L. Orlova, Galina Gussarova, E. Glazkova, A. Egorov, A. Potokin, S. Ivanov
Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Siberian spruce (P. obovata) are among the most important forest-forming coniferous species in the boreal part of Eurasia. Despite numerous publications on the taxonomy of Norway spruce and closely related taxa (P. obovata Ledeb. and P. fennica (Regel) Kom.), the problem of their identification, as well as clarification of their taxonomic status, has not been solved so far. Species delimitation is particularly challenging when P. abies, P. obovata and P. fennica occur in sympatry. Our study aims to assess taxonomic value of proposed earlier and search for stable diagnostic characters of cones and their scales to distinguish Picea abies and its sympatric in the North-West of Russia P. fennica and P. obovata. In addition, we analyzed and updated information on geographical distribution and phytocenotic characteristics of the above-mentioned species in the North-West of the European part of Russia. We examined herbarium specimens and cones sampled from 88 trees from 22 Picea stands located throughout the study region. Each tree was represented on average by 5 cones, in total 415 cones were analyzed. Morphometric analyses included 16 morphological characters of cones and their scales selected based on our own observations and published data. Multivariate comparison had shown a large overlap between P. obovata and P. fennica, while individuals of P. abies formed a separate and less overlapping cluster. Among the six qualitative (discrete) characters, shape of seed scale and shape of its upper margin have non-overlapping frequency distributions and can separate P. abies and P. obovata. Several new diagnostic characters are proposed: morphology and size of bract scales and ratio of the size of seed scales and bract scales. Phytocenotic analysis showed that different spruce taxa occupy specific habitats, which in their turn connected with the latitudinal gradient: in normally drained habitats, Picea obovata is found mainly in poor shrubby-green-mossy forests, which are typical of the northern and middle parts of the Northern taiga; Picea abies – in richer green-mossy habitats (Vaccinioso-hylocomiosum, Oxalidoso-hylocomiosum, Hylocomiosum), which begin to occur already from the middle part of the Northern taiga. Picea fennica occupies both habitats.
{"title":"Systematics and distribution of spruce species in the North-West of Russia","authors":"L. Orlova, Galina Gussarova, E. Glazkova, A. Egorov, A. Potokin, S. Ivanov","doi":"10.12657/denbio.084.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.084.002","url":null,"abstract":"Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Siberian spruce (P. obovata) are among the most important forest-forming coniferous species in the boreal part of Eurasia. Despite numerous publications on the taxonomy of Norway spruce and closely related taxa (P. obovata Ledeb. and P. fennica (Regel) Kom.), the problem of their identification, as well as clarification of their taxonomic status, has not been solved so far. Species delimitation is particularly challenging when P. abies, P. obovata and P. fennica occur in sympatry. Our study aims to assess taxonomic value of proposed earlier and search for stable diagnostic characters of cones and their scales to distinguish Picea abies and its sympatric in the North-West of Russia P. fennica and P. obovata. In addition, we analyzed and updated information on geographical distribution and phytocenotic characteristics of the above-mentioned species in the North-West of the European part of Russia. We examined herbarium specimens and cones sampled from 88 trees from 22 Picea stands located throughout the study region. Each tree was represented on average by 5 cones, in total 415 cones were analyzed. Morphometric analyses included 16 morphological characters of cones and their scales selected based on our own observations and published data. Multivariate comparison had shown a large overlap between P. obovata and P. fennica, while individuals of P. abies formed a separate and less overlapping cluster. Among the six qualitative (discrete) characters, shape of seed scale and shape of its upper margin have non-overlapping frequency distributions and can separate P. abies and P. obovata. Several new diagnostic characters are proposed: morphology and size of bract scales and ratio of the size of seed scales and bract scales. Phytocenotic analysis showed that different spruce taxa occupy specific habitats, which in their turn connected with the latitudinal gradient: in normally drained habitats, Picea obovata is found mainly in poor shrubby-green-mossy forests, which are typical of the northern and middle parts of the Northern taiga; Picea abies – in richer green-mossy habitats (Vaccinioso-hylocomiosum, Oxalidoso-hylocomiosum, Hylocomiosum), which begin to occur already from the middle part of the Northern taiga. Picea fennica occupies both habitats.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49334660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf area is linearly correlated with sapwood area in trees. The linearity of this relationship can be affected by some biotic and abiotic factors. Mistletoes are hemi parasitic plants that take up water and mineral nutrients from their hosts and affect host physiological responses. There is no conclusive evidence to show the effect of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) on leaf area and sapwood area relationship in Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) at tree level. The aim of this study is to determine and quantify the effect of pine mistletoe on the structural variation of leaf area and sapwood area relationship at tree level in Scots pine. A total of 18 mistletoe infected and 12 uninfected Scots pine trees were destructively sampled. All needles and mistletoes were completely removed from sampled trees to determine needle and mistletoe characteristics, biomass and leaf area. Sapwood areas at breast height (BH) and at crown base height (CBH) were determined from wood discs taken from BH (1.3m) and CBH. Sapwood area was delineated by benzidine staining method. Pearson correlation, t-test and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between sapwood area and needle-mistletoe leaf area relationships. The results indicated that both the relationships between sapwood area and leaf area in uninfected, and sapwood area and total leaf area (needle plus mistletoe leaf only) in infected trees were linear. However, the slope of regression equation for mistletoe infected trees was considerably lower when compared to the uninfected trees. As for the variation of the sapwood area along the stem below live crown, there was a slight difference between sapwood area at BH and CBH. The study showed also that mistletoe infection led to a significant reduction in needle size (length, width, area and weight) in Scots pine trees. Significant relationships were found between the sapwood area and leaf area in this study. The results of this study may help fill the gap in the knowledge concerning the impacts of pine mistletoe on the dynamics of Scots pine trees.
