Geomorphology最新文献_第4页

Temporal and spatial dynamics of urban stream geomorphology: The role of effective imperviousness and development age 城市水系地貌的时空动态：有效不透水性和发展年龄的作用

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110155

Lukman A. Soboyejo , Kathryn L. Russell , Tim D. Fletcher

Urbanisation has been widely studied for its impact on stream channel geomorphology, primarily using space-for-time substitution approaches. However, continuous monitoring of urban geomorphic responses, to understand the temporal dynamics and influence of development age, remains underexplored within this framework. In this study, we combined repeated field observations collected 13 years apart with land cover analysis to assess geomorphic change across a gradient of urbanisation. We addressed three research questions: (i) to what extent do space-for-time substitution interpretations align with directly observed changes in stream channel morphology, and are post-study changes in stream channels consistent with earlier observations? (ii) how has the change in the extent of urbanisation over the study period directly influenced observed changes in stream channel morphology? (iii) at what level of urban development is stream incision most severe (i.e., does channel morphology stabilise during the latter stages of urban development)? We found that predictions made through space-for-time substitution in 2011 (i.e. regression models) were largely consistent with relationships observed in 2024 following further urbanisation of the catchments. However, change in geomorphic attributes at each site over the 13-year period were not significantly related to change in effective impervious cover (EI), possibly due to lag in geomorphic responses to ongoing urbanisation, along with the presence of hardpoints such as rock protection in the urbanised streams. Notably, several individual sites did show signs of active channel adjustment; all of these sites had moderate levels of urbanisation (<30 % EI), which had developed relatively recently (in the last 25 years). Severe channel incision was also observed within this range, suggesting a critical window for morphological instability. Whether channels eventually stabilise (without heavy intervention to harden channels) remains uncertain. Overall, the findings reinforce the importance of validating space-for-time substitution approaches through repeated observations to better develop more reliable urban channel evolution and stream management strategies.

城市化对河道地貌的影响已被广泛研究，主要采用时空替代方法。然而，在这一框架内，对城市地貌响应的持续监测，以了解发展年龄的时间动态和影响，仍未得到充分探索。在这项研究中，我们将相隔13年的重复实地观测与土地覆盖分析相结合，以评估城市化梯度下的地貌变化。我们解决了三个研究问题：(i)时空替代解释在多大程度上与直接观察到的河流河道形态变化相一致，以及研究后的河流河道变化与早期观察结果一致？（ii）在研究期间，城市化程度的变化如何直接影响已观察到的河道形态变化？（iii）在城市发展的哪个阶段，河流切割最为严重（即，在城市发展的后期，河道形态是否趋于稳定）？我们发现，2011年通过时空替代（即回归模型）所做的预测与流域进一步城市化后2024年观察到的关系基本一致。然而，在13年的时间里，每个地点的地貌属性变化与有效不透水覆盖（EI）的变化没有显著相关性，这可能是由于地貌对持续城市化的响应滞后，以及城市化溪流中存在岩石保护等挂载点。值得注意的是，几个单独的网站确实显示出积极的渠道调整迹象；所有这些地点都有中等水平的城市化（30% EI），这些城市化发展相对较晚（过去25年）。在这个范围内也观察到严重的通道切口，提示形态不稳定的关键窗口。渠道最终是否会稳定（不需要大量干预来强化渠道）仍不确定。总的来说，研究结果强调了通过反复观察验证空间替代时间方法的重要性，以更好地制定更可靠的城市通道演变和流管理策略。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying gravel-sand transition zones in alluvial plains using normalized steepness index 利用归一化坡度指数识别冲积平原砂砾-砂过渡带

