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An association between genetic variation in Agouti Related Peptide (AGRP) gene and adaptability was investigated in Ganjam, Narayanpatana, Maraguda and Keonjhar goat populations of Odisha. The comparative quantitative expression of AGRP gene revealed higher expression in Maraguda and Keonjhar goats as compared to Ganjam and Narayanpatana goats. The bioinformatics analysis revealed the intricate mechanism of action for AGRP protein in the cellular pathway for thermal stress. The three-dimensional structure of AGRP protein was predicted and its stability was ascertained by constructing Ramchandran plot, aromatic receptor surface, hydrogen bond interaction and hydrophobicity plot. Momentous intracellular interaction of AGRP protein with leptin and ghrelin receptors was established through in silico analysis. The relationship between genetic variation with physiological, biochemical and haematological parameters was estimated by calculating the adaptability index (AI) through multivariate analysis. The relative importance of each variable in the adaptive responses of the four goat populations was assessed by path analysis. The difference in AI between the goat populations was slightly over 8%. This preliminary AI provides a potential decision-maker method to scale the resilience level of goats. The path analysis avowed that THI significantly modified the skin temperature and respiration rate which in turn will decrease the rectal temperature showing better adaptability. A comprehensive genetic and phenotypic analysis for thermal resilience in goats was established in this study.

C2H2-type zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) are crucial transcription factors in eukaryotes, playing significant roles in various biological processe. The Q-type ZFP, a plant-specific subfamily, are particularly important in responding to abiotic stresses. Wheat is a crucial staple crop in world, with drought significantly affecting its yield and quality. Developing drought-resistant varieties is one of the most cost-effective strategies to mitigate drought stress in wheat. Here, we identified 772 non-redundant members of the Q-type ZFP genes family in Triticeae. Among them, 267 genes were found in common wheat, 56 in wild emmer wheat, 157 in spelt wheat, 154 in durum wheat, 56 in Triticum urart, and 82 in Aegilops tauschii. The phylogenetic tree shows that the Q-type ZFP genes family can be divided into five groups. The Q-type ZFPs family are mainly regulated by MYB, MYC, and WRKY transcription factors. Moreover, there are a large number of drought stress and ABA-related cis-acting elements in the promoter region. We studied their gene structures and found that most genes have a single exon. In this study, we identified 76 tandemly duplicated gene pairs across the six species. A total of 3,445 collinear gene pairs were found, with 1,877 pairs in wheat. Furthermore, most collinear gene pairs have Ka/Ks values less than 1. Comparative analysis of multiple physiological indices, including relative coleoptile length and CAT activity, revealed that common wheat cultivars JM6425 and JM4293 exhibited stronger drought tolerance compared to JM4258 and JM5787. TaZFP3D-12 and TaZFP5D-22 exhibited similar expression patterns in drought-tolerant varieties, contrasting with those in drought-sensitive ones.

Potentilleae Sweet is a large tribe within Rosaceae Juss., with over 1700 species across 13 genera worldwide. Some achievements have been obtained in the study of phylogenetic relationships among Potentilleae genera and its origin and diversification, while its chloroplast (cp.) genome characteristics, mutational hotspots and adaptive evolution are still open questions. In this study, we conducted comparative genomic study on 79 complete cp. genomes of Potentilleae. The Potentilleae cp. genome has a typical quadripartite structure, with a total length of 150,586 - 156,798 bp and Guanine and cytosine (GC) content of 36.7-37.3%. Although some slight differences were present in cp. genome size, GC content, and inverted repeat (IR)/single-copy (SC) boundary regions, gene structure, gene content and gene order of the Potentilleae cp. genome were conserved. Thirteen regions (psaJ-rpl33, rpl16-rps3, petA-psbJ, rpl16 intron, rpl32-trnL^-UAG, trnH^-GUG-psbA, trnR^-UCU-atpA, ndhG-ndhI, accD-psaI, trnL^-UAA-trnF^-GAA, trnP^-UGG-psaJ, ycf4-cemA, ndhC-trnV^-UAC) were identified as excellent molecular markers for phylogenetic application. Twenty-three genes (rps16, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23, rpoA, rpoC2, psaA, psbB, psbC, psbH, psbF, psbJ, rbcL, ndhA, ndhB, ndhD, ndhF, ndhI, accD, ccsA, matK, ycf1, ycf2) were positively selected. The adaptive evolution of these genes might play essential roles in the long evolutionary history of Potentilleae. This study will lay a foundation for the future research on identification, phylogeny and adaptive evolution of Potentilleae species.

Sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq.) is widely distributed across mobile and semi-mobile sand dunes in Central Asia and can thrive in extreme environments, including drought, salinity, high temperatures, and UV radiation. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant growth and development, as well as in responses to various environmental stresses. However, a comprehensive analysis of the bHLH family in sand rice has not yet been conducted. In this study, a total of 69 bHLH genes (AsbHLHs) were identified and classified into 18 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Their physicochemical properties, bHLH domains, conserved motifs, and gene structures were further examined. Most AsbHLHs within the same subfamily shared similar characteristics. cis-Regulatory elements (CREs) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses suggested that AsbHLHs are involved in plant development, hormonal signaling, and stress responses. Transcriptomic analysis revealed tissue- and stress-responsive-specific expression profiles of AsbHLHs. qRT-PCR validation confirmed the expression of 69 AsbHLHs across different tissues and 17 genes under salt and drought stress, with AsbHLH7, 10, 20, 22, 32, 46, 53, 59, 64, 65, 68, and 69 proposed as potential regulators in stress response. Protein-protein interaction network predications showed that these proteins may potentially form complexes, which could participate in stress-related biological processes. Statistical analyses, including Mantel's test and redundancy analysis (RDA), revealed significant correlations between gene structural features and expression profiles. These findings suggest a potential framework for exploring the role of bHLH TFs in stress tolerance and adaptive mechanisms in sand rice.

Black flies (family Simuliidae) are globally distributed insects of great medical and veterinary importance. However, little is known about their mitogenomics. Therefore, in this study, the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of five black fly species‒Simulium bidentatum, S. siripoomense, S. fenestratum, S. chamlongi, S. quinquestriatum‒were sequenced using next-generation sequencing. We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of these mitogenomes focusing on sequence length, A + T content, A/T bias, A + T- rich regions, overlapping and intergenic regions, nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, and the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (Ka/Ks). Additionally, we analyzed the phylogenetic implications in combination with the Simuliidae and Nematocera species available in GenBank. The mitogenomes ranged from 15,739 to 16,451 base pairs (bp); each contained 37 genes, with no gene rearrangements. The tRNA^Ser (Ser1) lacks the dihydrouridine arm. Selection pressure analysis of 13 PCGs in 45 Nematocera mitogenomes revealed that nd2, nd5, nd4 l, and nd1 had Ka/Ks ratios greater than 1, indicating higher rates of non-synonymous substitutions. In contrast, cox1 showed the lowest Ka/Ks values, indicating strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of each subgenus within Simulium, but revealed different subgeneric relationships compared to previous studies. We also observed that different samples can yield different phylogenetic results for higher level relationships within Culicomorpha. The phylogenetic position of Anisopodidae within the Bibionomorpha remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

The genus Pithecellobium Mart. (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae) plays vital ecological roles, including nitrogen fixation and habitat stabilization, and holds significant medicinal and economic values. However, its genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships remain poorly understood. This study presents the first complete chloroplast (cp.) genome of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., a widely distributed tropical tree. The complete cp. genome was assembled de novo using NOVOPlasty and annotated with GeSeq and Geneious Prime. Repeat elements and codon usage analyses were analyzed using REPuter, Phobos, and Geneious Prime. Comparative genomic analyses included structural comparisons, IR expansion/contraction, and nucleotide divergence. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from protein-coding genes using IQ-TREE and MrBayes, with divergence times estimated via BEAST2. The cp. genome of P. dulce was 179,483 bp long, exhibiting a typical quadripartite structure with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 91,513 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 4,560 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 41,705 bp each. It encoded 142 genes, including 97 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Comparative analysis revealed a conserved genomic structure within the Pithecellobium subclade, with notable IR expansion into SSC and LSC regions. Phylogenetic analysis placed P. dulce within the Pithecellobium subclade, closely related to Ebenopsis ebano Britton & Rose and Havardia acatlensis (Benth.) Britton & Rose. Divergence time estimates suggest that Pithecellobium subclade diverged in the late Miocene (~ 29.96 Ma), with P. dulce and E. ebano separating around 16.79 Ma. This study provides an essential genomic resource for resolving phylogenetic relationships and advancing taxonomic research in Caesalpinioideae.

