A. Kormuťák, Martin Galgóci, P. Boleček, D. Gömöry
Pollen storage is the only way how to overcome the differences in phenology of forest trees and geographically determined reproductive barriers between them during controlled pollination. Pollen viability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), mountain dwarf pine (P. mugo Turra) and their hybrid swarms was evaluated after 3-years storage at −20°C using in vitro germination test. One population of each P. sylvestris and P. mugo were involved into study along with three hybrid swarms. Germination potential of the stored pollen grains was reduced significantly in comparison with freshly collected pollen. Profound decrease in germination rate was recorded in the two hybrid swarms (4.0–4.7%), less profound in the remaining three populations (0.6–2.4%). Pollen tube length, as the second pollen viability trait was reduced in stored pollen grains in a larger extend ranging between 51.4% and 54.3%. The pollen grains of the species P. mugo was exception in this respect yielding pollen grains whose growth was retarded of 21.9% only. Analysis of variance confirmed significant differences between fresh and stored pollen grains. Statistically significant were also the differences between compared populations and between tested individuals of the respective populations.
{"title":"Effect of storage on pollen viability in Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus mugo Turra and their hybrid swarms","authors":"A. Kormuťák, Martin Galgóci, P. Boleček, D. Gömöry","doi":"10.12657/denbio.082.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.082.005","url":null,"abstract":"Pollen storage is the only way how to overcome the differences in phenology of forest trees and geographically determined reproductive barriers between them during controlled pollination. Pollen viability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), mountain dwarf pine (P. mugo Turra) and their hybrid swarms was evaluated after 3-years storage at −20°C using in vitro germination test. One population of each P. sylvestris and P. mugo were involved into study along with three hybrid swarms. Germination potential of the stored pollen grains was reduced significantly in comparison with freshly collected pollen. Profound decrease in germination rate was recorded in the two hybrid swarms (4.0–4.7%), less profound in the remaining three populations (0.6–2.4%). Pollen tube length, as the second pollen viability trait was reduced in stored pollen grains in a larger extend ranging between 51.4% and 54.3%. The pollen grains of the species P. mugo was exception in this respect yielding pollen grains whose growth was retarded of 21.9% only. Analysis of variance confirmed significant differences between fresh and stored pollen grains. Statistically significant were also the differences between compared populations and between tested individuals of the respective populations.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"82 1","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The two dipterocarp species, Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata, have been widely planted in degraded forest land in Southern Vietnam in the last decades. However, study on growth characteristics of these species and their associated factors is still limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine growth performance in different stand densities, and classify tree quality in 28-year old D. alatus and H. odorata plantations. Our results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that in pure stand aged 28 years, D. alatus outperformed H. odorata in tree growth, biomass and volume. In addition, except for four growth variables including tree height at the first branch (Hb), crown length (CL), crown ratio (CR) and linear crown index (LCI), the remaining variables were negatively affected by stand density. We observed that medium quality trees occupied the greatest proportion in both D. alatus (47%; n = 425) and H. odorata (50%; n = 400). Except for CR and LCI, the class of good quality trees had the greatest values in the remaining examined growth variables. In linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model, the classification accuracy of testing set was relatively high in both D. alatus (85%) and H. odorata (91%). The most important variables for tree quality classification in D. alatus were crown diameter (CD) and diameter at breast height (DBH). Meanwhile, the most important variables in H. odorata were CD and tree height (H). These obtained results suggest that controlling crown size is important for shaping individual tree quality. Our data evidenced that D. alatus and H. odorata planted in Southern Vietnam with density equal or less than 500 trees per ha could yield high proportion of good and medium quality trees.