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110151

Kazuki Yoshida , Mamoru Koarai

Identifying gravel-sand transition (GST) location, where riverbed sediments shift from coarse gravel to fine sandy-muddy materials, is crucial for assessing natural disaster risk. However, GST zones remain unidentified on Japan's landform classification maps, complicating disaster risk assessments. Therefore, here, we aimed to investigate differences in the formation zones of gravelly and sandy-muddy alluvial plains in Japan, and GST zones in previous studies both within and outside Japan. To this end, we analyzed the longitudinal valley slope (S) and upstream drainage area (A) of 118 rivers in median- to large-scale alluvial plains of Japan, calculated using digital terrain models derived from Light Detection and Ranging. Sediment types from the surface to a depth of 3 m were obtained from borehole log data. Additionally, we calculated S and A values for small- to median-scale alluvial plains across six regions of Japan with different river sedimentation environments. The transition from gravelly to sandy-muddy alluvial plains systematically occurred at a normalized steepness index (k_sn) value of 10–20 m^0.9. This threshold corresponded to the observed relationship between k_sn and the median grain size of riverbed sediments: when k_sn was below 20 m^0.9, fine-grained sediments, including sand, became dominant. This threshold is consistent with GST zones reported globally. As k_sn can be derived solely from terrain data, without requiring field observations, it offers a practical method for generating simple, area-based landform classification maps. This approach is especially useful for the rapid creation of hazard maps, such as those predicting liquefaction risk.

确定砾石-砂过渡（GST）位置，即河床沉积物从粗砾石向细砂-泥质物质转变的位置，对于评估自然灾害风险至关重要。然而，在日本的地形分类地图上，商品及服务税区域仍未确定，这使灾害风险评估变得复杂。因此，在此，我们旨在研究日本砂砾质和砂质泥质冲积平原的形成带与日本国内外前人研究的GST形成带的差异。为此，我们分析了日本中尺度冲积平原118条河流的纵向河谷坡度(S)和上游流域面积(A)，并使用基于Light Detection and Ranging的数字地形模型进行了计算。利用钻孔测井资料获得了地表至3 m深度的沉积物类型。此外，我们还计算了日本6个不同河流沉积环境的小到中尺度冲积平原的S和A值。砾石冲积平原向砂质泥质冲积平原的转变系统地发生在归一化陡度指数（ksn）为10 ~ 20 m0.9的范围内。该阈值与观测到的ksn与河床沉积物中位粒径之间的关系相对应，当ksn低于20 m0.9时，细粒沉积物（包括砂）占主导地位。这一阈值与全球报告的GST区域一致。由于ksn可以完全从地形数据中获得，而不需要实地观测，因此它为生成简单的、基于区域的地形分类图提供了一种实用的方法。这种方法对于快速创建危险图特别有用，例如预测液化风险。

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引用次数: 0

Toward an efficient framework for remote sensing of river bathymetry: Comparing sensors and algorithms on an inaccessible proglacial river in Alaska 迈向河流测深遥感的有效框架：在阿拉斯加一条难以接近的前冰川河流上比较传感器和算法

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110140

Carl J. Legleiter , Christina M. Leonard , Paul A. Burger , Addison G. Pletcher , Paul J. Kinzel

Remote sensing can provide reliable information on river depths and this approach might be particularly valuable in areas that are difficult to survey via conventional field methods. In this study, we assessed the potential to map the bathymetry of an inaccessible proglacial river in Alaska from both aerial orthophotos and a multispectral satellite image. In addition, we evaluated a variety of depth retrieval algorithms with different input data requirements, including some methods that require field measurements of water depth for calibration and other techniques that can be applied even when such field data are not available. These approaches might enable more efficient use of remote sensing methods by resource management agencies. Our results suggest that bathymetric mapping along the turquoise-colored river we examined was not only feasible but highly accurate (

R^{2}

up to 0.94) for both types of image data. Algorithms that use paired observations of depth and reflectance to train depth retrieval models were the most accurate, with errors on the order of 15%–20% and little or no bias. Alternative techniques based on hydraulic and statistical concepts also led to strong agreement between predicted and observed depths but were more susceptible to systematic biases toward under- or over-estimation of depth. In contrast to clear-flowing streams, bathymetric mapping in this environment was enabled by a direct relationship between the depth and brightness of the water due to scattering by suspended sediment. In selecting an appropriate depth retrieval method, a compromise might need to be reached between the level of field effort invested and the accuracy of the resulting image-derived bathymetry. Standalone software for implementing these techniques is freely available.