树木的叶面积与边材面积呈线性相关。这种关系的线性可能受到一些生物和非生物因素的影响。槲寄生是半寄生植物,从宿主那里吸收水分和矿物质营养,并影响宿主的生理反应。目前还没有确凿的证据表明松槲寄生(Viscum album ssp.austracum)在树水平上对苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)叶面积和边材面积关系的影响。本研究的目的是确定和量化松槲寄生对苏格兰松树级叶面积和边材面积关系结构变化的影响。共对18棵槲寄生感染和12棵未感染的苏格兰松树进行了破坏性采样。从采样的树木中完全去除所有的针叶和槲寄生,以确定针叶和槲寄生的特征、生物量和叶面积。根据取自BH(1.3m)和CBH的木盘,测定了胸高(BH)和冠基高度(CBH)的边材面积。用联苯胺染色法划定边材面积。通过Pearson相关、t检验和回归分析,确定边材面积与针槲寄生叶面积之间的关系。结果表明,未感染树木的边材面积与叶面积、感染树木的边材面积与总叶面积(仅针加槲寄生叶)均呈线性关系。然而,与未受感染的树木相比,受槲寄生感染的树木的回归方程的斜率要低得多。活冠下树干边材面积的变化,BH和CBH边材面积略有差异。研究还表明,槲寄生感染导致苏格兰松树的针头大小(长度、宽度、面积和重量)显著减少。边材面积与叶面积之间存在显著的相关性。这项研究的结果可能有助于填补松槲寄生对苏格兰松树动态影响的知识空白。
{"title":"Leaf area – sapwood area relationship in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) under mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) infection","authors":"E. Bilgili, K. Coskuner, M. Öztürk","doi":"10.12657/denbio.084.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.084.001","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf area is linearly correlated with sapwood area in trees. The linearity of this relationship can be affected by some biotic and abiotic factors. Mistletoes are hemi parasitic plants that take up water and mineral nutrients from their hosts and affect host physiological responses. There is no conclusive evidence to show the effect of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) on leaf area and sapwood area relationship in Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) at tree level. The aim of this study is to determine and quantify the effect of pine mistletoe on the structural variation of leaf area and sapwood area relationship at tree level in Scots pine. A total of 18 mistletoe infected and 12 uninfected Scots pine trees were destructively sampled. All needles and mistletoes were completely removed from sampled trees to determine needle and mistletoe characteristics, biomass and leaf area. Sapwood areas at breast height (BH) and at crown base height (CBH) were determined from wood discs taken from BH (1.3m) and CBH. Sapwood area was delineated by benzidine staining method. Pearson correlation, t-test and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between sapwood area and needle-mistletoe leaf area relationships. The results indicated that both the relationships between sapwood area and leaf area in uninfected, and sapwood area and total leaf area (needle plus mistletoe leaf only) in infected trees were linear. However, the slope of regression equation for mistletoe infected trees was considerably lower when compared to the uninfected trees. As for the variation of the sapwood area along the stem below live crown, there was a slight difference between sapwood area at BH and CBH. The study showed also that mistletoe infection led to a significant reduction in needle size (length, width, area and weight) in Scots pine trees. Significant relationships were found between the sapwood area and leaf area in this study. The results of this study may help fill the gap in the knowledge concerning the impacts of pine mistletoe on the dynamics of Scots pine trees.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43906633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-29DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-23579/v1
Zhen Zhang, Guoqing Jin, Zhichun Zhou
Background: Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is an important tree species in the subtropics of China, it is also a major tree species for afforestation and forest land restoration under infertile site conditions. Cypress is considered to be a calcicolous tree, whose there are growth and development can be promoted significantly by exchangeable Calcium (Ca2+) in the soil. However, most of the subtropical regions have infertile acidic soils, in which Ca2+ gradually becomes a limiting element for cypress growth. Results: In this study, different concentrations of Ca2+ fertilizer were added under fertile and infertile soil conditions. Cypress clones responded differently to Ca2+ addition in different soil conditions. In the infertile soil, the addition of 3 g•kg− 1 Ca2+ advanced and prolonged the fast-growing period of seedling height growth, increased plant height and dry biomass, promoted the development of fine roots ≤ 1.5 mm in diameter, and improved accumulation efficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and Ca by the roots in cypress clones; however, the addition of 6 g•kg− 1 Ca2+ inhibited height growth and root development of cypress. In the fertile soil, Ca2+ addition