Shrubs are widespread at higher altitudes and latitudes. Dendrochronology of shrub growth has been intensively studied in the circumpolar Arctic, Mediterranean and Patagonia. However, relatively little is known about shrub growth responses to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau. Herein, we investigate climate sensitivity of Salix oritrepha growth along a north–south (35–39° N) latitudinal gradient on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Four S. oritrepha shrub sites were selected for dendrochronology study. Pearson and partial correlation analyses were used to estimate strength of the climate sensitivity of the growth time series at each site. We found that not all of the site chronologies show consistent variations. Despite of this, its radial growth was primarily limited by the July mean temperature across the latitudinal gradient, and warming summer climate tends to increase the growth of S. oritrepha on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
{"title":"Climate response of Salix oritrepha growth along a latitudinal gradient on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Lu Xiaoming, S. Sigdel, B. Dawadi, Wang YaFeng","doi":"10.12657/DENBIO.081.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/DENBIO.081.002","url":null,"abstract":"Shrubs are widespread at higher altitudes and latitudes. Dendrochronology of shrub growth has been intensively studied in the circumpolar Arctic, Mediterranean and Patagonia. However, relatively little is known about shrub growth responses to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau. Herein, we investigate climate sensitivity of Salix oritrepha growth along a north–south (35–39° N) latitudinal gradient on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Four S. oritrepha shrub sites were selected for dendrochronology study. Pearson and partial correlation analyses were used to estimate strength of the climate sensitivity of the growth time series at each site. We found that not all of the site chronologies show consistent variations. Despite of this, its radial growth was primarily limited by the July mean temperature across the latitudinal gradient, and warming summer climate tends to increase the growth of S. oritrepha on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47814828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction of foreign tree species to new areas facilitates an increase in species biodiversity and possibilities for growth of tree stands. Many years of research related to survival rate, basic growth features and evaluation of a sensitivity to climatic conditions of a new habitat is necessary to achieve a successful introduction. The paper presents the results of the research on the adaptation of grand fir to the climatic conditions in the provenance trial located in the lower montane forest belt. The dendroclimatic research has concerned the offsprings of 7 grand fir provenances originated from North America. A total of 24 trees from each provenance were selected and two cores from each tree were taken. Principal component analysis of tree-ring widths was used to classify the provenances. The climate elements described by PC1 and PC2 were identified on the basis of bootstrap correlation function. Survival rate, height and diameter at breast height of trees were also analysed. The features of the studied provenances showed significant differences. The variation of the inter-provenance survival rate and the increase in tree height of particular provenances were determined principally by the genotype. Grand firs trees from Region I exhibited superior survival rates and better dynamic increases in tree height. The variability of these two features had the character of clinal variation because they primarily depended on the elevation and the latitude of the maternal tree stands. Two groups of provenances which were connected with the regions of their natural distribution were characterized on the basis of the features of the short-term rhythm of the radial increments. The provenances of two specific groups revealed different sensitivity to temperature, rainfall, humidity and sunshine. The greatest effect on the variation of radial increments had been produced by the moisture and pluvial factors whilst the solar factor had produced the least effect on it. The air temperature made also a relatively high contribution to their radial increments. Grand fir trees from the Salmon River provenance in British Columbia provided the best trees from the cultivation point of view. The provenances from Vancouver Island and the western slope of the Cascadian Mountains in Washington State have been regarded as the best for introducing and acclimatising to the conditions of the Carpathian Mts.