Aldehydes are reactive compounds that play crucial roles in various metabolic processes within plants. However, their accumulation can lead to toxic effects, Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) represent a diverse family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. ALDHs help mitigate the toxic effects of these compounds and maintain cellular homeostasis in plants. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis of the Medicago truncatula genome identified 27 MtALDHs, which were classified into ten distinct groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. The distribution of these families across the chromosomes of M. truncatula is uneven, with segmental duplications being the primary factor contributing to the expansion of this gene family within the species. The gene structure and motif analysis within each ALDH family in M. truncatula, along with its orthologous genes in Arabidopsis, exhibits a high degree of conservation. The promoter region analysis of these genes reveals a rich abundance of cis-regulatory elements that respond to various environmental stresses and hormones. Furthermore, examination of the expression patterns of MtALDH genes using available microarray data indicated that several of these genes exhibit high expression levels throughout all developmental stages in M. truncatula. Additionally, some genes display tissue-specific expression and are induced in response to salt stress, suggesting a significant role for these genes in growth processes and stress responses within M. truncatula. The findings from this study provide essential insights and data necessary for the functional evaluation of each MtALDH gene during developmental stages and in response to environmental stresses.

The protein phosphatase 2 C (PP2C) plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants. However, limited information on the PP2C genes in Chimonanthus spp. is available. Therefore, the comprehensive genome-wide identification and analysis of the PP2Cs gene family is necessary in Chimonanthus spp. to provide basic information for further study. In this work, 93 members of the CsPP2C gene family and 85 members of the CpPP2C gene family were identified. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, 93 CsPP2Cs and 85 CpPP2Cs genes were classified into 13 subgroups. Based on RNA-Seq data, specific expression patterns of CsPP2Cs in different tissues were identified. CsPP2C28, CsPP2C55, and CsPP2C17 showed high expression during leaf senescence, and combined with cis-element analysis, it is speculated that they may participate in regulating plant senescence. CsPP2C47, CsPP2C27, CsPP2C42, and CsPP2C41 may play an important role in responding to abscisic acid during seed dormancy and germination. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the functions of the CsPP2C gene family and CpPP2C gene family, and providing candidate genes for genetic engineering and breeding to enhance important traits such as stress resistance and growth development in C. salicifolius and C. praecox.

In insects, chromosomal inversion polymorphism has been related with different adaptations, including global warming. Regarding this environmental change, Drosophila subobscura stands out as a useful model species due to its rich inversion polymorphism covering the whole karyotype. The main aims of this research were to analyze the differentiation of this polymorphism in Jastrebac Mt. (Serbia) depending on the different habitats (beech and oak forests) and over time. These latter changes were studied in relation to climatic variables (mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, humidity and rainfall). Microdifferentiation was observed between beech and oak forests, mainly for the A and O chromosomes. However, the changes over time turned out to be larger than those due to habitat. In Jastrebac Mt., temperatures increased over time, with this increase being significant for mean and minimum one. The Multidimensional Scaling analysis showed a relation between chromosomal inversions and temperatures (mainly minimum) in Jastrebac Mt. and other Serbian populations of D. subobscura. In beech forest of Jastrebac Mt., the Chromosomal Thermal Index increased over time from 1990 to 1994, but showing a possible stabilization in 2023. This result was observed in other studied Serbian populations. Although those are preliminary results, it might hypothesize that there may be a threshold for the action of natural selection, increasing 'warm' adaptive inversions and decreasing 'cold' ones. The possible reasons for this hypothesis are also discussed.

The taxonomic classification of the Spanish Moon Moth has been contentious for over a century, with debates over its placement within the genera Graellsia and Actias. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of this iconic insect, revealing a closed circular molecule of 15,252 bp containing 37 genes, consistent with the mitochondrial genomes of other Lepidoptera. Phylomitogenomic analyses confirm that the Spanish Moon Moth clusters monophyletically with Actias dubernardi and the other species of this genus, supporting the assertion that Graellsia is a junior synonym of Actias. Our findings further highlight that the shared ancestry of these species suggests a common evolutionary origin for the pine-feeding trait, challenging previous notions of parallel evolution. The implications of this taxonomic revision are significant, as Actias isabellae is protected under various European conservation laws. This research provides the crucial genetic data necessary for the formal recognition of Actias isabellae, potentially prompting updates to legal classifications and enhancing our understanding of Lepidopteran biodiversity.