delayed and shortened the fast-growing period for cypress height growth, but plant height and dry biomass did not differ significantly between treatments; Ca2+ addition also inhibited the development of fine roots. The clone with fast height growth had a larger proportion of roots with a diameter ≤ 1.5 mm and achieved higher N accumulation efficiency, while Ca accumulation efficiency showed genotypic differences only in the fertile soil. Conclusions: An appropriate level of Ca2+ can be added to infertile soil to promote cypress seedling growth, and clones with fast height growth and developed fine roots can be selected for cultivation and promotion in the fertile soil without Ca2+ application.
{"title":"Seedling growth, root development and nutrient use efficiency of Cypress clones in response to calcium fertilizer","authors":"Zhen Zhang, Guoqing Jin, Zhichun Zhou","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-23579/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-23579/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background:\u0000\u0000Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is an important tree species in the subtropics of China, it is also a major tree species for afforestation and forest land restoration under infertile site conditions. Cypress is considered to be a calcicolous tree, whose there are growth and development can be promoted significantly by exchangeable Calcium (Ca2+) in the soil. However, most of the subtropical regions have infertile acidic soils, in which Ca2+ gradually becomes a limiting element for cypress growth.\u0000Results:\u0000\u0000In this study, different concentrations of Ca2+ fertilizer were added under fertile and infertile soil conditions. Cypress clones responded differently to Ca2+ addition in different soil conditions. In the infertile soil, the addition of 3 g•kg− 1 Ca2+ advanced and prolonged the fast-growing period of seedling height growth, increased plant height and dry biomass, promoted the development of fine roots ≤ 1.5 mm in diameter, and improved accumulation efficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and Ca by the roots in cypress clones; however, the addition of 6 g•kg− 1 Ca2+ inhibited height growth and root development of cypress. In the fertile soil, Ca2+ addition delayed and shortened the fast-growing period for cypress height growth, but plant height and dry biomass did not differ significantly between treatments; Ca2+ addition also inhibited the development of fine roots. The clone with fast height growth had a larger proportion of roots with a diameter ≤ 1.5 mm and achieved higher N accumulation efficiency, while Ca accumulation efficiency showed genotypic differences only in the fertile soil.\u0000Conclusions:\u0000\u0000An appropriate level of Ca2+ can be added to infertile soil to promote cypress seedling growth, and clones with fast height growth and developed fine roots can be selected for cultivation and promotion in the fertile soil without Ca2+ application.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42023048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vladimír Mačejovský, J. Schmidtová, Matúš Hrivnák, D. Krajmerová, I. Sarvašová, D. Gömöry
European white oak species (Quercus sect. Quercus) are known to share a substantial part of their nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes as a result of extensive interspecific hybridization and introgression. We studied natural populations of three species distributed in Slovakia, namely Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens, which are largely sympatric but have contrasting ecological requirements, using a combination of leaf morphometry, neutral nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSR) and potentially adaptive amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Bayesian analysis of population structure relying on nSSR revealed that the degree of admixture was relatively low in Q. robur but higher in Q. petraea and Q. pubescens. The inferred Q. robur ancestry closely correlated with morphometric scores of the canonical discriminant analysis based on 13 leaf traits, while for the other two species the correlation was much weaker. We identified two AFLP fragments associated with climatic variables, mainly with air vapour pressure and characteristics of temperature regime at the sites of origin. These associations indicate that climatic adaptation is the mechanism driving interspecific divergence and maintaining integrity of white oak species.
