The Douglas fir has been cultivated in Europe since the mid-19th century, but its artificial regeneration leads to a low yield of seedlings. It could be improved by prolonged pre-sowing treatment (cold stratification of seeds) or the early shading of sowings, so that their effect on five Douglas fir seed lots and their emergence and growth of seedlings were analysed. One lot came from the USA; four lots came from the Czech Republic. The germination capacity and germination rate were analysed for seed without pre-sowing treatment and seed after 21-day and 49-day stratification. The emergence rate was tested for variants of the 21-day and the 49-day stratification (shaded and unshaded treatment) and for autumn sowing (unshaded treatment). The results show that the maximal germination capacity of full seeds is achieved after the 21-day stratification. The prolonged 49-day stratification increases the germination rate, especially in seed lots with lower vitality. The biggest seedlings, in terms of length and biomass of the above-ground part and the biomass of the root system, emerged from seeds sown in autumn. The combination of the 49-day stratification of seeds and the 3-week shading after spring sowing can accelerate seedling emergence and increase the emergence rate of seedlings; seedlings achieve more biomass and length of the above-ground part, the root system compared to unshaded seedlings or seedlings emerged from 21-day stratified seeds. Comparable or better results were achieved from autumn sowing.
{"title":"The effect of prolonged stratification and shading on the emergence of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco seedlings","authors":"K. Houšková, Matúš Sendecký, A. Martiník","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.009","url":null,"abstract":"The Douglas fir has been cultivated in Europe since the mid-19th century, but its artificial regeneration leads to a low yield of seedlings. It could be improved by prolonged pre-sowing treatment (cold stratification of seeds) or the early shading of sowings, so that their effect on five Douglas fir seed lots and their emergence and growth of seedlings were analysed. One lot came from the USA; four lots came from the Czech Republic. The germination capacity and germination rate were analysed for seed without pre-sowing treatment and seed after 21-day and 49-day stratification. The emergence rate was tested for variants of the 21-day and the 49-day stratification (shaded and unshaded treatment) and for autumn sowing (unshaded treatment). The results show that the maximal germination capacity of full seeds is achieved after the 21-day stratification. The prolonged 49-day stratification increases the germination rate, especially in seed lots with lower vitality. The biggest seedlings, in terms of length and biomass of the above-ground part and the biomass of the root system, emerged from seeds sown in autumn. The combination of the 49-day stratification of seeds and the 3-week shading after spring sowing can accelerate seedling emergence and increase the emergence rate of seedlings; seedlings achieve more biomass and length of the above-ground part, the root system compared to unshaded seedlings or seedlings emerged from 21-day stratified seeds. Comparable or better results were achieved from autumn sowing.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49273988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A hybrid between Salix triandra and S. xanthicola, occurring in the Rhodope Mountains in northeastern Greece, is described as a new nothospecies. It differs from S. triandra by having distinctly hairy young stems and more deeply serrate-dentate leaf margins, and from S. xanthicola by a smooth, unstructured (without conicoids) wax layer on the lower side of the leaves and the presence of subsessile glands on the petioles.