遥感可以提供关于河流深度的可靠信息，这种方法在难以通过常规实地方法进行调查的地区可能特别有价值。在这项研究中，我们评估了从航空正射影像和多光谱卫星图像中绘制阿拉斯加一条难以进入的前冰川河流的测深图的潜力。此外，我们还评估了不同输入数据要求的各种深度检索算法，包括一些需要现场测量水深进行校准的方法，以及即使没有现场数据也可以应用的其他技术。这些办法可能使资源管理机构能够更有效地利用遥感方法。我们的研究结果表明，对于这两种类型的图像数据，沿着绿松石色的河流进行水深测绘不仅可行，而且精度很高（R2高达0.94）。使用深度和反射率成对观测来训练深度检索模型的算法是最准确的，误差在15%-20%之间，几乎没有偏差。基于水力和统计概念的替代技术也使预测深度和观测深度之间的一致性很强，但更容易受到对深度估计不足或过高的系统性偏差的影响。与清澈的溪流相比，由于悬浮沉积物的散射，这种环境中的水深和亮度之间的直接关系使水深测绘成为可能。在选择适当的深度检索方法时，可能需要在投入的现场工作水平和由此产生的图像衍生测深精度之间达成妥协。实现这些技术的独立软件是免费的。

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引用次数: 0

Early-onset of rapid deposition rates of the Mangshan loess challenges the classical hypothesis of full Yellow River connection during the late Pleistocene 芒山黄土早发的快速沉积速率挑战了黄河在晚更新世完全贯通的经典假说

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110149

Yingyong Chen , Xiaodong Miao

Understanding the origin and evolution of the Yellow River is not only crucial for understanding the geomorphic and climatic history, but also pivotal due to its historical significance and ecological impact on China's environment. However, the timing of the full connection of the Yellow River, as a critical event in the genesis of this major river system, is still debated continuously. Among various competing hypotheses, the abrupt increase of deposition rates following paleosol 2 (S2 of Chinese loess sequence, starting at about 0.245 Ma at the late Pleistocene) of the Mangshan loess was considered as major evidence of the late Pleistocene hypothesis, which attributes this increase to a sudden connection of the Yellow River. Here we scrutinized the stratigraphy of the Mangshan loess and identified abrupt increase of deposition rates occurring significantly earlier (at layers L11, S10, S9, L8, L7, L3) than S2, undermining the late Pleistocene hypothesis of the Yellow River genesis in the perspective of time. Moreover, we attribute the abrupt deposition rates to episodic gully erosion of the Loess Plateau, a mechanism distinct from the late Pleistocene full-river connection hypothesis. Therefore, the hypothesis that the Yellow River fully connected during the late Pleistocene is mechanistically unsupported, suggesting this connection likely occurred much earlier than 0.245 Ma.

了解黄河的起源和演变不仅对了解地貌和气候历史至关重要，而且由于其历史意义和对中国环境的生态影响而至关重要。然而，作为这一主要水系形成过程中的一个关键事件，黄河完全贯通的时间仍然存在争议。在各种相互竞争的假说中，从晚更新世约0.245 Ma开始的古土壤2（中国黄土序列S2）沉积速率的突然增加被认为是晚更新世假说的主要证据，该假说将这种增加归因于黄河的突然连接。通过对芒山黄土地层的研究，发现其沉积速率的急剧增加（L11、S10、S9、L8、L7、L3层）明显早于S2层，从时间上破坏了黄河成因的晚更新世假说。此外，我们将突变沉积速率归因于黄土高原的幕式沟蚀，这一机制与晚更新世全河连接假说不同。因此，黄河在晚更新世完全连通的假设在力学上是不支持的，表明这种连接可能发生在0.245 Ma之前。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of large dams on the hydrological and sediment transport regime in the monsoon-dominated Krishna River Basin in India 大型水坝对印度季风主导的克里希纳河流域水文和泥沙运输制度的影响