{"title":"Interspecific differentiation and gene exchange among the Slovak Quercus sect. Quercus populations","authors":"Vladimír Mačejovský, J. Schmidtová, Matúš Hrivnák, D. Krajmerová, I. Sarvašová, D. Gömöry","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.002","url":null,"abstract":"European white oak species (Quercus sect. Quercus) are known to share a substantial part of their nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes as a result of extensive interspecific hybridization and introgression. We studied natural populations of three species distributed in Slovakia, namely Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens, which are largely sympatric but have contrasting ecological requirements, using a combination of leaf morphometry, neutral nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSR) and potentially adaptive amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Bayesian analysis of population structure relying on nSSR revealed that the degree of admixture was relatively low in Q. robur but higher in Q. petraea and Q. pubescens. The inferred Q. robur ancestry closely correlated with morphometric scores of the canonical discriminant analysis based on 13 leaf traits, while for the other two species the correlation was much weaker. We identified two AFLP fragments associated with climatic variables, mainly with air vapour pressure and characteristics of temperature regime at the sites of origin. These associations indicate that climatic adaptation is the mechanism driving interspecific divergence and maintaining integrity of white oak species.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"20-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41843399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Vacek, S. Vacek, A. Prokůpková, Daniel Bulušek, V. Podrázský, I. Hůnová, T. Putalová, J. Král’
The Jizerské hory Mts. (the Czech Republic) are part of the Black Triangle region strongly affected by a decline and dieback of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stands since the 1970s. In the studied peaty spruce stands in the summit parts of the Jizerské hory Mts., the health status, radial growth and foliar nutrient content in relation to air pollution (SO2, NOX and O3) and climate factors (temperature, precipitation) were investigated in 1960–2015. A considerable disturbance of the stand structure induced by an increased mortality was observed in 1981–1983 when more than a half of the tree individuals died. Severe defoliation occurred in 1981 as a consequence of the synergic effects of air pollution, winter desiccation and spruce bark beetle outbreak, as well as in 2015 due to the drought and high temperatures. Tree ring analyses indicated significant growth depression in 1979–1987, a period of the highest SO2 load, and in 2010–2015. Foliation and diameter increment were significantly influenced by SO2 and NOX concentrations, the maximum daily concentration being the most negative factor; no significant correlation of the ozone exposure was detected, though. Foliar analyses also document significant negative impacts of air pollutants on the nutrient status of forest stands, mainly in the increase of the sulphur level. Since 1990, a significant increase in calcium and magnesium has been observed, as a result of forest liming. Interaction between radial growth and temperature was stronger compared to precipitation. Low temperatures and high precipitation in growing season were the limiting factors for radial growth in waterlogged
{"title":"Long-term effect of climate and air pollution on health status and growth of Picea abies (L.) Karst. peaty forests in the Black Triangle region","authors":"Z. Vacek, S. Vacek, A. Prokůpková, Daniel Bulušek, V. Podrázský, I. Hůnová, T. Putalová, J. Král’","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.001","url":null,"abstract":"The Jizerské hory Mts. (the Czech Republic) are part of the Black Triangle region strongly affected by a decline and dieback of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stands since the 1970s. In the studied peaty spruce stands in the summit parts of the Jizerské hory Mts., the health status, radial growth and foliar nutrient content in relation to air pollution (SO2, NOX and O3) and climate factors (temperature, precipitation) were investigated in 1960–2015. A considerable disturbance of the stand structure induced by an increased mortality was observed in 1981–1983 when more than a half of the tree individuals died. Severe defoliation occurred in 1981 as a consequence of the synergic effects of air pollution, winter desiccation and spruce bark beetle outbreak, as well as in 2015 due to the drought and high temperatures. Tree ring analyses indicated significant growth depression in 1979–1987, a period of the highest SO2 load, and in 2010–2015. Foliation and diameter increment were significantly influenced by SO2 and NOX concentrations, the maximum daily concentration being the most negative factor; no significant correlation of the ozone exposure was detected, though. Foliar analyses also document significant negative impacts of air pollutants on the nutrient status of forest stands, mainly in the increase of the sulphur level. Since 1990, a significant increase in calcium and magnesium has been observed, as a result of forest liming. Interaction between radial growth and temperature was stronger compared to precipitation. Low temperatures and high precipitation in growing season were the limiting factors for radial growth in waterlogged","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43363037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vacek, Z. Vacek, L. Bílek, J. Remeš, I. Hůnová, Daniel Bulušek, J. Král’, Jakub Brichta
The paper deals with the dynamics of structure, diversity and growth of natural pine stands without direct human impact during the ten-year period in Nature Reserve (NR) Kostelecké bory, Czech Republic. The objective was to determine the main characteristics of the spontaneous development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest stands in relation to their naturalness, ecological stability and adaptation to climate change and air pollution stress. Horizontal and vertical structure and species diversity of the tree layer, dead wood and natural regeneration of each permanent research plot (PRP) were evaluated (n = 6, 50 × 50 m /0.25 ha/, Northern Bohemia, 410–425 m above sea level). The average ring series of PRPs were correlated with the climatic data (precipitation, temperature) according to individual years from the Doksy climatic station, and the air pollution data (SO2 in 1988–2015, NOX and AOT40F – ozone exposure in 1992–2015) from Radimovice station. In 2016, the stand volume increased by 26.0% to 136 m3 ha−1 (108 m3 ha−1 in 2006) and the volume of dead wood increase by 127.2% to 27 m3 ha−1 (12 m3 ha−1 in 2006). The horizontal structure of tree layer and natural regeneration was predominantly aggregated to random. More distinct changes in biodiversity and structural characteristics occurred in the natural regeneration (21.5%) compared to tree layer (2.8%). The precipitation had a significantly higher effect on radial growth compared to temperature. The lack of precipitation in growing season and high temperature in previous autumn and winter were limiting factors for growth. Climatic factors had significant effect on diameter increment in July of the current year (P < 0.01) and June of the current and previous year (P < 0.05). Radial growth was negatively correlated with SO2 concentrations (P < 0.01) and ozone exposure (P < 0.05). NOX concentrations had low effect on radial growth. The natural stand dynamics had positive effect on biodiversity and functional integrity of natural pine ecosystems.