{"title":"The growth of seven Abies grandis provenances in the climatic conditions of the Polish Carpathian Mountains","authors":"S. Wilczyński, M. Kulej","doi":"10.12657/DENBIO.081.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/DENBIO.081.001","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of foreign tree species to new areas facilitates an increase in species biodiversity and possibilities for growth of tree stands. Many years of research related to survival rate, basic growth features and evaluation of a sensitivity to climatic conditions of a new habitat is necessary to achieve a successful introduction. The paper presents the results of the research on the adaptation of grand fir to the climatic conditions in the provenance trial located in the lower montane forest belt. The dendroclimatic research has concerned the offsprings of 7 grand fir provenances originated from North America. A total of 24 trees from each provenance were selected and two cores from each tree were taken. Principal component analysis of tree-ring widths was used to classify the provenances. The climate elements described by PC1 and PC2 were identified on the basis of bootstrap correlation function. Survival rate, height and diameter at breast height of trees were also analysed. The features of the studied provenances showed significant differences. The variation of the inter-provenance survival rate and the increase in tree height of particular provenances were determined principally by the genotype. Grand firs trees from Region I exhibited superior survival rates and better dynamic increases in tree height. The variability of these two features had the character of clinal variation because they primarily depended on the elevation and the latitude of the maternal tree stands. Two groups of provenances which were connected with the regions of their natural distribution were characterized on the basis of the features of the short-term rhythm of the radial increments. The provenances of two specific groups revealed different sensitivity to temperature, rainfall, humidity and sunshine. The greatest effect on the variation of radial increments had been produced by the moisture and pluvial factors whilst the solar factor had produced the least effect on it. The air temperature made also a relatively high contribution to their radial increments. Grand fir trees from the Salmon River provenance in British Columbia provided the best trees from the cultivation point of view. The provenances from Vancouver Island and the western slope of the Cascadian Mountains in Washington State have been regarded as the best for introducing and acclimatising to the conditions of the Carpathian Mts.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46246247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Behnke-Borowczyk, H. Kwaśna, K. Kokot, Maciej Hałuszczak, P. Łakomy
Deadwood is an important functional and structural component of forest ecosystems since it regulates nutrient cycling, serves as a carbon (C) pool, increases the C content in the soil, and is a source of resources, including water, for a wide range of saproxylic and non-saproxylic organisms. The abundance and diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in six fallen, horizontally lying logs of Quercus petraea, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd decay classes, in the Drawa National Park in Poland in 2015, were studied using the Illumina sequencing technique. The total number of OTUs obtained (264 307) included sequences of culturable fungi (242 369 = 91.70%) and non-culturable fungi (7 056 = 2.66%). The dead oak wood was colonized by 277 taxa. Culturable fungi of Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota comprised 75% of taxa detected and were represented by 14, 139 and 53 taxa respectively. Non-culturable organisms were represented by 70 taxa. Fungi were classified into 18 groups: (i) typical soft rot fungi, (ii) phytopathogens potentially hazardous to trees, (iii) epiphytes and endophytes or weak, opportunistic pathogens, (iv) ectomycorrhizal species, (v) ericoid mycorrhizal species, (vi) crust fungi, (vii) resupinate basidiomycetes, (viii) saprotrophs and soil fungi, (ix) opportunistic human pathogens causing superficial or systemic mycoses, (x) pathogens of warmor cold-blooded animals, (xi) ascomycetous yeasts, (xii) basidiomycetous yeasts, (xiii) antagonists of fungi, (xiv) producers of metabolites effective against pathogens, (xv) hyperparasites, (xvi) lichen-forming species, (xvii) partners of other fungi, (xviii) species rare or uncommon in nature. It was shown that: (i) coarse, woody debris of oak is host to abundant and diverse mycobiota, (ii) abundance and diversity of fungi increase with the decay continuum, (iii) oak logs can be a habitat of phytopathogens potentially hazardous to forest health, (iv) different phytopathogens favour wood in different decay classes, (v) abundance of pathogens decreases, and of ericoid mycorrhizal (or soil) species increases with the decay continuum. Maintaining different types of deadwood increases fungal diversity, but also the risk of diseases.
