Pub Date : 2021-04-20DOI: 10.12987/9780300258684-011
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300258684-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300258684-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"65 1","pages":"482 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47868588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000074
K. Edwards
James Croll left school at the age of 13 years, yet while a janitor in Glasgow he published a landmark paper on astronomically-related climate change, claimed as ‘the most important discovery in paleoclimatology’, and which brought him to the attention of Charles Darwin, William Thomson and John Tyndall, amongst others. By 1867 he was persuaded to become Secretary and Accountant of the newly established Geological Survey of Scotland in Edinburgh, and a year after the appearance of his keynote volume Climate and time in 1875, he was lauded with an honorary doctorate from Scotland's oldest university, Fellowship of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Membership of the New York Academy of Sciences. Using a range of archival and published sources, this paper explores aspects of his ‘journey’ and the background to the award of these major accolades. It also discusses why he never became a Fellow of his national academy, the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the world of 19th-Century science, Croll was not unusual in being both an autodidact and of humble origins, nor was he lacking in support for his endeavours. It is possible that a combination of Croll's modesty and innovative genius fostered advancement, though this did not hinder a willingness to engage in vigorous argument.
{"title":"James Croll and 1876: an exceptional year for a ‘singularly modest man’","authors":"K. Edwards","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 James Croll left school at the age of 13 years, yet while a janitor in Glasgow he published a landmark paper on astronomically-related climate change, claimed as ‘the most important discovery in paleoclimatology’, and which brought him to the attention of Charles Darwin, William Thomson and John Tyndall, amongst others. By 1867 he was persuaded to become Secretary and Accountant of the newly established Geological Survey of Scotland in Edinburgh, and a year after the appearance of his keynote volume Climate and time in 1875, he was lauded with an honorary doctorate from Scotland's oldest university, Fellowship of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Membership of the New York Academy of Sciences. Using a range of archival and published sources, this paper explores aspects of his ‘journey’ and the background to the award of these major accolades. It also discusses why he never became a Fellow of his national academy, the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the world of 19th-Century science, Croll was not unusual in being both an autodidact and of humble origins, nor was he lacking in support for his endeavours. It is possible that a combination of Croll's modesty and innovative genius fostered advancement, though this did not hinder a willingness to engage in vigorous argument.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49200955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000189
Chunli Zheng, Hong-kai Liao, Chenglong Tu
ABSTRACT Antibiotic residues have entered into the environment owing to the unreasonable use and disposal of antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a huge threat to ecosystems and human health. In this study, the network analysis method was used to compare publications on antibiotics in water, soil and sediment from the aspects of countries, institutes, journals, subject categories and keywords based on Web of Science Core Collection. The results indicated that the United States of America and China had dominant positions of studies on antibiotics. The Chinese Academy of Sciences published the most articles on antibiotic research. ‘Chemosphere’, ‘Science of the Total Environment’, ‘Environmental Science and Technology’ and ‘Applied and Environmental Microbiology’ all appeared in the top six journals. ‘Environmental Sciences and Ecology’ was the core subject category of antibiotic research. Further analysis results depicted that ‘Antibiotics’, ‘Tetracycline’ and ‘Antibiotic Resistance’ were found as the research hotspots. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline all showed in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics research in water, soil and sediment. However, chlortetracycline, sulfadiazine and tylosin all emerged only in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics study in soil. In future, more attention should be paid to antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance bacteria in antibiotics research.
由于抗生素的不合理使用和处置，抗生素残留已进入环境。抗生素耐药性的出现对生态系统和人类健康构成巨大威胁。本研究采用网络分析法，基于Web of Science Core Collection，从国家、研究所、期刊、学科类别和关键词等方面对水、土壤和沉积物中抗生素的相关出版物进行比较。结果表明，美国和中国在抗菌药物研究方面占主导地位。中国科学院发表的关于抗生素研究的文章最多。“化学圈”、“全环境科学”、“环境科学与技术”和“应用与环境微生物学”都出现在前六名的期刊中。“环境科学与生态学”是抗生素研究的核心学科类别。进一步分析结果显示，“抗生素”、“四环素”和“抗生素耐药性”是研究热点。四环素和土霉素均出现在水、土壤和沉积物中抗生素研究的前50个关键词中。然而，在土壤抗生素研究的前50个关键词中，仅出现了氯四环素、磺胺嘧啶和泰络菌素。今后，抗生素研究应更多地关注抗生素耐药基因和抗生素耐药菌。
{"title":"Global trends of antibiotics research: comparison using network analysis to map the tendencies of antibiotics in water, soil and sediment","authors":"Chunli Zheng, Hong-kai Liao, Chenglong Tu","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000189","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Antibiotic residues have entered into the environment owing to the unreasonable use and disposal of antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a huge threat to ecosystems and human health. In this study, the network analysis method was used to compare publications on antibiotics in water, soil and sediment from the aspects of countries, institutes, journals, subject categories and keywords based on Web of Science Core Collection. The results indicated that the United States of America and China had dominant positions of studies on antibiotics. The Chinese Academy of Sciences published the most articles on antibiotic research. ‘Chemosphere’, ‘Science of the Total Environment’, ‘Environmental Science and Technology’ and ‘Applied and Environmental Microbiology’ all appeared in the top six journals. ‘Environmental Sciences and Ecology’ was the core subject category of antibiotic research. Further analysis results depicted that ‘Antibiotics’, ‘Tetracycline’ and ‘Antibiotic Resistance’ were found as the research hotspots. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline all showed in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics research in water, soil and sediment. However, chlortetracycline, sulfadiazine and tylosin all emerged only in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics study in soil. In future, more attention should be paid to antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance bacteria in antibiotics research.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"51 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45686664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000025