本文研究了捷克kosteleck bory自然保护区10年来无直接人为影响的天然松林的结构、多样性和生长动态。目的是确定苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)林分自然发展的主要特征,包括天然性、生态稳定性和对气候变化和空气污染压力的适应。对每个永久研究样地(PRP)的树层、枯木和自然更新的水平和垂直结构及物种多样性进行了评估(n = 6, 50 × 50 m /0.25 ha/,北波西米亚,海拔410-425 m)。PRPs的平均环序列与Doksy气候站的降水、温度、Radimovice站的大气污染数据(1988-2015年SO2、1992-2015年NOX和AOT40F -臭氧暴露)进行了相关分析。2016年,林分蓄积量增加26.0%至136 m3 ha - 1(2006年为108 m3 ha - 1),枯木蓄积量增加127.2%至27 m3 ha - 1(2006年为12 m3 ha - 1)。树层水平结构和自然更新以聚集到随机为主。生物多样性和结构特征的变化在自然更新层(21.5%)明显高于乔木层(2.8%)。与温度相比,降水对径向生长的影响更大。生长期降水不足和以往秋冬高温是制约生长的因素。气候因子对当年7月(P < 0.01)、当年6月(P < 0.05)和当年6月(P < 0.05)的直径增量有显著影响。径向生长与SO2浓度(P < 0.01)和臭氧暴露(P < 0.05)呈负相关。NOX浓度对径向生长的影响较小。自然林分动态对天然松林生态系统的生物多样性和功能完整性具有积极影响。
{"title":"Stand dynamics in natural Scots pine forests as a model for adaptation management?","authors":"S. Vacek, Z. Vacek, L. Bílek, J. Remeš, I. Hůnová, Daniel Bulušek, J. Král’, Jakub Brichta","doi":"10.12657/denbio.082.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.082.004","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the dynamics of structure, diversity and growth of natural pine stands without direct human impact during the ten-year period in Nature Reserve (NR) Kostelecké bory, Czech Republic. The objective was to determine the main characteristics of the spontaneous development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest stands in relation to their naturalness, ecological stability and adaptation to climate change and air pollution stress. Horizontal and vertical structure and species diversity of the tree layer, dead wood and natural regeneration of each permanent research plot (PRP) were evaluated (n = 6, 50 × 50 m /0.25 ha/, Northern Bohemia, 410–425 m above sea level). The average ring series of PRPs were correlated with the climatic data (precipitation, temperature) according to individual years from the Doksy climatic station, and the air pollution data (SO2 in 1988–2015, NOX and AOT40F – ozone exposure in 1992–2015) from Radimovice station. In 2016, the stand volume increased by 26.0% to 136 m3 ha−1 (108 m3 ha−1 in 2006) and the volume of dead wood increase by 127.2% to 27 m3 ha−1 (12 m3 ha−1 in 2006). The horizontal structure of tree layer and natural regeneration was predominantly aggregated to random. More distinct changes in biodiversity and structural characteristics occurred in the natural regeneration (21.5%) compared to tree layer (2.8%). The precipitation had a significantly higher effect on radial growth compared to temperature. The lack of precipitation in growing season and high temperature in previous autumn and winter were limiting factors for growth. Climatic factors had significant effect on diameter increment in July of the current year (P < 0.01) and June of the current and previous year (P < 0.05). Radial growth was negatively correlated with SO2 concentrations (P < 0.01) and ozone exposure (P < 0.05). NOX concentrations had low effect on radial growth. The natural stand dynamics had positive effect on biodiversity and functional integrity of natural pine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"82 1","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45726829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of biostimulants (amino acid containing protein hydrolysate) in forestry field has received much less attention so far than in agriculture. Promising evidences were reported in literature with useful application for nursery activities, stimulating early growth and reducing transplanting stress. This study investigates the potential benefits induced by an amino acid-based animal-derived protein hydrolysate biostimulant (Siapton® by Isagro) in containerized Eucalyptus globulus seedlings following transplanting. Foliar and soil drench applications were applied using two different concentrations each (2.5 ml.l−1 and 5.0 ml.l−1 for foliar, 10 ml.l−1 and 20 ml.l−1 for soil). Measures on seedling height, apical shot formation, total aboveground (dry weight of leaves and stem) and belowground biomass (dry weight of roots) 120 days after transplanting were made to quantify the effect on growth. The contrasts analysis on results revealed a positive effect of the biostimulant on many of the measured parameters, especially with foliar application using the lowest concentration (2.5 ml.l−1). The foliar application was overall suggested as more efficient than soil drench also allowing lower inputs (i.e. biostimulant quantity). The main consequence of the treatment was an increased biomass allocation in the stem (above ground biomass) due to a stimulated leaves production which might suggest an increased photosynthetic activity and growth. Conversely no influence was detectable on total height of seedlings neither on the collar diameter. The biostimulant treatment on containerized Eucalyptus globulus positively influenced some features of seedlings’ growth after transplanting and the use of biostimulant with foliar application during the hardening phase in the nursery, appears to be a promising technique to potentially improve seedling growth after transplanting. An interesting impact from application of biostimulant on biomass accumulation following transplanting was here demonstrated. Anyway, further research to verify the results on different tree species as well as under open field conditions is envisioned.