{"title":"Salix ×browiczii (Salicaceae) – a new nothospecies from northeastern Greece","authors":"J. Zieliński, D. Tomaszewski, P. Kosiński","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.008","url":null,"abstract":"A hybrid between Salix triandra and S. xanthicola, occurring in the Rhodope Mountains in northeastern Greece, is described as a new nothospecies. It differs from S. triandra by having distinctly hairy young stems and more deeply serrate-dentate leaf margins, and from S. xanthicola by a smooth, unstructured (without conicoids) wax layer on the lower side of the leaves and the presence of subsessile glands on the petioles.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48497252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indi Vishaka Somasiri, Harshini Herath, Ratnayake Mudiyanselage Chula Sena Ratnayake, Seetha Priyanganie Senanayake
Antidesma alexiteria and Syzygium caryophyllatum are two fruit species found in Sri Lanka of which the commercial development potential has not been fully identified. To bring these fruit species back into cultivation, establishment of suitable propagation systems for mass propagation is important. Therefore, this research was designed to identify suitable potting media, stem cutting types and requirement of auxin for successful vegetative propagation of the two fruit species. Softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings of the fruit trees were planted in three potting media (M1 – topsoil, sand 1:1, M2 – topsoil, sand, compost 1:1:1 and M3 – topsoil, sand, coir dust 1:1:1) under two treatments; T1 – with plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and T0 – controls without IAA. Each treatment was conducted with 15 replicates. The cuttings were planted in individual propagators and were kept in a net house of 50% shading under room temperature. Growth performance of the cuttings was monitored in regular intervals (every 28 days) for a period of six months. According to sprouting, survival, and growth performance, both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings are suitable for vegetative propagation of A. alexiteria. The M3 medium showed 100% sprouting and survival but with respect to overall growth performance, the M1 medium was the most suitable for softwoods of A. alexiteria without auxin. Sprouting and survival of semi-hardwood cuttings were 100% with high values of growth parameters in M3 under T1 treatment. The M1 medium without auxin can be recommended for better performance of softwoods while M3with auxin is for semi-hardwoods of A. alexiteria. Softwoods, semi-hardwoods and hardwoods can be recommended for vegetative propagation S. caryophyllatum in M1 medium. Both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings under T1 treatment expressed higher sprouting and survival percentages while semi-hardwood cuttings under T1 treatment have shown the highest sprouting and growth performance. Hence, semi-hardwood cuttings with auxin can be considered as the best planting material for vegetative propagation of S. caryophyllatumwhile M1 is the best medium. The vegetative propagation of S. caryophyllatum and A. alexiteria through stem cuttings can be recommended as suitable mass propagation method for the purpose of commercialization.
{"title":"Propagation of Antidesma alexiteria and Syzygium caryophyllatum, two underexploited fruit plants in Sri Lanka: Effect of cutting types, potting media and auxin application","authors":"Indi Vishaka Somasiri, Harshini Herath, Ratnayake Mudiyanselage Chula Sena Ratnayake, Seetha Priyanganie Senanayake","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.007","url":null,"abstract":"Antidesma alexiteria and Syzygium caryophyllatum are two fruit species found in Sri Lanka of which the commercial development potential has not been fully identified. To bring these fruit species back into cultivation, establishment of suitable propagation systems for mass propagation is important. Therefore, this research was designed to identify suitable potting media, stem cutting types and requirement of auxin for successful vegetative propagation of the two fruit species. Softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings of the fruit trees were planted in three potting media (M1 – topsoil, sand 1:1, M2 – topsoil, sand, compost 1:1:1 and M3 – topsoil, sand, coir dust 1:1:1) under two treatments; T1 – with plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and T0 – controls without IAA. Each treatment was conducted with 15 replicates. The cuttings were planted in individual propagators and were kept in a net house of 50% shading under room temperature. Growth performance of the cuttings was monitored in regular intervals (every 28 days) for a period of six months. According to sprouting, survival, and growth performance, both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings are suitable for vegetative propagation of A. alexiteria. The M3 medium showed 100% sprouting and survival but with respect to overall growth performance, the M1 medium was the most suitable for softwoods of A. alexiteria without auxin. Sprouting and survival of semi-hardwood cuttings were 100% with high values of growth parameters in M3 under T1 treatment. The M1 medium without auxin can be recommended for better performance of softwoods while M3with auxin is for semi-hardwoods of A. alexiteria. Softwoods, semi-hardwoods and hardwoods can be recommended for vegetative propagation S. caryophyllatum in M1 medium. Both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings under T1 treatment expressed higher sprouting and survival percentages while semi-hardwood cuttings under T1 treatment have shown the highest sprouting and growth performance. Hence, semi-hardwood cuttings with auxin can be considered as the best planting material for vegetative propagation of S. caryophyllatumwhile M1 is the best medium. The vegetative propagation of S. caryophyllatum and A. alexiteria through stem cuttings can be recommended as suitable mass propagation method for the purpose of commercialization.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46960904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estimation of the success of ecosystem restoration through different methods is essential of planning restoration projects, especially nowadays when the world community has declared the target for an effective restoration of 25% of degraded ecosystems in the next years. In the present study, we introduce the results of the application of two land preparation methods – soil ripping and land terracing - on ecosystem restoration success twenty years after restoration actions. The study concerns two reforested areas with the species Quercus pubescens, a deciduous oak species. In both reforested areas an estimation of the ecological conditions was carried out as well as stand growth and volume data, based on the following field measurements: soil fertility data, vegetation analysis, tree morphological characteristics, and tree volumetric characteristics. The analysis of the results showed that the land preparation method “soil ripping”, greatly improved all the studied ecosystem parameters as well as oak stand characteristics, comparing to the “terracing” method. More specifically, it improved the physical and chemical properties of the soils, the coverage and the composition of flora species, and enhanced the existence of more woody species. It privileged the growth of Quercus pubescens trees contributing to a higher stand volume.