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110141

Shantamoy Guha

Large dams significantly alter natural hydrological and sediment transport regimes, particularly in monsoon-dominated basins. This study investigates the effect of three large dams in the monsoon-dominated Krishna River Basin using multi-decadal flow and suspended sediment concentration data from respective downstream gauging stations, divided into pre-dam and post-dam periods. Indicators of hydrological alteration, flow and sediment duration curve (FDC), sediment rating curve, hysteresis loop (HL), and cross-wavelet transform (XWT) analyses were utlized to assess dam-induced impacts. Sediment rating curve and HL analyses were conducted for both monthly averages and events exceeding 5-year return period flood. Results reveal monthly monsoonal flow and sediment load reductions of ∼27–63 % and ∼27–98 %, respectively, during post-dam period. Contrary, several non-monsoon months exhibit up to 2 orders of magnitude increase, reflecting artificial water releases for irrigation and hydropower generation. A consistent decline of annual maximum flow and variable responses for annual minimum flow and both annual maximum and minimum sediment load were observed during post-dam time. Comparison of post-dam FDCs relative to pre-dam FDCs exhibits a reduction of high-flow events and sustenance of low-flow events. Two out of three stations show increased coefficients and decreased exponents in monthly sediment rating curves, implying increased sediment availability at lower discharge but lesser transport efficiency. However, monthly HLs and high-flow HL and rating relationships remain largely unaffected. Finally, XWT analysis demonstrates strong pre-dam coherence (0.25–1-year periodicities) between flow and sediment, which weakens post-impoundment, indicating decoupling between flow and sediment. Collectively, these findings reveal that the dam-induced regulation suppresses natural variability, significantly altering the hydrological and sediment transport regime.

大型水坝极大地改变了自然水文和沉积物运输制度，特别是在季风主导的盆地。本研究利用来自各自下游测量站的多年代际流量和悬沙浓度数据，研究了季风主导的克里希纳河流域三座大型水坝的影响，并将其分为大坝建成前和大坝建成后两个时期。利用水文变化指标、流沙持续时间曲线（FDC）、泥沙等级曲线、滞回线（HL）和交叉小波变换（XWT）分析来评估大坝的影响。对月平均和超过5年汛期的事件进行了泥沙等级曲线和HL分析。结果显示，在大坝后期，月季风流量和泥沙负荷分别减少了~ 27 - 63%和~ 27 - 98%。相反，几个非季风月份的降雨量增加了2个数量级，这反映了灌溉和水力发电的人工放水。在坝后时期，年最大流量持续下降，年最小流量和年最大、最小输沙量均有不同的响应。与坝前fdc相比，坝后fdc减少了高流量事件，维持了低流量事件。3个站点中有2个站点的月输沙率曲线系数增大，指数减小，表明在低流量条件下输沙率增加，但输沙效率降低。然而，月活率和高流量活率与评分关系基本未受影响。最后，XWT分析显示，坝前水沙关联性较强（0.25 - 1年周期性），蓄水后减弱，表明水沙关联性不强。总的来说，这些发现揭示了大坝诱导的调节抑制了自然变率，显著改变了水文和泥沙运输制度。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial heterogeneity of gully erosion and its dominants in multiple spatial scales in the Rolling Hilly Region of Northeastern China 东北起伏丘陵区多空间尺度沟壑侵蚀空间异质性及其优势