{"title":"Growth performance of Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata in degraded secondary forest land in Southern Vietnam","authors":"N. T. Tuan, Tai Tien Dinh","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.006","url":null,"abstract":"The two dipterocarp species, Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata, have been widely planted in degraded forest land in Southern Vietnam in the last decades. However, study on growth characteristics of these species and their associated factors is still limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine growth performance in different stand densities, and classify tree quality in 28-year old D. alatus and H. odorata plantations. Our results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that in pure stand aged 28 years, D. alatus outperformed H. odorata in tree growth, biomass and volume. In addition, except for four growth variables including tree height at the first branch (Hb), crown length (CL), crown ratio (CR) and linear crown index (LCI), the remaining variables were negatively affected by stand density. We observed that medium quality trees occupied the greatest proportion in both D. alatus (47%; n = 425) and H. odorata (50%; n = 400). Except for CR and LCI, the class of good quality trees had the greatest values in the remaining examined growth variables. In linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model, the classification accuracy of testing set was relatively high in both D. alatus (85%) and H. odorata (91%). The most important variables for tree quality classification in D. alatus were crown diameter (CD) and diameter at breast height (DBH). Meanwhile, the most important variables in H. odorata were CD and tree height (H). These obtained results suggest that controlling crown size is important for shaping individual tree quality. Our data evidenced that D. alatus and H. odorata planted in Southern Vietnam with density equal or less than 500 trees per ha could yield high proportion of good and medium quality trees.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Petrițan, Victor-Vasile Mihăilă, C. Bragă, M. Boura, D. Vasile, A. Petritan
Because of their role in carbon and nutrient exchange, litterfall and leaf area have been increasingly studied in the last few decades. However, most existing information comes from managed forests, while comparable data for virgin forests is scarce. To address this scarcity, we investigated a mixed beech – silver fir virgin forest located in the Southern Carpathian Mountains, using 78 litter traps to measure the annual litterfall production, litter composition and leaf area index (LAI). The LAI was calculated in two ways: directly, by using litter traps, and indirectly, based on hemispherical photographs. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of different stand and environmental characteristics on litter production, total foliar mass and LAIs. Annual litter productivity ranged from 1.8 to 8.3 t ha−1 with a mean of 3.5 t ha−1. Litter was composed mainly of beech leaves (66%) along with a lower percentage of silver fir needles (16%). The total foliar dry mass (sum of beech leaves and silver fir needles) increased significantly with the proportion of beeches and decreased with the median stand age. The LAI determined by using litter traps had a mean value of 5.06 m2 m−2, ranging from 3.52 to 8.22, and was characterised by a higher variability than the LAI estimated indirectly using the hemispherical approach (which had a mean value of 3.65 and a range of 2.30–5.28). The two indices did not correlate with each other. We found no significant relation between the LAIs and any stand or environmental variables. We conclude that in the more complex forests, such as the virgin beech – silver fir mixed forest we studied, annual foliar dry mass is more closely related to stand characteristics than is LAI. We also note significant limitations of both LAI estimation methods, which indicate that a more elaborate approach to estimating
由于凋落物和叶面积在碳和养分交换中的作用，近几十年来人们对它们的研究越来越多。然而，大多数现有资料来自管理森林，而原始森林的可比数据很少。为了解决这一稀缺性问题，我们研究了位于喀尔巴阡山脉南部的山毛榉-银杉混合原生林，使用78个凋落物陷阱测量了年凋落物产量、凋落物组成和叶面积指数(LAI)。LAI的计算有两种方式:直接的，通过使用凋落物陷阱，间接的，基于半球照片。此外，我们还研究了不同林分和环境特征对凋落物产量、总叶质量和lai的影响。年凋落物产出量为1.8 ~ 8.3 t ha - 1，平均值为3.5 t ha - 1。凋落物以山毛榉叶为主(66%)，银冷杉针叶比例较低(16%)。叶面总干质量(山毛榉叶与银杉针叶之和)随山毛榉比例的增加而显著增加，随林龄的增加而显著降低。利用凋落物捕集器测定的LAI均值为5.06 m2 m−2，范围为3.52 ~ 8.22，其变异性高于采用半球形方法间接估算的LAI(平均值为3.65，范围为2.30 ~ 5.28)。这两个指数没有相互关联。结果表明，林分和环境变量对lai的影响不显著。结果表明，在较为复杂的森林中，如原始山毛榉-银杉混交林，年叶干质量与林分特征的关系比LAI更密切。我们还注意到两种LAI估计方法的显著局限性，这表明需要更详细的估计方法