{"title":"Effect of land preparation methods on restoration success of degraded oak forest ecosystems","authors":"Mela Filothei, Ganatsas Petros","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.006","url":null,"abstract":"Estimation of the success of ecosystem restoration through different methods is essential of planning restoration projects, especially nowadays when the world community has declared the target for an effective restoration of 25% of degraded ecosystems in the next years. In the present study, we introduce the results of the application of two land preparation methods – soil ripping and land terracing - on ecosystem restoration success twenty years after restoration actions. The study concerns two reforested areas with the species Quercus pubescens, a deciduous oak species. In both reforested areas an estimation of the ecological conditions was carried out as well as stand growth and volume data, based on the following field measurements: soil fertility data, vegetation analysis, tree morphological characteristics, and tree volumetric characteristics. The analysis of the results showed that the land preparation method “soil ripping”, greatly improved all the studied ecosystem parameters as well as oak stand characteristics, comparing to the “terracing” method. More specifically, it improved the physical and chemical properties of the soils, the coverage and the composition of flora species, and enhanced the existence of more woody species. It privileged the growth of Quercus pubescens trees contributing to a higher stand volume.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47522297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Żukowska, A. Lewandowski, Błażej Wójkiewicz, Monika Litkowiec, R. Rożkowski, L. Urbaniak, J. Kowalczyk
Silvicultural practices can alter forest genetic resources in unpredictable ways, thereby influencing the adaptive and evolutionary potential of forest populations. This is especially alarming in the case of species with more northern distribution centers, due to the lack of area that can be colonized further north. In this article, we studied the genetic diversity of the Scots pine seed tree stand in Poland, its natural regeneration, and two artificially established progeny plantations. The research aimed to determine whether the regeneration mode had affected the efficiency of the gene pool transmission from the maternal seed stand to its offspring. Using nuclear microsatellite markers we compared the parameters of genetic variation and allelic composition among the studied stands. The results showed that all stands represent a common genetic pool with slightly higher values of observed heterozygosity in the case of progeny plantations. Inbreeding was significant only in natural regeneration. All stands have gained and lost rare alleles compared to the maternal seed stand. Nevertheless, the analysis of population differentiation showed that the gene pool of the maternal stand had been transmitted more efficiently to the natural regeneration, though the difference was only minimal. Possible reasons for the differences in transmission efficiency between natural regeneration and artificially established progeny plantations mainly include variations in the number of mother trees and crossing patterns in different reproductive seasons. Furthermore, some individuals that grow in the studied progeny plantations may be natural regeneration of the neighboring stands. In light of the obtained results, we discuss the genetic considerations for establishing and using seeds from progeny plantations in Poland.
{"title":"Changes in the gene pool composition of Scots pine depending on the mode of regeneration","authors":"W. Żukowska, A. Lewandowski, Błażej Wójkiewicz, Monika Litkowiec, R. Rożkowski, L. Urbaniak, J. Kowalczyk","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.005","url":null,"abstract":"Silvicultural practices can alter forest genetic resources in unpredictable ways, thereby influencing the adaptive and evolutionary potential of forest populations. This is especially alarming in the case of species with more northern distribution centers, due to the lack of area that can be colonized further north. In this article, we studied the genetic diversity of the Scots pine seed tree stand in Poland, its natural regeneration, and two artificially established progeny plantations. The research aimed to determine whether the regeneration mode had affected the efficiency of the gene pool transmission from the maternal seed stand to its offspring. Using nuclear microsatellite markers we compared the parameters of genetic variation and allelic composition among the studied stands. The results showed that all stands represent a common genetic pool with slightly higher values of observed heterozygosity in the case of progeny plantations. Inbreeding was significant only in natural regeneration. All stands have gained and lost rare alleles compared to the maternal seed stand. Nevertheless, the analysis of population differentiation showed that the gene pool of the maternal stand had been transmitted more efficiently to the natural regeneration, though the difference was only minimal. Possible reasons for the differences in transmission efficiency between natural regeneration and artificially established progeny plantations mainly include variations in the number of mother trees and crossing patterns in different reproductive seasons. Furthermore, some individuals that grow in the studied progeny plantations may be natural regeneration of the neighboring stands. In light of the obtained results, we discuss the genetic considerations for establishing and using seeds from progeny plantations in Poland.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49230647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Oravec, P. Ferus, Dominika Košútová, J. Konôpková