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110147

Xin Liu , Dichen Wang , Yulan Chen , Dan Li

Gully erosion is a common global degradation process with high spatial heterogeneity, because its influencing factors vary greatly in different spatial scales. However, the analyses of gully erosion and its influencing factors at different scales are lacking. Given this, gully interpretation was conducted in 5005 grids (1 km × 1 km) sampled from an area of 17.75 × 10⁴ km² by the stratified random sampling method to obtain gully area density in grids, geomorphic zone, and whole region scales in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China. Climate, topography, land cover, and human activity factors, including 18 potential parameters, were selected to explore the causes of spatial differentiation in gully erosion by using interpretable machine learning models. The research results indicated that the correlation coefficient and Nash's efficiency coefficient from the interpretable machine learning models are greater than 0.77 in all zones, and their simulation accuracy is satisfactory. Regionally, the annual average temperature significantly drove the spatial differentiation in gullies, increasing it above 3 °C and inhibiting it below this threshold. The dominant factors for plains, platforms, hills, and mountains were snow cover days, annual average temperatures, annual average temperatures, and annual minimum temperatures, respectively. At the grid scale, the annual average temperatures and annual maximum temperatures were identified as dominant drivers of gully densities in 23.31 % and 22.42 % of the study area, respectively. The main controlling factors had a significant spatial scale effect on gully erosion, suggesting that prevention and control measures based on the dominant factors at multiple scales should be implemented to decelerate gully erosion, protecting the ecology and land resources.

沟蚀是一种常见的全球性退化过程，其影响因素在不同空间尺度上存在较大差异，具有高度的空间异质性。然而，对不同尺度的沟蚀及其影响因素的分析缺乏。基于此，采用分层随机抽样的方法，在17.75 × 104 km2的区域内采样5005个栅格（1 km × 1 km）进行沟谷解译，获得了东北黑土区栅格、地貌带和全区域尺度上的沟谷面积密度。采用可解释的机器学习模型，选取气候、地形、土地覆盖和人类活动因子（包括18个潜在参数），探讨沟壑区侵蚀空间分异的原因。研究结果表明，各区域可解释机器学习模型的相关系数和Nash效率系数均大于0.77，模拟精度较好。从区域上看，年平均气温对沟壑区空间分异有显著的驱动作用，在3℃以上增加了沟壑区空间分异，在3℃以下抑制了沟壑区空间分异。平原、台地、丘陵和山地的主导因子分别是积雪日数、年平均气温、年平均气温和年最低气温。在栅格尺度上，年平均气温和年最高气温分别在23.31%和22.42%的研究区对沟谷密度起主导驱动作用。主要控制因素对沟蚀具有显著的空间尺度效应，建议在多尺度上实施基于主导因素的防治措施，以减缓沟蚀，保护生态和土地资源。

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引用次数: 0

Sand flux patterns derived from static morphology and migration behavior of barchan dunes in the Taklamakan Desert 塔克拉玛干沙漠barchan沙丘静态形态与迁移行为的沙通量模式

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110145

Yuan Wang, Peng Liang, Xiaoping Yang, Jiwei Wu, Tinglin Ru, Zihan Wu

Large-scale atmospheric circulations inferred from manually labeled dunes may be biased due to limitations in data quantity and regional representativeness. This study developed a post-processing workflow based on the adjacent dune similarity and applied it to mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN), extracting morphological metrics for 206,972 barchans (5113 with dynamics) in the Taklamakan Desert. Our results show that dune-derived near-surface wind circulations generally align with reanalysis data but exhibit significant deviations near mountain ranges due to topographic effects. Compared to static dune morphologies, multi-temporal analysis of dune migration provides a more reliable reference for identifying dominant sand-transporting winds by minimizing the effects of local wind variability, thus serving as a robust indicator for reconstructing long-term wind regimes. Dune dynamic patterns in the desert interior regions are more complex compared to those in the marginal areas. When using interior dunes to predict local circulation, it is essential to account for the influences of local topography and dune morphology variations. After correcting for the dune-size effect, the sand flux estimated from our dune celerity dataset demonstrates comparable magnitude and spatial distribution to reanalysis predictions. Notably, in areas with high barchan density, dune-based sand flux estimation reveals fine-scale variations in aeolian sediment transport.