{"title":"Litterfall production and leaf area index in a virgin European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) – Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) forest","authors":"I. Petrițan, Victor-Vasile Mihăilă, C. Bragă, M. Boura, D. Vasile, A. Petritan","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.008","url":null,"abstract":"Because of their role in carbon and nutrient exchange, litterfall and leaf area have been increasingly studied in the last few decades. However, most existing information comes from managed forests, while comparable data for virgin forests is scarce. To address this scarcity, we investigated a mixed beech – silver fir virgin forest located in the Southern Carpathian Mountains, using 78 litter traps to measure the annual litterfall production, litter composition and leaf area index (LAI). The LAI was calculated in two ways: directly, by using litter traps, and indirectly, based on hemispherical photographs. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of different stand and environmental characteristics on litter production, total foliar mass and LAIs. Annual litter productivity ranged from 1.8 to 8.3 t ha−1 with a mean of 3.5 t ha−1. Litter was composed mainly of beech leaves (66%) along with a lower percentage of silver fir needles (16%). The total foliar dry mass (sum of beech leaves and silver fir needles) increased significantly with the proportion of beeches and decreased with the median stand age. The LAI determined by using litter traps had a mean value of 5.06 m2 m−2, ranging from 3.52 to 8.22, and was characterised by a higher variability than the LAI estimated indirectly using the hemispherical approach (which had a mean value of 3.65 and a range of 2.30–5.28). The two indices did not correlate with each other. We found no significant relation between the LAIs and any stand or environmental variables. We conclude that in the more complex forests, such as the virgin beech – silver fir mixed forest we studied, annual foliar dry mass is more closely related to stand characteristics than is LAI. We also note significant limitations of both LAI estimation methods, which indicate that a more elaborate approach to estimating","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"75-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominika Thiem, J. Tyburski, M. Gołębiewski, K. Hrynkiewicz
Soil salinity is an important abiotic stress factor that reduces both plant growth and development and decreases diversity and metabolic potential of microorganisms, particularly fungi. However, some fungal isolates, including mycorrhizal fungi, can increase tolerance of plants to salinity, e.g. by activation of defense mechanisms. Main aim of our study was: (i) to identify and characterize fungal strains isolated from fruitbodies growing at saline test sites and (ii) to determine the effect of fungal inoculation on the growth and salinity tolerance of Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. seedlings. Two ectomycorrhizal strains (Amanita muscaria OW-10 and Paxillus involutus OW-5) and a saprotrophic one (Gymnopus sp. OW-6) were isolated from fruitbodies collected at naturally saline test sites. The plant growth promotion was observed after inoculation of plants with the ectomycorrhizal fungus – P. involutus OW-5, while the use of Gymnopus sp. OW-6, displaying the highest hydrolytic activity, decreased seedling growth parameters. Moreover, P. involutus OW-5 (characterized by characterized by medium salt tolerance salt tolerance) promoted growth of black alder in the presence of salt, while A. muscaria OW-10 (with the highest salt tolerance) increased fresh and dry mass of seedlings only in the absence of salt. Black alder seedlings inoculated with P. involutus OW-5 revealed higher synthesis of proline in aboveground organs compared to the control plants which suggested that accumulation of this compound can be a mechanism protecting black alder seedlings against salt stress. In conclusion, we recommend the use of P. involutus OW-5, which displayed the best plant growth promoting ability and salt tolerance, for inoculation of black alder trees used in reclamation of saline habitats.