{"title":"Abundance and diversity of fungi in oak wood","authors":"J. Behnke-Borowczyk, H. Kwaśna, K. Kokot, Maciej Hałuszczak, P. Łakomy","doi":"10.12657/denbio.080.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.080.014","url":null,"abstract":"Deadwood is an important functional and structural component of forest ecosystems since it regulates nutrient cycling, serves as a carbon (C) pool, increases the C content in the soil, and is a source of resources, including water, for a wide range of saproxylic and non-saproxylic organisms. The abundance and diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in six fallen, horizontally lying logs of Quercus petraea, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd decay classes, in the Drawa National Park in Poland in 2015, were studied using the Illumina sequencing technique. The total number of OTUs obtained (264 307) included sequences of culturable fungi (242 369 = 91.70%) and non-culturable fungi (7 056 = 2.66%). The dead oak wood was colonized by 277 taxa. Culturable fungi of Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota comprised 75% of taxa detected and were represented by 14, 139 and 53 taxa respectively. Non-culturable organisms were represented by 70 taxa. Fungi were classified into 18 groups: (i) typical soft rot fungi, (ii) phytopathogens potentially hazardous to trees, (iii) epiphytes and endophytes or weak, opportunistic pathogens, (iv) ectomycorrhizal species, (v) ericoid mycorrhizal species, (vi) crust fungi, (vii) resupinate basidiomycetes, (viii) saprotrophs and soil fungi, (ix) opportunistic human pathogens causing superficial or systemic mycoses, (x) pathogens of warmor cold-blooded animals, (xi) ascomycetous yeasts, (xii) basidiomycetous yeasts, (xiii) antagonists of fungi, (xiv) producers of metabolites effective against pathogens, (xv) hyperparasites, (xvi) lichen-forming species, (xvii) partners of other fungi, (xviii) species rare or uncommon in nature. It was shown that: (i) coarse, woody debris of oak is host to abundant and diverse mycobiota, (ii) abundance and diversity of fungi increase with the decay continuum, (iii) oak logs can be a habitat of phytopathogens potentially hazardous to forest health, (iv) different phytopathogens favour wood in different decay classes, (v) abundance of pathogens decreases, and of ericoid mycorrhizal (or soil) species increases with the decay continuum. Maintaining different types of deadwood increases fungal diversity, but also the risk of diseases.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"117 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41250550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wang Minghao, Wang Jingru, Zhang Aiping, Z. Xiaowei, Sun Shan, Zhao Changming
Background: Plants have adapted to fine-scale environmental heterogeneity through ecologically important traits, leading to new lineages. This suggests that differentiation of important traits has been beneficial to habitat partitioning among closely related species. However, the pattern of ecological divergences and differentiation of functional traits in combination with phylogenetic relationships have not been widely examined. Material and methods: To illustrate the pattern of ecological divergences of nine Picea species, spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (seeva) was used to quantify and test the divergence between sister lineages. Five functional traits were measured in a common garden experiment. For all traits the quantitative convergence index (QVI) was determined. Furthermore, their relationships with divergent environmental variables were analyzed in the context of phylogenetic relationships. Results: Temperature variables (maximum temperature of warmest month and temperature annual range) split at basal nodes and precipitation variables (annual precipitation and precipitation of driest quarter) split at terminal nodes. Conservative traits were leaf mass per area (LMA) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), which reflected selective retention when ancestors suffered cold environmental separation. Meanwhile, linear stomatal density (LSD), carbon-13 isotope ratio (δ13C) and water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50) were convergent between species, but only P50 exhibited adaption to different precipitation conditions. The nine Picea species exhibit a distinct environmental divergence pattern. LMA and Pn were selectively retained when their ancestors were subjected to cold environmental separation. P50 was an important trait with respect to adaptation to precipitation differences. This research provided a new way of expounding the correlation between environment, functional traits and phylogeny, deepening our understanding of environmental divergence, trait differentiation and speciation.
