Research Projects Office (BAP) of Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Turkey - 17/118","PeriodicalId":55108,"journal":{"name":"Geologia Croatica","volume":"74 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42163833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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