{"title":"Halotolerant fungi stimulate growth and mitigate salt stress in Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.","authors":"Dominika Thiem, J. Tyburski, M. Gołębiewski, K. Hrynkiewicz","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.003","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinity is an important abiotic stress factor that reduces both plant growth and development and decreases diversity and metabolic potential of microorganisms, particularly fungi. However, some fungal isolates, including mycorrhizal fungi, can increase tolerance of plants to salinity, e.g. by activation of defense mechanisms. Main aim of our study was: (i) to identify and characterize fungal strains isolated from fruitbodies growing at saline test sites and (ii) to determine the effect of fungal inoculation on the growth and salinity tolerance of Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. seedlings. Two ectomycorrhizal strains (Amanita muscaria OW-10 and Paxillus involutus OW-5) and a saprotrophic one (Gymnopus sp. OW-6) were isolated from fruitbodies collected at naturally saline test sites. The plant growth promotion was observed after inoculation of plants with the ectomycorrhizal fungus – P. involutus OW-5, while the use of Gymnopus sp. OW-6, displaying the highest hydrolytic activity, decreased seedling growth parameters. Moreover, P. involutus OW-5 (characterized by characterized by medium salt tolerance salt tolerance) promoted growth of black alder in the presence of salt, while A. muscaria OW-10 (with the highest salt tolerance) increased fresh and dry mass of seedlings only in the absence of salt. Black alder seedlings inoculated with P. involutus OW-5 revealed higher synthesis of proline in aboveground organs compared to the control plants which suggested that accumulation of this compound can be a mechanism protecting black alder seedlings against salt stress. In conclusion, we recommend the use of P. involutus OW-5, which displayed the best plant growth promoting ability and salt tolerance, for inoculation of black alder trees used in reclamation of saline habitats.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"30-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutational witches’ broom is a part of the tree crown with abnormally dense branching and slow shoot growth, which putatively originates from a cell in a bud apical meristem and can be visually differentiated from the normal crown. The witches’ broom forms a large branching system which competes sufficiently with other parts of the tree crown. However, the competitive relationship and the interaction between the mutant and normal crown parts have not yet been studied. We investigated the patterns and dynamics of the competitive relationship between witches’ broom and normal branching systems of the same tree of five Pinaceae species by tree ring analysis. Three saw-cuts were made in each tree: on the lateral branch with the witches’ broom, on the proximal part of the axial branch in front of the branch with the witches’ broom, on the distal part of the axial branch right after the branch with the witches’ broom. Annual radial growth was measured to the nearest 0.01 mm, and annual ring areas from three saw-cuts were analysed to compare the growth dynamics before and after witches’ broom appearance. The growth of the lateral branch with the witches’ broom sharply increased in the year of witches’ broom appearance by 2–10 times. The growth of the distal part of the axial branch sharply decreased in the same year, which could be explained only by the witches’ broom appearance. All branches with witches’ brooms gradually became thicker than the distal part of the branch, 3–150 times at the peak of growth, and occasionally outgrew even the proximal part of the branch. Thus, witches’ broom is drastically morphologically and physiologically different from the rest of the crown. All witches’ brooms had their own vertically oriented axis of symmetry and represented autonomous branching systems that were not subordinate to any other branching systems. They break the normal donor-acceptor relationship in a tree and eagerly consume resources without being fully involved in their production. The mutation clearly affects the hormonal regulation of growth and morphogenesis and turns a witches’ broom into a new metabolic sink.