{"title":"Functional traits related to environmental divergence in combination with phylogenetic relationship of Picea species","authors":"Wang Minghao, Wang Jingru, Zhang Aiping, Z. Xiaowei, Sun Shan, Zhao Changming","doi":"10.12657/denbio.080.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.080.013","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plants have adapted to fine-scale environmental heterogeneity through ecologically important traits, leading to new lineages. This suggests that differentiation of important traits has been beneficial to habitat partitioning among closely related species. However, the pattern of ecological divergences and differentiation of functional traits in combination with phylogenetic relationships have not been widely examined. Material and methods: To illustrate the pattern of ecological divergences of nine Picea species, spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (seeva) was used to quantify and test the divergence between sister lineages. Five functional traits were measured in a common garden experiment. For all traits the quantitative convergence index (QVI) was determined. Furthermore, their relationships with divergent environmental variables were analyzed in the context of phylogenetic relationships. Results: Temperature variables (maximum temperature of warmest month and temperature annual range) split at basal nodes and precipitation variables (annual precipitation and precipitation of driest quarter) split at terminal nodes. Conservative traits were leaf mass per area (LMA) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), which reflected selective retention when ancestors suffered cold environmental separation. Meanwhile, linear stomatal density (LSD), carbon-13 isotope ratio (δ13C) and water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50) were convergent between species, but only P50 exhibited adaption to different precipitation conditions. The nine Picea species exhibit a distinct environmental divergence pattern. LMA and Pn were selectively retained when their ancestors were subjected to cold environmental separation. P50 was an important trait with respect to adaptation to precipitation differences. This research provided a new way of expounding the correlation between environment, functional traits and phylogeny, deepening our understanding of environmental divergence, trait differentiation and speciation.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45698951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The capability of conifers for interspecific hybridization is well known. Five-needle pines from the section Quinquefoliae of the subgenus Strobus play an important role in ecosystems and have great economic significance. Interspecific hybridization that occurred in nature or under controlled pollination suggests that reproductive isolation is relative, being expressed to different degrees. Controlled pollination allows us to gather knowledge about reproductive compatibility and provides valuable material for breeding work. Artificial crosses of five-needle pines began with a purely practical purpose to increase blister rust resistance and it was subsequently suggested that species crossability should be taken into account in their classification. We carried out a number of controlled pollinations using Pinus sibirica, P. koraiensis and natural P. sibirica × P. pumila hybrid clones as maternal trees along with pollen of 11 species and four hybrids of the five-needle pines. For the first time, seeds were obtained from the interspecific crosses P. koraiensis × P. armandii, P. koraiensis × P. monticola, P. koraiensis × P. sibirica, P. sibirica × P. ayacahuite, P. sibirica × P. armandii, and P. sibirica × P. wallichiana, as well as from some combinations with hybrids. Based on the results and available information on the crossability of the species, we concluded that complete reproductive isolation does not exist among five-needle pines, and confirmed that interspecific gene flow is common in this section.
针叶树的种间杂交能力是众所周知的。五针松属五叶松在生态系统中起着重要的作用，具有重要的经济意义。在自然界或受控授粉条件下发生的种间杂交表明，生殖隔离是相对的，表现程度不同。控制授粉使我们能够收集有关生殖相容性的知识，并为育种工作提供有价值的材料。五针松人工杂交起初纯粹是为了提高抗水疱锈病的能力，后来有人建议在分类时应考虑到物种的杂交能力。以西伯利亚松(Pinus sibirica)、红松(P. koraiensis)和天然西伯利亚松×矮叶松(P. sibirica × P. pumila)杂交无性系为母树，利用11种五针松和4种五针松杂交植物的花粉进行了对照授粉。首次获得了koraiensis × P. armandii、koraiensis × P. monticola、koraiensis × P. sibirica、P. sibirica × P. ayacahuite、P. sibirica × P. armandii和P. sibirica × P. wallichiana的种间杂交以及部分杂交组合的种子。根据研究结果和现有的杂交性资料，我们得出结论，五针松不存在完全的生殖隔离，并且证实了种间基因流动在本节中是常见的。
{"title":"Artificial crosses and hybridization frequency in five-needle pines","authors":"G. Vasilyeva, S. Goroshkevich","doi":"10.12657/DENBIO.080.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/DENBIO.080.012","url":null,"abstract":"The capability of conifers for interspecific hybridization is well known. Five-needle pines from the section Quinquefoliae of the subgenus Strobus play an important role in ecosystems and have great economic significance. Interspecific hybridization that occurred in nature or under controlled pollination suggests that reproductive isolation is relative, being expressed to different degrees. Controlled pollination allows us to gather knowledge about reproductive compatibility and provides valuable material for breeding work. Artificial crosses of five-needle pines began with a purely practical purpose to increase blister rust resistance and it was subsequently suggested that species crossability should be taken into account in their classification. We carried out a number of controlled pollinations using Pinus sibirica, P. koraiensis and natural P. sibirica × P. pumila hybrid clones as maternal trees along with pollen of 11 species and four hybrids of the five-needle pines. For the first time, seeds were obtained from the interspecific crosses P. koraiensis × P. armandii, P. koraiensis × P. monticola, P. koraiensis × P. sibirica, P. sibirica × P. ayacahuite, P. sibirica × P. armandii, and P. sibirica × P. wallichiana, as well as from some combinations with hybrids. Based on the results and available information on the crossability of the species, we concluded that complete reproductive isolation does not exist among five-needle pines, and confirmed that interspecific gene flow is common in this section.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42354095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