由于数据量和区域代表性的限制，人工标记沙丘推断的大尺度大气环流可能存在偏差。本研究开发了基于相邻沙丘相似性的后处理工作流，并将其应用于基于掩膜区域的卷积神经网络（mask R-CNN），提取了塔克拉玛干沙漠206,972个沙丘（5113个带有动态特征）的形态特征。我们的研究结果表明，沙丘衍生的近地面风环流与再分析数据基本一致，但由于地形影响，在山脉附近表现出明显的偏差。与静态沙丘形态相比，沙丘迁移的多时相分析可以通过最大限度地减少局部风变率的影响，为识别主要输沙风提供更可靠的参考，从而作为重建长期风况的可靠指标。与边缘区相比，沙漠内陆区的沙丘动态格局更为复杂。在利用内部沙丘预测局地环流时，必须考虑局地地形和沙丘形态变化的影响。在对沙丘大小效应进行校正后，我们的沙丘速度数据集估计的沙通量与再分析预测的大小和空间分布相当。值得注意的是，在高barchan密度地区，基于沙丘的沙通量估算揭示了风沙输运的精细尺度变化。

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引用次数: 0

Tectonics-induced drainage-divide migration at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau 青藏高原北缘构造引起的流域分异迁移

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110143

Xun Zeng , Xibin Tan , Chao Zhou , Feng Shi

The northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (NMTP) has endured intensified tectonic deformation and topography evolution in the Cenozoic, mainly controlled by the sinistral strike-slip Altyn Tagh Fault. However, how the modern drainage morphology in this region evolves, which may contain important information about the tectonics and climate, remain unclear. Here we reveal the stability of the main drainage divide at the NMTP, using methods of χ plot and Gilbert metrics. We find the segments of the drainage divide close to the plateau margin generally move south, the segments those extend into the plateau (in the western part) are roughly in a steady state, and some segments around restraining bend along the Altyn Tagh fault are migrating northward. We further use numerical modeling to reveal the uplift of the plateau and the associated drainage evolution. The results suggest the southward migration of the main drainage divide at the NMTP is a topographic response to the tectonic uplift of the plateau related to the Tarim Basin. The difference in drainage-divide stability along the NMTP indicates the western part has a longer uplift history than the eastern part. The northward-migrating drainage-divide segments are driven by the differential uplift at the restraining bends along the strike-slip Altyn Tagh Fault. This study reveals that tectonics are main controlling factor of the drainage-divide migration at the NMTP.

青藏高原北缘新生代受阿尔金塔格左旋走滑断裂控制，构造变形和地形演化加剧。然而，该地区现代水系形态的演化过程仍不清楚，这可能包含有关构造和气候的重要信息。在这里，我们利用χ图和吉尔伯特度量的方法揭示了NMTP主要排水分界的稳定性。研究发现，靠近高原边缘的水系段总体上向南移动，向高原延伸（西部）的水系段基本处于稳定状态，阿尔金塔格断裂带约束弯曲附近的水系段有向北移动的趋势。我们进一步利用数值模拟来揭示高原的隆升和相关的流域演化。研究结果表明，NMTP主分水岭的南移是塔里木盆地相关高原构造隆升的地形响应。沿NMTP的分水稳定性差异表明，西部的隆升历史要比东部长。沿走滑阿尔金断裂带约束弯曲处的差异隆升驱动了向北迁移的水系段。研究表明，构造作用是NMTP流域分界运移的主要控制因素。

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引用次数: 0

Reduced channel migration rates in a braided reach owing to upstream damming 由于上游筑坝减少了辫状河段的河道迁移速率