{"title":"Mutational witches’ broom impact on the growth of the parent branch in several Pinaceae species","authors":"E. Zhuk, G. Vasilyeva, S. Goroshkevich","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.005","url":null,"abstract":"Mutational witches’ broom is a part of the tree crown with abnormally dense branching and slow shoot growth, which putatively originates from a cell in a bud apical meristem and can be visually differentiated from the normal crown. The witches’ broom forms a large branching system which competes sufficiently with other parts of the tree crown. However, the competitive relationship and the interaction between the mutant and normal crown parts have not yet been studied. We investigated the patterns and dynamics of the competitive relationship between witches’ broom and normal branching systems of the same tree of five Pinaceae species by tree ring analysis. Three saw-cuts were made in each tree: on the lateral branch with the witches’ broom, on the proximal part of the axial branch in front of the branch with the witches’ broom, on the distal part of the axial branch right after the branch with the witches’ broom. Annual radial growth was measured to the nearest 0.01 mm, and annual ring areas from three saw-cuts were analysed to compare the growth dynamics before and after witches’ broom appearance. The growth of the lateral branch with the witches’ broom sharply increased in the year of witches’ broom appearance by 2–10 times. The growth of the distal part of the axial branch sharply decreased in the same year, which could be explained only by the witches’ broom appearance. All branches with witches’ brooms gradually became thicker than the distal part of the branch, 3–150 times at the peak of growth, and occasionally outgrew even the proximal part of the branch. Thus, witches’ broom is drastically morphologically and physiologically different from the rest of the crown. All witches’ brooms had their own vertically oriented axis of symmetry and represented autonomous branching systems that were not subordinate to any other branching systems. They break the normal donor-acceptor relationship in a tree and eagerly consume resources without being fully involved in their production. The mutation clearly affects the hormonal regulation of growth and morphogenesis and turns a witches’ broom into a new metabolic sink.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"52-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the impact of air pollution, and more specifically the impact of traffic, on the health of urban trees. Due to the lack of data sets, urban tree growth modeling often relies on the existing knowledge of forest. However, urban trees differ from forest trees. One of the aims of the study is to fill the lacunae in this field. It was hypothesized that in streets with higher traffic volume, both growth parameters and health status of trees would be decreased in comparison to trees growing in streets with lower traffic volume. Four of the most common tree species growing in Berlin were selected: Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L., Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., and Aesculus hippocastanum L. Apart from the tree age and stand position (high and low traffic volume), the height and circumference were measured and the following traits were analyzed: trunk condition, crown defoliation, leaf discoloration, the presence of hollows and nests. The streets that were selected for the analysis were located in the center of Berlin. For each species, four streets with high traffic volume and four streets with low traffic volume were chosen. The car traffic volume had a significant impact on growth parameters. Significant differences in height and circumference between trees growing on streets with low or high traffic volume were noticed; the higher the traffic volume, the lower the tree height and circumference. This tendency is particularly visible in P. acerifolia, T. cordata and A. platanoides. This relation was observed in all species except for A. hippocastanum. In the conditions of high-traffic volume, A. platanoides is thriving revealing the smallest differences in vitality and condition of the crown, trunk and leaves. The greatest differences in the health condition of the trees among the analyzed variants of traffic intensity were observed in the case of T. cordata. Lime trees seem to be most suitable for planting in the streets with lower traffic volume, whereas A. platanoides seems most suitable for planting in the streets with high traffic volume. P. acerifolia, despite its generally good health, is suffering from several progressing diseases. It is worth considering whether it should be gradually replaced with more resistant species. Aesculus, especially A. hippocastanum, are currently the most endangered ones. An alternative to this species can be A. carnea.