{"title":"Influence of biostimulant application in containerized Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings after transplanting","authors":"T. Ozyhar, G. Mughini, M. Marchi","doi":"10.12657/denbio.082.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.082.003","url":null,"abstract":"The use of biostimulants (amino acid containing protein hydrolysate) in forestry field has received much less attention so far than in agriculture. Promising evidences were reported in literature with useful application for nursery activities, stimulating early growth and reducing transplanting stress. This study investigates the potential benefits induced by an amino acid-based animal-derived protein hydrolysate biostimulant (Siapton® by Isagro) in containerized Eucalyptus globulus seedlings following transplanting. Foliar and soil drench applications were applied using two different concentrations each (2.5 ml.l−1 and 5.0 ml.l−1 for foliar, 10 ml.l−1 and 20 ml.l−1 for soil). Measures on seedling height, apical shot formation, total aboveground (dry weight of leaves and stem) and belowground biomass (dry weight of roots) 120 days after transplanting were made to quantify the effect on growth. The contrasts analysis on results revealed a positive effect of the biostimulant on many of the measured parameters, especially with foliar application using the lowest concentration (2.5 ml.l−1). The foliar application was overall suggested as more efficient than soil drench also allowing lower inputs (i.e. biostimulant quantity). The main consequence of the treatment was an increased biomass allocation in the stem (above ground biomass) due to a stimulated leaves production which might suggest an increased photosynthetic activity and growth. Conversely no influence was detectable on total height of seedlings neither on the collar diameter. The biostimulant treatment on containerized Eucalyptus globulus positively influenced some features of seedlings’ growth after transplanting and the use of biostimulant with foliar application during the hardening phase in the nursery, appears to be a promising technique to potentially improve seedling growth after transplanting. An interesting impact from application of biostimulant on biomass accumulation following transplanting was here demonstrated. Anyway, further research to verify the results on different tree species as well as under open field conditions is envisioned.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"82 1","pages":"17-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48680033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bai Qingsong, Zhang Qian, Cai Yanling, Liang Huiming, Liu Wanchuan, Luo Min, Zeng Linghai, Boxiang He
Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) is an important species for resin tapping in China. Molecular assisted selection (MAS) has been gradually introduced in to the selection and breeding of masson pine. Until now, the lack of connection between genome information and phenotypic data has hindered the breeding and selection of important chemical compounds of xylem resin. In this study, gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical compounds of resin collected from 69 masson pine germplasm resources. Then, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for the terpenoids with higher heritability. A total of 15 primary compounds, including six diterpenes and nine monoterpenes/sesquiterpenes, were detected from xylem resin. By using five GWAS methods, 42 associated SNPs were identified from these masson pines. The P. taeda genome database was used for detecting candidate genes related to the associated SNPs. By using transcriptome data, several members of PKc_like super family, Cytochrome P450, AP2-EFR, F-box, and ABC transporter were found to be highly expressed in the masson pines with higher resin-yielding capacity. The terpenoids associated SNPs can be directly used for MAS. These candidate genes, especially the two F-box members, will contribute to the study of terpenoid biosynthesis mechanisms in the future.