František Lorenc, V. Pešková, R. Modlinger, L. Mrnka, I. Tomášková, Petr Šenfeld, M. Turčáni
This study evaluates the influence of repeated artificial drought stress on the fine root characteristics – including ectomycorrhizae – of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. The experimental site consisted of two plots in a mature spruce monoculture stand. The water regime at parts of both plots was regulated by shelters and an isolation trench during vegetation season (spring to autumn) since 2010. Root samples were collected during autumn in 2010, 2012, and 2013. Root analyses revealed the effect of drought stress on mycorrhizal root tips changed over time. While a density of active mycorrhizae was about 34% lower in drought-stressed areas compared to nonstressed (control) areas in 2010, it increased by 15% in 2012 and by 22% in 2013 over both plots. We observed the less pronounced effect of drought on a proportion of active mycorrhizae, but it generally followed the pattern of active mycorrhizae density. The density of nonactive mycorrhizae was not influenced by drought but significantly fluctuated during the course of the experiment. Other root characteristics such as the dry mass of fine roots (< 1 mm), the specific length of fine roots (< 1 mm) and the composition of the ectomycorrhizal community (primarily dominated by Amphinema byssoides, Tylospora fibrillosa, Tylopilus felleus, and Cenococcum geophilum) were also not significantly influenced by drought. Our results indicate the ability of Norway spruce fine roots to compensate for repeated drought stress of the intermediate intensity.
{"title":"Fine roots of Picea abies compensate for drought stress in the rainfall reduction experiment","authors":"František Lorenc, V. Pešková, R. Modlinger, L. Mrnka, I. Tomášková, Petr Šenfeld, M. Turčáni","doi":"10.12657/DENBIO.080.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/DENBIO.080.009","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the influence of repeated artificial drought stress on the fine root characteristics – including ectomycorrhizae – of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. The experimental site consisted of two plots in a mature spruce monoculture stand. The water regime at parts of both plots was regulated by shelters and an isolation trench during vegetation season (spring to autumn) since 2010. Root samples were collected during autumn in 2010, 2012, and 2013. Root analyses revealed the effect of drought stress on mycorrhizal root tips changed over time. While a density of active mycorrhizae was about 34% lower in drought-stressed areas compared to nonstressed (control) areas in 2010, it increased by 15% in 2012 and by 22% in 2013 over both plots. We observed the less pronounced effect of drought on a proportion of active mycorrhizae, but it generally followed the pattern of active mycorrhizae density. The density of nonactive mycorrhizae was not influenced by drought but significantly fluctuated during the course of the experiment. Other root characteristics such as the dry mass of fine roots (< 1 mm), the specific length of fine roots (< 1 mm) and the composition of the ectomycorrhizal community (primarily dominated by Amphinema byssoides, Tylospora fibrillosa, Tylopilus felleus, and Cenococcum geophilum) were also not significantly influenced by drought. Our results indicate the ability of Norway spruce fine roots to compensate for repeated drought stress of the intermediate intensity.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46272209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Polish larch (Larix decidua subsp. polonica (Racib. Domin), a subspecies of European larch, is one of the most valuable forest-forming trees in Poland. It was first discovered on the Chełmowa Mountain where Natural Reserve has been established to protect this subspecies. Currently, this unique population is at risk of extinction. Nonetheless, the knowledge on the genetic diversity of this population and surrounding larch forests is insufficient to undertake actions aimed at conservation of genetic resources. In this study, we examined the level of genetic diversity and differentiation of four subpopulations of Polish larch from Nature Reserve on the Chełmowa Mountain and surrounding areas. We used eleven nuclear microsatellite markers (SSRs) combined in two multiplex PCR reactions. In total, 344 individuals of Polish larch were genotyped and subjected to further population genetic analyses. We found the high level of genetic diversity (average: He = 0.752, Ho = 0.720) and low levels of genetic differentiation (average: Fst = 0.022). The effective population size was large and homogeneous across subpopulations (mean Ne=90.7), and we found no sign of inbreeding. The spatial genetic structure was detected in two older subpopulations but not in the younger one, suggesting its artificial origin. The old larch subpopulations were genetically homogeneous and they were related to the ancestral group of Polish lowland populations. The old larch core populations growing on Chełmowa Mountain are relatively homogeneous and they well represent the ancestral genetic group of Polish lowland larch populations. However, they still exhibit relatively high genetic diversity and sufficiently large effective population sizes assuring their adaptive potential for a long-term existence. Surrounding larch populations are even more genetically diverse but this might be the effect of an admixture of seed sources from various populations from a wider area of Central Europe. We recommend that specific conservation efforts should be undertaken to promote natural regeneration of the core larch populations, even supplemented by the planting of seedlings derived from the oldest larch trees. Other management actions should focus on limiting external gene flow to this unique population of Polish larch.