Urban greenery is often affected by adverse environment (including inadequate water availabil-ity) of human agglomerations. Besides high aesthetic value, maples (Acer sp.) with elevated resistance to air/soil pollution, have become common components of ornamental plantations in Europe. Because of high theoretical (representativeness for species evaluation) and practical (planting age) relevancy, morphological and metabolic reactions of juvenile plants of eight maple species to one month long summer drought were studied in the experimental field to estimate the species drought resistance. In spite of marked growth differences, none from tested species showed a significant decrease in leaf relative water content indicating stress. However, in some of them activation of protective mechanisms was observed, what points to the past stress sensing. A. negundo with A. tataricum bet on transpiration area reduction (leaf shedding) and A. buergerianum, A. palmatum and A. saccharinum on osmotic adjustment (increased free proline concentration). Increase in stomatal index and/or reduction in specific leaf area, observed almost exclusively in species with continuous growth, had limited effect on the plant hydration status. Relative trunk growth was par-ticularly affected in the fast growing species. Taking into account the decisive protective mechanisms onset and trunk growth stability, species can be ordered in respect of drought resistance as follows: A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, A. platanoides, A. tataricum, A. negundo, A. saccharinum, A. palmatum and A. buergerianum.
{"title":"Screening for drought resistance among ornamental maples (Acer sp.). A field experiment in juvenile plants","authors":"A. Oravec, P. Ferus, Dominika Košútová, J. Konôpková","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.004","url":null,"abstract":"Urban greenery is often affected by adverse environment (including inadequate water availabil-ity) of human agglomerations. Besides high aesthetic value, maples (Acer sp.) with elevated resistance to air/soil pollution, have become common components of ornamental plantations in Europe. Because of high theoretical (representativeness for species evaluation) and practical (planting age) relevancy, morphological and metabolic reactions of juvenile plants of eight maple species to one month long summer drought were studied in the experimental field to estimate the species drought resistance. In spite of marked growth differences, none from tested species showed a significant decrease in leaf relative water content indicating stress. However, in some of them activation of protective mechanisms was observed, what points to the past stress sensing. A. negundo with A. tataricum bet on transpiration area reduction (leaf shedding) and A. buergerianum, A. palmatum and A. saccharinum on osmotic adjustment (increased free proline concentration). Increase in stomatal index and/or reduction in specific leaf area, observed almost exclusively in species with continuous growth, had limited effect on the plant hydration status. Relative trunk growth was par-ticularly affected in the fast growing species. Taking into account the decisive protective mechanisms onset and trunk growth stability, species can be ordered in respect of drought resistance as follows: A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, A. platanoides, A. tataricum, A. negundo, A. saccharinum, A. palmatum and A. buergerianum.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44094032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The last fragments of primeval forests in the European lowlands have survived in the Białowieża Forest (BF). A characteristic feature of its forest stands is a complex and multi-age structure. From a genetic perspective, old trees represent a genetic pool that is a product of the selection forces acting over centuries. Therefore, it is extremely important to make a genetic inventory of such old trees and preserve their genetic resources for future generations. The aims of this study were: 1) genotyping the oldest trees of Pinus sylvestris in the Sitki Reserve of the Białowieża Forest in Poland; and 2) characterisation of the genetic structure of this old Scots pine tree stand. In total, 98 old trees aged above 100 years were analysed using eight nuclear microsatellite markers. The first study on the genotyping of the oldest Scots pine trees in the BF, indicated that each of the trees has a unique genotype, so it can be unambiguously identified by a genetic profile. Overall, 85% of trees showed an individual heterozygosity of 0.5 or higher. We demonstrated, that eight polymorphic microsatellite loci of the nuclear genome are sufficient to create an individual genetic profile of each tree. Our results will provide necessary background information for the conservation of native genetic resources of Pinus sylvestris.