{"title":"Genome-wide association study of terpenoids in resin reveals candidate genes for resin yield in Pinus massoniana","authors":"Bai Qingsong, Zhang Qian, Cai Yanling, Liang Huiming, Liu Wanchuan, Luo Min, Zeng Linghai, Boxiang He","doi":"10.12657/denbio.084.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.084.009","url":null,"abstract":"Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) is an important species for resin tapping in China. Molecular assisted selection (MAS) has been gradually introduced in to the selection and breeding of masson pine. Until now, the lack of connection between genome information and phenotypic data has hindered the breeding and selection of important chemical compounds of xylem resin. In this study, gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical compounds of resin collected from 69 masson pine germplasm resources. Then, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for the terpenoids with higher heritability. A total of 15 primary compounds, including six diterpenes and nine monoterpenes/sesquiterpenes, were detected from xylem resin. By using five GWAS methods, 42 associated SNPs were identified from these masson pines. The P. taeda genome database was used for detecting candidate genes related to the associated SNPs. By using transcriptome data, several members of PKc_like super family, Cytochrome P450, AP2-EFR, F-box, and ABC transporter were found to be highly expressed in the masson pines with higher resin-yielding capacity. The terpenoids associated SNPs can be directly used for MAS. These candidate genes, especially the two F-box members, will contribute to the study of terpenoid biosynthesis mechanisms in the future.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66210122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Złoch, B. Furtado, A. Trejgell, J. Tyburski, T. Kowalkowski, S. Szymańska, K. Hrynkiewicz
Microbially assisted phytoremediation is considered as the most promising eco-friendly solution for recultivation of heavy metal polluted soils. In vitro experiments can be favorable systems that allow assessing compatibility and efficiency of both partners (e.g. plant-microorganism) which reduces time and space in the initial stages of this technology. The main objective of this study was: (1) to calculate the Cd2+ accumulation factors (e.g. BCF, Ti, AF) using willow (Salix viminalis L.) inoculated with three Streptomyces sp. strains under in vitro conditions and (2) to compare obtained results with that derived from pot experiments by Złoch et al. (2017). Our results reveal significantly increase in Cd2+ accumulation capacity of Streptomyces spp. inoculated willow plants, indicating microbial stimulation of phytoextraction. Additionally, inoculated plants showed higher biomass production and lower lipids peroxidation level. The results revealed significant increase of MEA, BCF, Ti, MER by Strep-1 and Strep-2 in the above-ground parts of inoculated plants. Moreover, of the three strains tested, Strep-1 (Streptomyces sp. SIIB-Zn-R8) demonstrated the highest impact on the Cd2+ phytoextraction efficiency. In conclusion, the proposed in vitro model system allowed predicting Cd2+ phytoextraction capacity performed using inoculated willow plants with the significant reduction of both time and space.
{"title":"Microbial assisted phytoextraction of Cd2+ by Salix viminalis under in vitro culture conditions","authors":"M. Złoch, B. Furtado, A. Trejgell, J. Tyburski, T. Kowalkowski, S. Szymańska, K. Hrynkiewicz","doi":"10.12657/denbio.082.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.082.007","url":null,"abstract":"Microbially assisted phytoremediation is considered as the most promising eco-friendly solution for recultivation of heavy metal polluted soils. In vitro experiments can be favorable systems that allow assessing compatibility and efficiency of both partners (e.g. plant-microorganism) which reduces time and space in the initial stages of this technology. The main objective of this study was: (1) to calculate the Cd2+ accumulation factors (e.g. BCF, Ti, AF) using willow (Salix viminalis L.) inoculated with three Streptomyces sp. strains under in vitro conditions and (2) to compare obtained results with that derived from pot experiments by Złoch et al. (2017). Our results reveal significantly increase in Cd2+ accumulation capacity of Streptomyces spp. inoculated willow plants, indicating microbial stimulation of phytoextraction. Additionally, inoculated plants showed higher biomass production and lower lipids peroxidation level. The results revealed significant increase of MEA, BCF, Ti, MER by Strep-1 and Strep-2 in the above-ground parts of inoculated plants. Moreover, of the three strains tested, Strep-1 (Streptomyces sp. SIIB-Zn-R8) demonstrated the highest impact on the Cd2+ phytoextraction efficiency. In conclusion, the proposed in vitro model system allowed predicting Cd2+ phytoextraction capacity performed using inoculated willow plants with the significant reduction of both time and space.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"51 1","pages":"66-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang-Gil Kim, Soon-Ho Kwon, Hyesoon Kang, Da-Bin Yoem, Ki Won Kim, Hyun Hee Kim, K. Kang