Q. Hou, Chuanlong Mou, Zuozhen Han, Xiangying Ge, Qiyu Wang
ABSTRACT During the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian, chert was widely distributed in the Zhongbao Formation in the eastern part of the North Qilian Orogen. The origin and the tectonic setting of these chert were largely unknown. In order to analyse the material provenance, sedimentary environment, their formation and the tectonic setting, we present petrology and geochemical research on chert samples collected from Shihuigou Section. The evidence provided by radiolarite occurrences, Aluminium (Al)–iron (Fe)–manganese diagram and the silicon(Si)/Si + Al + Fe + calcium ratios suggesting a non-hydrothermal input and the biogenic origin chert. The geochemical features and the petrographic signatures have shown that the chert was also influenced by a terrigenous origin. It is considered that the deposition of the Late Ordovician chert is mainly affected by tectonic collision and volcanic ash events. During the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian transition, huge amounts of volcanic ash were released by massive volcanic activity that fell into the ocean, triggering the proliferation of radiolarians. Finally, in the Late Ordovician–Lower Silurian the tectonic setting of the North Qilian Orogen was not a typical deep-water basin, nor a typical continental margin, but a multi-island deep-water basin, which is closed to the mainland.
{"title":"Origin of chert in the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian: implications for the sedimentary environment of North Qilian Orogen","authors":"Q. Hou, Chuanlong Mou, Zuozhen Han, Xiangying Ge, Qiyu Wang","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000025","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian, chert was widely distributed in the Zhongbao Formation in the eastern part of the North Qilian Orogen. The origin and the tectonic setting of these chert were largely unknown. In order to analyse the material provenance, sedimentary environment, their formation and the tectonic setting, we present petrology and geochemical research on chert samples collected from Shihuigou Section. The evidence provided by radiolarite occurrences, Aluminium (Al)–iron (Fe)–manganese diagram and the silicon(Si)/Si + Al + Fe + calcium ratios suggesting a non-hydrothermal input and the biogenic origin chert. The geochemical features and the petrographic signatures have shown that the chert was also influenced by a terrigenous origin. It is considered that the deposition of the Late Ordovician chert is mainly affected by tectonic collision and volcanic ash events. During the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian transition, huge amounts of volcanic ash were released by massive volcanic activity that fell into the ocean, triggering the proliferation of radiolarians. Finally, in the Late Ordovician–Lower Silurian the tectonic setting of the North Qilian Orogen was not a typical deep-water basin, nor a typical continental margin, but a multi-island deep-water basin, which is closed to the mainland.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"13 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43808443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TRE volume 112 issue 1 Cover and Back matter","authors":"Sara Lifshits, Q. Hou, Chuanlong Mou, Zuozhen Han, Qiyu Wang, Chunli Zheng, Hongkai Liao","doi":"10.1017/s1755691021000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"b1 - b5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s1755691021000220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41882487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1755691021000219
{"title":"TRE volume 112 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1755691021000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000219","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s1755691021000219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45812807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000013
S. Lifshits
ABSTRACT Hydrocarbon migration mechanism into a reservoir is one of the most controversial in oil and gas geology. The research aimed to study the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (СО2) on the permeability of sedimentary rocks (carbonates, argillite, oil shale), which was assessed by the yield of chloroform extracts and gas permeability (carbonate, argillite) before and after the treatment of rocks with supercritical СО2. An increase in the permeability of dense potentially oil-source rocks has been noted, which is explained by the dissolution of carbonates to bicarbonates due to the high chemical activity of supercritical СО2 and water dissolved in it. Similarly, in geological processes, the introduction of deep supercritical fluid into sedimentary rocks can increase the permeability and, possibly, the porosity of rocks, which will facilitate the primary migration of hydrocarbons and improve the reservoir properties of the rocks. The considered mechanism of hydrocarbon migration in the flow of deep supercritical fluid makes it possible to revise the time and duration of the formation of gas–oil deposits decreasingly, as well as to explain features in the formation of various sources of hydrocarbons and observed inflow of oil into operating and exhausted wells.