{"title":"Genetic resources of the oldest trees of Pinus sylvestris L. from the last natural forest in Europe","authors":"A. Wojnicka-Półtorak, K. Celiński, E. Chudzińska","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.003","url":null,"abstract":"The last fragments of primeval forests in the European lowlands have survived in the Białowieża Forest (BF). A characteristic feature of its forest stands is a complex and multi-age structure. From a genetic perspective, old trees represent a genetic pool that is a product of the selection forces acting over centuries. Therefore, it is extremely important to make a genetic inventory of such old trees and preserve their genetic resources for future generations. The aims of this study were: 1) genotyping the oldest trees of Pinus sylvestris in the Sitki Reserve of the Białowieża Forest in Poland; and 2) characterisation of the genetic structure of this old Scots pine tree stand. In total, 98 old trees aged above 100 years were analysed using eight nuclear microsatellite markers. The first study on the genotyping of the oldest Scots pine trees in the BF, indicated that each of the trees has a unique genotype, so it can be unambiguously identified by a genetic profile. Overall, 85% of trees showed an individual heterozygosity of 0.5 or higher. We demonstrated, that eight polymorphic microsatellite loci of the nuclear genome are sufficient to create an individual genetic profile of each tree. Our results will provide necessary background information for the conservation of native genetic resources of Pinus sylvestris.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43201693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because biological invasions by some introduced tree species pose a major threat to biodiversity, early detection of invasion risks is important for managing existing and future plantings and mitigating negative impacts of invasions. Acer monspessulanum is a European tree species with a large Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean range. Due to its high drought resistance, it is considered well adapted to climate change and a promising future tree for urban plantings. This study aimed to determine whether invasion risks are associated with plantings in cities outside the species’ natural range. Rare old plantings of A. monspessulanum in Berlin, Germany, were used as a model to investigate whether urban plantings can be invasion foci in cities with a temperate climate. For this purpose, the surroundings of cultivated trees were examined with regard to natural regeneration and the number and height of naturally regenerated individuals and their distance from the parent tree were determined. Acer monspessulanum started to spread 273 years after the first cultivation in Berlin. Each of the sampled four plantings had local spontaneous populations, mostly colonizing loose, semi-shaded anthropogenic hedges and forest patches. A total of 814 spontaneous individuals were detected, with a maximum height of 4.5 m. The maximum distance to the next parent tree was 106 m. However, most individuals grew below or close to the canopy of parent trees. The results indicate that increased planting of A. monspessulanum can induce invasion processes in cities beyond its native range. However, negative invasion impacts from urban plantings are not to be expected in cities with similar environmental conditions as Berlin. Therefore, the species is not considered invasive. Despite a decades-long spread period, the spontaneous populations were confined to the adjacency of propagule sources and the invaded urban greenspaces had a low conservation value. As a positive effect, natural regeneration of A. monspessulanum in such settings could increase the resilience of urban forest patches to climate change. However, further spread should be monitored and plantings near rocky sites with dry grasslands of conservation concern should be avoided.
{"title":"The Mediterranean tree Acer monspessulanum invades urban greenspaces in Berlin","authors":"I. Kowarik","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.002","url":null,"abstract":"Because biological invasions by some introduced tree species pose a major threat to biodiversity, early detection of invasion risks is important for managing existing and future plantings and mitigating negative impacts of invasions. Acer monspessulanum is a European tree species with a large Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean range. Due to its high drought resistance, it is considered well adapted to climate change and a promising future tree for urban plantings. This study aimed to determine whether invasion risks are associated with plantings in cities outside the species’ natural range. Rare old plantings of A. monspessulanum in Berlin, Germany, were used as a model to investigate whether urban plantings can be invasion foci in cities with a temperate climate. For this purpose, the surroundings of cultivated trees were examined with regard to natural regeneration and the number and height of naturally regenerated individuals and their distance from the parent tree were determined. Acer monspessulanum started to spread 273 years after the first cultivation in Berlin. Each of the sampled four plantings had local spontaneous populations, mostly colonizing loose, semi-shaded anthropogenic hedges and forest patches. A total of 814 spontaneous individuals were detected, with a maximum height of 4.5 m. The maximum distance to the next parent tree was 106 m. However, most individuals grew below or close to the canopy of parent trees. The results indicate that increased planting of A. monspessulanum can induce invasion processes in cities beyond its native range. However, negative invasion impacts from urban plantings are not to be expected in cities with similar environmental conditions as Berlin. Therefore, the species is not considered invasive. Despite a decades-long spread period, the spontaneous populations were confined to the adjacency of propagule sources and the invaded urban greenspaces had a low conservation value. As a positive effect, natural regeneration of A. monspessulanum in such settings could increase the resilience of urban forest patches to climate change. However, further spread should be monitored and plantings near rocky sites with dry grasslands of conservation concern should be avoided.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43889330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Tasenkevich, A. Boratyński, Krystyna Skrypec, M. Seniv, T. Khmil, Ł. Walas