{"title":"The impact of air pollution on growth features and the health of trees in Berlin","authors":"Karolina Pietras-Couffignal, P. Robakowski","doi":"10.12657/denbio.082.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.082.006","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the impact of air pollution, and more specifically the impact of traffic, on the health of urban trees. Due to the lack of data sets, urban tree growth modeling often relies on the existing knowledge of forest. However, urban trees differ from forest trees. One of the aims of the study is to fill the lacunae in this field. It was hypothesized that in streets with higher traffic volume, both growth parameters and health status of trees would be decreased in comparison to trees growing in streets with lower traffic volume. Four of the most common tree species growing in Berlin were selected: Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L., Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., and Aesculus hippocastanum L. Apart from the tree age and stand position (high and low traffic volume), the height and circumference were measured and the following traits were analyzed: trunk condition, crown defoliation, leaf discoloration, the presence of hollows and nests. The streets that were selected for the analysis were located in the center of Berlin. For each species, four streets with high traffic volume and four streets with low traffic volume were chosen. The car traffic volume had a significant impact on growth parameters. Significant differences in height and circumference between trees growing on streets with low or high traffic volume were noticed; the higher the traffic volume, the lower the tree height and circumference. This tendency is particularly visible in P. acerifolia, T. cordata and A. platanoides. This relation was observed in all species except for A. hippocastanum. In the conditions of high-traffic volume, A. platanoides is thriving revealing the smallest differences in vitality and condition of the crown, trunk and leaves. The greatest differences in the health condition of the trees among the analyzed variants of traffic intensity were observed in the case of T. cordata. Lime trees seem to be most suitable for planting in the streets with lower traffic volume, whereas A. platanoides seems most suitable for planting in the streets with high traffic volume. P. acerifolia, despite its generally good health, is suffering from several progressing diseases. It is worth considering whether it should be gradually replaced with more resistant species. Aesculus, especially A. hippocastanum, are currently the most endangered ones. An alternative to this species can be A. carnea.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"82 1","pages":"52-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mountain almond (Amygdalus arabica) is a shrub with naturally distributing in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. A. arabica also known as bitter almond and can reach up to 2.5 m. The natural distribution of mountain almond is generally in the Southeast Region of Turkey. The present study carried out to determine the morphological and physiological characteristics of the seed of mountain almond. The seeds were collected from three different populations of A. arabica in Adıyaman. For different each populations seed weight, height, width, thickness, and 1000-seed weight were measured in the laboratory. Morphological characteristics of A. arabica seeds varied according to their populations. Seed germination tests were conducted at 20 °C, after prechilling for 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks at 4 °C. Prechilling treatments of 3 weeks were insufficient, but 6 and 9 weeks of prechilling were found to eliminate seed dormancy and led to the highest germination percentage. The average germination percentage after 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks of prechilling were 3.1%, 49.6%, 80.4%, and 81.1%, respectively. The average mean germination time was approximately between 8 and 10 days.
{"title":"Seed characteristics of Amygdalus arabica in Adıyaman region of Turkey","authors":"Mustafa YILMAZ, M. Kalkan, H. Demirbağ","doi":"10.12657/denbio.084.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.084.005","url":null,"abstract":"Mountain almond (Amygdalus arabica) is a shrub with naturally distributing in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. A. arabica also known as bitter almond and can reach up to 2.5 m. The natural distribution of mountain almond is generally in the Southeast Region of Turkey. The present study carried out to determine the morphological and physiological characteristics of the seed of mountain almond. The seeds were collected from three different populations of A. arabica in Adıyaman. For different each populations seed weight, height, width, thickness, and 1000-seed weight were measured in the laboratory. Morphological characteristics of A. arabica seeds varied according to their populations. Seed germination tests were conducted at 20 °C, after prechilling for 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks at 4 °C. Prechilling treatments of 3 weeks were insufficient, but 6 and 9 weeks of prechilling were found to eliminate seed dormancy and led to the highest germination percentage. The average germination percentage after 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks of prechilling were 3.1%, 49.6%, 80.4%, and 81.1%, respectively. The average mean germination time was approximately between 8 and 10 days.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66210108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Zhou, Dan Peng, Qing-xin Zhao, Shiyu Yangnan, Shiquan Yang, Feng Yang, Gaoyi Qu, Weiwei Tang, Jia-cai Ou, W. Xiang, Jianlin Xiang, X. Deng
Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] is a fast-growing tree species that is widely planted for timber production in southern China. Many high-quality breeding systems for Chinese fir have been developed using genetic methods. Here, we systematically review progress in increasing Chinese fir timber volumes per unit forest area in China, using genetic methods. We comprehensively assess the objectives, strategies, and primary accomplishments of the first to fourth generations of a Chinese fir breeding program. Furthermore, we propose a genetic improvement program and protocol for Chinese fir, and outline several recommendations with respect to the main challenges associated with using genetic methods to increase timber yields. Finally, we present a series of proposals to increase Chinese fir timber production in China. This review offers insight into genetic improvements that have increased timber volumes of Chinese fir over four generations of breeding, and provides direction for future genetic improvements to wood properties.