{"title":"Deep fluids and their role in hydrocarbon migration and oil deposit formation exemplified by supercritical СO2","authors":"S. Lifshits","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000013","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hydrocarbon migration mechanism into a reservoir is one of the most controversial in oil and gas geology. The research aimed to study the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (СО2) on the permeability of sedimentary rocks (carbonates, argillite, oil shale), which was assessed by the yield of chloroform extracts and gas permeability (carbonate, argillite) before and after the treatment of rocks with supercritical СО2. An increase in the permeability of dense potentially oil-source rocks has been noted, which is explained by the dissolution of carbonates to bicarbonates due to the high chemical activity of supercritical СО2 and water dissolved in it. Similarly, in geological processes, the introduction of deep supercritical fluid into sedimentary rocks can increase the permeability and, possibly, the porosity of rocks, which will facilitate the primary migration of hydrocarbons and improve the reservoir properties of the rocks. The considered mechanism of hydrocarbon migration in the flow of deep supercritical fluid makes it possible to revise the time and duration of the formation of gas–oil deposits decreasingly, as well as to explain features in the formation of various sources of hydrocarbons and observed inflow of oil into operating and exhausted wells.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49363922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000049
M. J. Van den Brandt, B. Rubidge, J. Benoit, F. Abdala
ABSTRACT Pareiasaurs were globally distributed, abundant, herbivorous parareptiles with the basal-most members found only in the mid-Permian of South Africa. These basal forms form a monophyletic group and were locally abundant and became extinct at the top of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone at the end of the Guadalupian. Four species of basal pareiasaurs are currently recognised: Bradysaurus baini, B. seeleyi, Embrithosaurus schwarzi and Nochelesaurus alexanderi, but they are all poorly understood and there remains historic uncertainty as to their validity. In this paper, our second contribution designed to improve understanding of the basal group, we present the first detailed cranial description and updated diagnosis for Nochelesaurus alexanderi and demonstrate that it is a distinct taxon based on one cranial autapomorphy, a large transversely wide postparietal, and a combination of cranial characters. Within the local group of mid-Permian pareiasaurs, we recognise new dental features of Nochelesaurus alexanderi: non-symmetrical marginal cusp arrangements on upper and lower teeth resulting from an extra basal mesial cusp; an incipient horizontal cingulum on lower jaw teeth, sometimes with one or two tiny medial cingular cusps; and up to ten marginal cusps. Our study demonstrates that tooth morphology and orientation, cranial ornamentation, morphology of the cheek bosses, shape of the postfrontal and postparietal, and morphology of the distal paroccipital process of the opisthotic are the most useful to identify South African mid-Permian pareiasaurs.
{"title":"Cranial morphology of the middle Permian pareiasaur Nochelesaurus alexanderi from the Karoo Basin of South Africa","authors":"M. J. Van den Brandt, B. Rubidge, J. Benoit, F. Abdala","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000049","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Pareiasaurs were globally distributed, abundant, herbivorous parareptiles with the basal-most members found only in the mid-Permian of South Africa. These basal forms form a monophyletic group and were locally abundant and became extinct at the top of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone at the end of the Guadalupian. Four species of basal pareiasaurs are currently recognised: Bradysaurus baini, B. seeleyi, Embrithosaurus schwarzi and Nochelesaurus alexanderi, but they are all poorly understood and there remains historic uncertainty as to their validity. In this paper, our second contribution designed to improve understanding of the basal group, we present the first detailed cranial description and updated diagnosis for Nochelesaurus alexanderi and demonstrate that it is a distinct taxon based on one cranial autapomorphy, a large transversely wide postparietal, and a combination of cranial characters. Within the local group of mid-Permian pareiasaurs, we recognise new dental features of Nochelesaurus alexanderi: non-symmetrical marginal cusp arrangements on upper and lower teeth resulting from an extra basal mesial cusp; an incipient horizontal cingulum on lower jaw teeth, sometimes with one or two tiny medial cingular cusps; and up to ten marginal cusps. Our study demonstrates that tooth morphology and orientation, cranial ornamentation, morphology of the cheek bosses, shape of the postfrontal and postparietal, and morphology of the distal paroccipital process of the opisthotic are the most useful to identify South African mid-Permian pareiasaurs.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"29 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43480380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1017/s175569102100013x
D. Foffa, R. Butler, S. Nesbitt, S. Walsh, P. Barrett, S. Brusatte, N. Fraser, Yao Chen, Hui Qian, Zixiang Wang
{"title":"TRE volume 111 issue 4 Cover and Back matter","authors":"D. Foffa, R. Butler, S. Nesbitt, S. Walsh, P. Barrett, S. Brusatte, N. Fraser, Yao Chen, Hui Qian, Zixiang Wang","doi":"10.1017/s175569102100013x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s175569102100013x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":" ","pages":"b1 - b5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s175569102100013x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44709147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1017/s1755691021000128
{"title":"TRE volume 111 issue 4 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1755691021000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000128","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s1755691021000128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44185095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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