{"title":"Genetic status of Polish larch (Larix decidua subsp. polonica (Racib. Domin)) from Chełmowa Mountain: implications for gene conservation","authors":"Monika Litkowiec, A. Lewandowski, J. Burczyk","doi":"10.12657/DENBIO.080.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/DENBIO.080.010","url":null,"abstract":"The Polish larch (Larix decidua subsp. polonica (Racib. Domin), a subspecies of European larch, is one of the most valuable forest-forming trees in Poland. It was first discovered on the Chełmowa Mountain where Natural Reserve has been established to protect this subspecies. Currently, this unique population is at risk of extinction. Nonetheless, the knowledge on the genetic diversity of this population and surrounding larch forests is insufficient to undertake actions aimed at conservation of genetic resources. In this study, we examined the level of genetic diversity and differentiation of four subpopulations of Polish larch from Nature Reserve on the Chełmowa Mountain and surrounding areas. We used eleven nuclear microsatellite markers (SSRs) combined in two multiplex PCR reactions. In total, 344 individuals of Polish larch were genotyped and subjected to further population genetic analyses. We found the high level of genetic diversity (average: He = 0.752, Ho = 0.720) and low levels of genetic differentiation (average: Fst = 0.022). The effective population size was large and homogeneous across subpopulations (mean Ne=90.7), and we found no sign of inbreeding. The spatial genetic structure was detected in two older subpopulations but not in the younger one, suggesting its artificial origin. The old larch subpopulations were genetically homogeneous and they were related to the ancestral group of Polish lowland populations. The old larch core populations growing on Chełmowa Mountain are relatively homogeneous and they well represent the ancestral genetic group of Polish lowland larch populations. However, they still exhibit relatively high genetic diversity and sufficiently large effective population sizes assuring their adaptive potential for a long-term existence. Surrounding larch populations are even more genetically diverse but this might be the effect of an admixture of seed sources from various populations from a wider area of Central Europe. We recommend that specific conservation efforts should be undertaken to promote natural regeneration of the core larch populations, even supplemented by the planting of seedlings derived from the oldest larch trees. Other management actions should focus on limiting external gene flow to this unique population of Polish larch.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43772683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the potential beneficial impacts that the thinnings intensity on stand behavior and soil properties are also studied. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that thinning to various stand densities at young age enhance productivity of wood, cones and the physicochemical characteristics of the soil in Pinus pinea stands. We based our study on four thinning intensity (30, 40, 50 and 65%) in comparison with the control plot. The study was supplemented by a haracterization of radial growth of trees under the four thinning intensity. It was based on a complete randomized experimental field installed in 1994 in Tabarka forest, in Tunisia. For the radial growth analysis, three cores were taken from 125 trees at a rate of one tree per plot.The study showed that thinning has a significant effect on all dendrometric parameters. They revealed that a thinning intensity of 65% produces the best wood production (180.710 m3/ha), in annual growth in volume (4.634 m3/ha/year) and cone production (1211 cones/ha) compared to other thinning and control plot. Associated vegetation was also influenced by thinning intensities. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil were improved by thinning compared with the control. Significant radial growth thinning was recorde especially in a thinning of 65% intensity (increases of 3.5 to 6.1 mm/year) compared to the control (1.1 to 2 mm/year). A strong relationship between radial growth and age was recorded at Thinning 4 (R2 = 0.923). These results can be used as an initial basis to refine silviculture of pinion pine in order to improve stand productivity in Tunisia in wood and especially in cones given their importance on the world market.