{"title":"Improvements in timber production of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) per unit forest area in China via tree breeding: Status and challenges","authors":"Bo Zhou, Dan Peng, Qing-xin Zhao, Shiyu Yangnan, Shiquan Yang, Feng Yang, Gaoyi Qu, Weiwei Tang, Jia-cai Ou, W. Xiang, Jianlin Xiang, X. Deng","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.004","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] is a fast-growing tree species that is widely planted for timber production in southern China. Many high-quality breeding systems for Chinese fir have been developed using genetic methods. Here, we systematically review progress in increasing Chinese fir timber volumes per unit forest area in China, using genetic methods. We comprehensively assess the objectives, strategies, and primary accomplishments of the first to fourth generations of a Chinese fir breeding program. Furthermore, we propose a genetic improvement program and protocol for Chinese fir, and outline several recommendations with respect to the main challenges associated with using genetic methods to increase timber yields. Finally, we present a series of proposals to increase Chinese fir timber production in China. This review offers insight into genetic improvements that have increased timber volumes of Chinese fir over four generations of breeding, and provides direction for future genetic improvements to wood properties.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wang Xiaoli, Xi Kong, Ying-Jie Zhao, Cao Yue, Cao Zilin
Eucalyptus maidenii plantations are typically fertilized to increase the yields of eucalyptus oil and timber. However, the application of chemical fertilizers is costly and can cause environmental pollution and soil erosion. Mycorrhiza fungi can facilitate the cultivation of optimal seedlings while promoting the growth of trees. To date, investigations into the inoculation of endomycorrhizal fungi to enhance the productivity of E. maidenii in Yunnan, China have not been undertaken. The species/dominant species of endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii in Yunnan were isolated and identified. The effect of endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii was elucidated. The major species of endomycorrhizal fungi that affect E. maidenii were ascertained. Bulk soil was collected from an E. maidenii plantation, and the species of endomycorrhizal fungi were investigated. The effect of the endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii were analyzed via a single factor experimental design, where the number of spores of endomycorrhizal fungi in the seedling substrate were controlled. The major endomycorrhizal fungi species that affected E. maidenii were ascertained via stepwise regression analysis. Five endomycorrhizal fungal species were isolated from the bulk soil, with the dominant being Glomus aggregatum and Glomus mosseae. With higher counts of endomycorrhizal fungal spores in the seedling substrate, the infection rate and intensity of seedlings were observed to increase, as well as the NPK concentrations of the bulk soil. With the increased nitrogen concentration in the bulk soil, the nitrogen concentration of the aerial components of the seedlings also increased. The NPK concentrations in the bulk soil and seedlings, the second order lateral roots, the root activity, and the seedling height were significantly promoted by the presence of endomycorrhizal fungi (the third experimental treatment). The NPK concentrations of the bulk soil and seedlings, as well as the growth indices of seedlings increased through endomycorrhizal fungi inoculation. The major species of the endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii were G. aggregatum, Glomus multicaule, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum.