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110142

Yifei Cheng , Junqiang Xia , Meirong Zhou , Shanshan Deng , Xixi Lu

Braided reaches are the most unstable channel type, prone to rapid and frequent migration. The construction of upstream dams significantly alters the downstream flow–sediment regime, leading to substantial variations in channel migration rates, which poses critical challenges for river management and training works. This study examines the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River, which exhibits intense channel adjustments and diverse migration patterns, serving as an ideal site to evaluate decadal-scale changes in thalweg and centerline migration rates. Based on long-term remote sensing imagery and cross-sectional profile measurements, results indicate that (i) a significant spatial and temporal reduction in channel migration rates has occurred. The average rate of thalweg migration in the braided reach reduced from 229 m/a during the pre-dam stage to 166 m/a during the post-dam stage, accompanied with the rate of centerline migration reducing from 122 to 76 m/a. The middle sub-reach was always the most active in the braided reach, but the spatial difference of channel migration rate reduced by around 20 % during the post-dam stage; (ii) the thalweg migration rate generally exceeded or equaled the centerline migration rate, but the discrepancy between these two types spatially varied. The smallest difference was observed in the upper sub-reach, and the largest in the middle sub-reach; and (iii) a reduction in channel migration rate was reconciled with the significant decrease in incoming sediment coefficient and the increase in bankfull depth caused by upstream damming, with the incoming sediment coefficient identified as the dominant controlling factor.

辫状河段是最不稳定的河道类型，易于快速和频繁的迁移。上游水坝的建设极大地改变了下游的流沙状态，导致河道迁移速率的实质性变化，这对河流管理和治理工程提出了严峻的挑战。本研究考察了黄河下游辫状河段，该河段表现出强烈的河道调整和多样化的迁移模式，可作为评估thalweg和中心线迁移率年代际变化的理想地点。基于长期遥感影像和断面剖面测量的结果表明：(1)河道迁移速率在时空上显著降低。辫状河段平均沙重迁移速率由坝前阶段的229 m/a降至坝后阶段的166 m/a，中心线迁移速率由122 m/a降至76 m/a。辫状河段中段始终是最活跃的河段，但在坝后阶段，河道迁移速率的空间差异减小了20%左右；②海重迁移速率总体上大于或等于中心线迁移速率，但两者之间的差异存在空间差异。上游差异最小，中游差异最大；(3)河道迁移速率的减小与上游筑坝引起的入沙系数的显著减小和岸深的增加相一致，入沙系数是主要的控制因素。

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引用次数: 0

What is the maximum elevation mountains can reach on Earth, the Moon, and Mars? 地球、月球和火星上山脉的最高海拔是多少？

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110144

Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza , Peter Dowd

The purpose of this paper is to compare the maximum theoretical and actual height of mountains on the Earth, Moon and Mars. This comparison requires a new definition of a mountain in which the reference to a global vertical datum is replaced by a local datum that is used for each topographic positive relief. Submarine topographies on Earth are also included as mountains. Although the Moon is the most likely to have the tallest mountains it has not had the effective geological processes required for mountain building. On Mars there is a high similarity between the maximum theoretical height and the heights of its giant volcanoes. On Earth, the geological factors of isostasy, fluvial and glacial erosion prevent mountains reaching their maximum theoretical height. On the Moon the highest mountains have been built by impact tectonics, whereas on Earth and Mars volcanism is the most efficient way of building a single mountain.

本文的目的是比较地球、月球和火星上山脉的最大理论高度和实际高度。这种比较需要对山进行新的定义，其中对全球垂直基准面的参考被用于每个地形正起伏的当地基准面所取代。地球上的海底地形也包括在山脉中。尽管月球最有可能拥有最高的山脉，但它还没有形成造山所需的有效地质过程。在火星上，最大理论高度和巨大火山的高度非常相似。在地球上，地壳均衡、河流和冰川侵蚀等地质因素阻碍了山脉达到最大理论高度。在月球上，最高的山脉是由撞击构造形成的，而在地球和火星上，火山作用是形成一座山的最有效方式。

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