{"title":"Effect of thinning on Pinus pinea L. development and physico-chemical soil characteristics in northwestern Tunisia: modeling of radial growth under thinning intensity","authors":"W. Jaouadi, K. Mechergui, M. Riahi, M. Khouja","doi":"10.12657/denbio.080.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.080.007","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the potential beneficial impacts that the thinnings intensity on stand behavior and soil properties are also studied. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that thinning to various stand densities at young age enhance productivity of wood, cones and the physicochemical characteristics of the soil in Pinus pinea stands. We based our study on four thinning intensity (30, 40, 50 and 65%) in comparison with the control plot. The study was supplemented by a haracterization of radial growth of trees under the four thinning intensity. It was based on a complete randomized experimental field installed in 1994 in Tabarka forest, in Tunisia. For the radial growth analysis, three cores were taken from 125 trees at a rate of one tree per plot.The study showed that thinning has a significant effect on all dendrometric parameters. They revealed that a thinning intensity of 65% produces the best wood production (180.710 m3/ha), in annual growth in volume (4.634 m3/ha/year) and cone production (1211 cones/ha) compared to other thinning and control plot. Associated vegetation was also influenced by thinning intensities. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil were improved by thinning compared with the control. Significant radial growth thinning was recorde especially in a thinning of 65% intensity (increases of 3.5 to 6.1 mm/year) compared to the control (1.1 to 2 mm/year). A strong relationship between radial growth and age was recorded at Thinning 4 (R2 = 0.923). These results can be used as an initial basis to refine silviculture of pinion pine in order to improve stand productivity in Tunisia in wood and especially in cones given their importance on the world market.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46354130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silver fir used to be one of the most important tree species in the Czech forests until the 19th century. Large scale clearcuts, which nowadays occur after the salvage logging of Norway spruce due to wind of bark-beetle attacks are unfavourable for the artificial regeneration of a fir. Growth of silver fir and three pioneer species was studied during first three years in a nurse crop system established after forest disturbance events. Five-years-old containerized silver fir seedlings were planted in autumn 2014 with silver birch, alder or aspen with and without nurse crops (control plot) on two localities (Tornádo and Rakovec). The Tornádo site represents natural conditions of Central European forest (Fageta typica) type on a haplic cambisols and favourable soil water regime, while Rakovec site a Querco-Abietetum forest type on a haplic stagnosols, which was periodically waterlogged. Silver fir grew best in admixture with silver birch which significantly promoted the height increment of the firs on both localities and improved the fir survival rate at one of the sites. The lower mortality and faster growth of both silver fir and pioneers were observed on Tornádo site where 92% and 100% of the silver fir trees survived under the birch and aspen cover, respectively, while 93% of planted firs survived in the open area. Only 93% and 67% of silver firs survived on the Rakovec site with same two pioneer species, respectively and 73% in the open area. After three years the highest height increment of silver fir was observed under silver birch, where trees were by 20 cm and 11 cm taller at Tornádo and Rakovec sites, than on the control plots, respectively. Aspen and alder had no significant effect on the height increment of a silver fir at any of the study sites. The shelter of nurse crops had no effect on the air temperature. The artificial regeneration of a climax silver fir and a pioneer silver birch was beneficial on Tornádo sites. On the other hand, there should be a delay between the regeneration of silver birch and underplanting of fir on the waterlogged sites.