{"title":"The endomycorrhizal fungal species and their effects on the growth and nutrient characteristics of Eucalyptus maidenii seedlings in China","authors":"Wang Xiaoli, Xi Kong, Ying-Jie Zhao, Cao Yue, Cao Zilin","doi":"10.12657/denbio.083.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.009","url":null,"abstract":"Eucalyptus maidenii plantations are typically fertilized to increase the yields of eucalyptus oil and timber. However, the application of chemical fertilizers is costly and can cause environmental pollution and soil erosion. Mycorrhiza fungi can facilitate the cultivation of optimal seedlings while promoting the growth of trees. To date, investigations into the inoculation of endomycorrhizal fungi to enhance the productivity of E. maidenii in Yunnan, China have not been undertaken. The species/dominant species of endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii in Yunnan were isolated and identified. The effect of endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii was elucidated. The major species of endomycorrhizal fungi that affect E. maidenii were ascertained. Bulk soil was collected from an E. maidenii plantation, and the species of endomycorrhizal fungi were investigated. The effect of the endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii were analyzed via a single factor experimental design, where the number of spores of endomycorrhizal fungi in the seedling substrate were controlled. The major endomycorrhizal fungi species that affected E. maidenii were ascertained via stepwise regression analysis. Five endomycorrhizal fungal species were isolated from the bulk soil, with the dominant being Glomus aggregatum and Glomus mosseae. With higher counts of endomycorrhizal fungal spores in the seedling substrate, the infection rate and intensity of seedlings were observed to increase, as well as the NPK concentrations of the bulk soil. With the increased nitrogen concentration in the bulk soil, the nitrogen concentration of the aerial components of the seedlings also increased. The NPK concentrations in the bulk soil and seedlings, the second order lateral roots, the root activity, and the seedling height were significantly promoted by the presence of endomycorrhizal fungi (the third experimental treatment). The NPK concentrations of the bulk soil and seedlings, as well as the growth indices of seedlings increased through endomycorrhizal fungi inoculation. The major species of the endomycorrhizal fungi on E. maidenii were G. aggregatum, Glomus multicaule, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"83 1","pages":"85-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66210067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Boratyńska, D. Tomaszewski, J. Montserrat, S. Marek, A. Boratyński
The Cecilian pine (Pinus ceciliae) is endemic to Balearic islands (Spain). It is a small taxon, sometimes treated as synonym of Aleppo pine (P. halepensis), to which is closely related, differing mainly with dense crown shape and upright branches. The other characteristics, which differ between P. ceciliae and P. halepensis concern the cone scale and needle length only. We examined biometrically needles of Cecilian pine from Mallorca (5 tress) and Menorca (9 trees) islands, and compared them to Aleppo pine populations represented by 30 trees from each island. Each tree was represented by 5 needles, and they were studied with respect to 17 morphological and anatomical characteristics. We detected that needles of the Cecilian pine were smaller, but only when compared to the Aleppo pine from the same island. In general, this difference was also observed in the number of resin canals, number of stomata and stomatal rows. Interestingly, the proportions of the needle dimensions pattern were similar in both taxa. In conclusion we stated the results support the taxonomic rank of Cecilian pine as a variety, Pinus halepensis var. ceciliae (Llorens & L.Llorens) L.Llorens, Fl. Països Catalans, 1: 197 (1984).
{"title":"Taxonomic position of Pinus ceciliae (Pinaceae) endemic for Balearic Islands as revealed on needle characteristics","authors":"K. Boratyńska, D. Tomaszewski, J. Montserrat, S. Marek, A. Boratyński","doi":"10.12657/denbio.082.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.082.002","url":null,"abstract":"The Cecilian pine (Pinus ceciliae) is endemic to Balearic islands (Spain). It is a small taxon, sometimes treated as synonym of Aleppo pine (P. halepensis), to which is closely related, differing mainly with dense crown shape and upright branches. The other characteristics, which differ between P. ceciliae and P. halepensis concern the cone scale and needle length only. We examined biometrically needles of Cecilian pine from Mallorca (5 tress) and Menorca (9 trees) islands, and compared them to Aleppo pine populations represented by 30 trees from each island. Each tree was represented by 5 needles, and they were studied with respect to 17 morphological and anatomical characteristics. We detected that needles of the Cecilian pine were smaller, but only when compared to the Aleppo pine from the same island. In general, this difference was also observed in the number of resin canals, number of stomata and stomatal rows. Interestingly, the proportions of the needle dimensions pattern were similar in both taxa. In conclusion we stated the results support the taxonomic rank of Cecilian pine as a variety, Pinus halepensis var. ceciliae (Llorens & L.Llorens) L.Llorens, Fl. Països Catalans, 1: 197 (1984).","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":"82 1","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44855262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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