The genus Populus is one of the important tree species in Korean peninsula and many other countries in the world. It represents the model species of forest genomics because it grows fast and reproduces rapidly. In this reason, their genetic characteristics have been well studied and the whole genome has been sequenced completely in some species. However, cytogenetic study of the genus Populus has been limited. In the present study, karyotypes of Korean aspen (P. tremula var. davidiana), Silver poplar (P. alba) and their two hybrids, Suwon aspen (P. tremula var. glandulosa) and Hyun aspen (P. alba × P. tremula var. glandulsa) were analyzed by means of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Root samples were collected from mature trees in the demonstration forest, located at Suwon, Kyonggi province in South Korea. The fresh root cells were examined by DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining and FISH using 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA probes. As the results, the chromosome compositions of all species were the same as 2n = 38. The karyotype formulas of Korean aspen, Silver poplar, Suwon aspen and Hyun aspen were 28m + 6sm + 4st (2sat), 26m + 10sm (2sat) + 2st, 26m + 12sm (2sat) and 28m + 10sm (2sat), respectively. The four species had one pair of 45S rDNA site and one pair of 5S rDNA site in common with FISH karyotypes. The similarity of FISH karyotypes among four species indicated close genetic relationship and coexistence of their interspecific hybrids. This research will provide genetic information on cytogenetic research of Populus and genetic mapping that can be applied to the breeding program of Populus in the near future.
杨树属是朝鲜半岛和世界上许多国家的重要树种之一。它代表了森林基因组学的模式物种,因为它生长快,繁殖快。因此,人们对它们的遗传特征进行了很好的研究,并对一些物种的全基因组进行了测序。然而,对杨树属植物的细胞遗传学研究还很有限。本研究采用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术对韩国白杨(P. tremula var. davidiana)、银杨(P. alba)及其两个杂交品种水原白杨(P. tremula var. glandulsa)和Hyun杨杨(P. alba × P. tremula var. glandulsa)的核型进行了分析。根样本是从位于韩国京畿道水原的示范森林的成熟树木上采集的。采用DAPI(4′,6-二氨基-2-苯基吲哚)染色,45S rDNA和5S rDNA探针检测新鲜根细胞。结果表明,各种属的染色体组成均为2n = 38。韩杨、银杨、水原杨和玄杨的核型公式分别为28m + 6sm + 4st (2sat)、26m + 10sm (2sat) + 2st、26m + 12sm (2sat)和28m + 10sm (2sat)。这4个物种与FISH核型共有1对45S rDNA位点和1对5S rDNA位点。四种间FISH核型的相似性表明它们的种间杂交亲缘关系密切,且存在共存关系。本研究将为杨树的细胞遗传学研究和遗传作图提供遗传信息,为杨树的育种规划提供参考。
{"title":"Similarity of chromosome structure among Populus tremula var. davidiana, Populus alba and their hybrids revealed by FISH karyotype analysis","authors":"Yang-Gil Kim, Soon-Ho Kwon, Hyesoon Kang, Da-Bin Yoem, Ki Won Kim, Hyun Hee Kim, K. Kang","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.007","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Populus is one of the important tree species in Korean peninsula and many other countries in the world. It represents the model species of forest genomics because it grows fast and reproduces rapidly. In this reason, their genetic characteristics have been well studied and the whole genome has been sequenced completely in some species. However, cytogenetic study of the genus Populus has been limited. In the present study, karyotypes of Korean aspen (P. tremula var. davidiana), Silver poplar (P. alba) and their two hybrids, Suwon aspen (P. tremula var. glandulosa) and Hyun aspen (P. alba × P. tremula var. glandulsa) were analyzed by means of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Root samples were collected from mature trees in the demonstration forest, located at Suwon, Kyonggi province in South Korea. The fresh root cells were examined by DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining and FISH using 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA probes. As the results, the chromosome compositions of all species were the same as 2n = 38. The karyotype formulas of Korean aspen, Silver poplar, Suwon aspen and Hyun aspen were 28m + 6sm + 4st (2sat), 26m + 10sm (2sat) + 2st, 26m + 12sm (2sat) and 28m + 10sm (2sat), respectively. The four species had one pair of 45S rDNA site and one pair of 5S rDNA site in common with FISH karyotypes. The similarity of FISH karyotypes among four species indicated close genetic relationship and coexistence of their interspecific hybrids. This research will provide genetic information on cytogenetic research of Populus and genetic mapping that can be applied to the breeding program of Populus in the near future.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}