{"title":"Survival and early growth of silver fir and pioneer species on two sites in nurse crop regeneration systems in the Czech Republic","authors":"A. Martiník, Matúš Sendecký, J. Urban","doi":"10.12657/denbio.080.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.080.008","url":null,"abstract":"Silver fir used to be one of the most important tree species in the Czech forests until the 19th century. Large scale clearcuts, which nowadays occur after the salvage logging of Norway spruce due to wind of bark-beetle attacks are unfavourable for the artificial regeneration of a fir. Growth of silver fir and three pioneer species was studied during first three years in a nurse crop system established after forest disturbance events. Five-years-old containerized silver fir seedlings were planted in autumn 2014 with silver birch, alder or aspen with and without nurse crops (control plot) on two localities (Tornádo and Rakovec). The Tornádo site represents natural conditions of Central European forest (Fageta typica) type on a haplic cambisols and favourable soil water regime, while Rakovec site a Querco-Abietetum forest type on a haplic stagnosols, which was periodically waterlogged. Silver fir grew best in admixture with silver birch which significantly promoted the height increment of the firs on both localities and improved the fir survival rate at one of the sites. The lower mortality and faster growth of both silver fir and pioneers were observed on Tornádo site where 92% and 100% of the silver fir trees survived under the birch and aspen cover, respectively, while 93% of planted firs survived in the open area. Only 93% and 67% of silver firs survived on the Rakovec site with same two pioneer species, respectively and 73% in the open area. After three years the highest height increment of silver fir was observed under silver birch, where trees were by 20 cm and 11 cm taller at Tornádo and Rakovec sites, than on the control plots, respectively. Aspen and alder had no significant effect on the height increment of a silver fir at any of the study sites. The shelter of nurse crops had no effect on the air temperature. The artificial regeneration of a climax silver fir and a pioneer silver birch was beneficial on Tornádo sites. On the other hand, there should be a delay between the regeneration of silver birch and underplanting of fir on the waterlogged sites.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44265921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juniper is one of the three main tree species in Central Anatolia, where it grows under extreme environmental conditions. Although dendrochronological studies of juniper are challenging because of cross-dating problems, these types of studies on long-lived tree species have the potential to provide long time series, which reflect changes in climatic conditions. Juniper has been neglected as a scientific research subject in Turkey due to degraded populations and low economic expectations. This study analysed the distribution and present state of Juniperus spp. (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Juniperus oxycedrus L., and Juniperus foetidissima Willd.) stands and used dendrochronological data to examine relationships between growth and environmental parameters. We hypothesised that there may be differences in the radial growth of juniper in areas of different exposure in drought regions. During a field survey, we sampled 31 plots of 25 m × 20 m and data, including information on wood cores, were collected. For dendrochronological investigation, 95 wood cores were manually measured and cross-dated. Residual chronologies of tree-ring width series of juniper from four wind directions and regional chronology of Kirikkale and Ankara Province were provided and similarities between the chronologies were tested using Gleichläufigkeits test. The relationships between climate parameters and growth were examined using a simple correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model analysis in SAS 9.0 program and response function analysis in the DENROCLIM2002 program. The results of this study indicated that Juniperus spp. in Central Anatolia are sensitive to environmental parameters and mainly respond to changes in precipitation. Juniper show differences in radial growth in areas of different exposure in drought regions. We conclude that juniper may offer an excellent opportunity for large-scale dendrochronological and dendroecological studies in drought regions.
{"title":"Distribution of juniper stands and the impact of environmental parameters on growth in the drought-stressed forest-steppe zone of Central Anatolia","authors":"G. Kahveci, M. Alan, N. Köse","doi":"10.12657/DENBIO.080.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/DENBIO.080.006","url":null,"abstract":"Juniper is one of the three main tree species in Central Anatolia, where it grows under extreme environmental conditions. Although dendrochronological studies of juniper are challenging because of cross-dating problems, these types of studies on long-lived tree species have the potential to provide long time series, which reflect changes in climatic conditions. Juniper has been neglected as a scientific research subject in Turkey due to degraded populations and low economic expectations. This study analysed the distribution and present state of Juniperus spp. (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Juniperus oxycedrus L., and Juniperus foetidissima Willd.) stands and used dendrochronological data to examine relationships between growth and environmental parameters. We hypothesised that there may be differences in the radial growth of juniper in areas of different exposure in drought regions. During a field survey, we sampled 31 plots of 25 m × 20 m and data, including information on wood cores, were collected. For dendrochronological investigation, 95 wood cores were manually measured and cross-dated. Residual chronologies of tree-ring width series of juniper from four wind directions and regional chronology of Kirikkale and Ankara Province were provided and similarities between the chronologies were tested using Gleichläufigkeits test. The relationships between climate parameters and growth were examined using a simple correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model analysis in SAS 9.0 program and response function analysis in the DENROCLIM2002 program. The results of this study indicated that Juniperus spp. in Central Anatolia are sensitive to environmental parameters and mainly respond to changes in precipitation. Juniper show differences in radial growth in areas of different exposure in drought regions. We conclude that juniper may offer an excellent opportunity for large-scale dendrochronological and dendroecological studies in drought regions.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47233841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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