The highest parts of the European mountain massifs are covered by subalpine and alpine vegetation, with rich flora containing many relic woody plants adapted to cold temperatures and relatively short vegetation periods. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, only several highest mountain massifs form environmental conditions suitable for high mountain plants. The aim of the study was the detection of the centre of biodiversity of the high mountain plants in the East Carpathians in Ukraine. We expected the largest number of high mountain woody species in the Ukrainian East Carpathians would occur in the Chornohora, the largest and most elevated mountain chain in the country. To solve this problem, the geographic distribution of 16 woody species was analysed cartographically. We gathered georeferenced data of 919 localities of taxa, which occur in the subalpine and alpine vegetation belts, and prepared maps of their distribution using QGIS software. Additionally, we analysed vertical distribution and occurrence on different expositions of every taxon. Most of analysed subalpine and alpine species occur in the highest and the largest mountain massifs. The high mountain woody species occur in the Ukrainian parts of the East Carpathians mainly in the largest mountain massifs, the Chornohora, Svydovets, Chyvchyny, Marmarosh, and to a lesser extent, also in the Gorgany. The vertical distribution and predominant occurrence on the northern or close to northern expositions of most subalpine and alpine species indicate their demands for the relatively high level of humidity of the soil and high level of precipitation. These condition point to the relic character of most of analysed species, which origin from the glacial periods of the Pleistocene. Most of the taxa, which have centres of their distribution in the alpine and sub-alpine vegetation belts of the East Carpathians in the Ukraine territory are valuable but threatened elements of the Ukrainian flora.
{"title":"Biodiversity of high-mountain woody plants in the East Carpathians in Ukraine","authors":"L. Tasenkevich, A. Boratyński, Krystyna Skrypec, M. Seniv, T. Khmil, Ł. Walas","doi":"10.12657/denbio.089.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.001","url":null,"abstract":"The highest parts of the European mountain massifs are covered by subalpine and alpine vegetation, with rich flora containing many relic woody plants adapted to cold temperatures and relatively short vegetation periods. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, only several highest mountain massifs form environmental conditions suitable for high mountain plants. The aim of the study was the detection of the centre of biodiversity of the high mountain plants in the East Carpathians in Ukraine. We expected the largest number of high mountain woody species in the Ukrainian East Carpathians would occur in the Chornohora, the largest and most elevated mountain chain in the country. To solve this problem, the geographic distribution of 16 woody species was analysed cartographically. We gathered georeferenced data of 919 localities of taxa, which occur in the subalpine and alpine vegetation belts, and prepared maps of their distribution using QGIS software. Additionally, we analysed vertical distribution and occurrence on different expositions of every taxon. Most of analysed subalpine and alpine species occur in the highest and the largest mountain massifs. The high mountain woody species occur in the Ukrainian parts of the East Carpathians mainly in the largest mountain massifs, the Chornohora, Svydovets, Chyvchyny, Marmarosh, and to a lesser extent, also in the Gorgany. The vertical distribution and predominant occurrence on the northern or close to northern expositions of most subalpine and alpine species indicate their demands for the relatively high level of humidity of the soil and high level of precipitation. These condition point to the relic character of most of analysed species, which origin from the glacial periods of the Pleistocene. Most of the taxa, which have centres of their distribution in the alpine and sub-alpine vegetation belts of the East Carpathians in the Ukraine territory are valuable but threatened elements of the Ukrainian flora.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48894828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural forests comprise trees of different species and sizes, constituting a “biotic framework”. Although examinations of diversity patterns at various spatial scales are frequently conducted, life stages are rarely accounted for. Pine-oak mixedwood forest is widely distributed around the world and constitutes main forest type in the Nanpan River Basin in southwest China. We established a fixed plot with an area of 100 m × 100 m in an undisturbed forest stand and classified trees according to five life stages based on their diameter at breast height (DBH) and height. Then, we calculated eight traditional diversity indices for each life stage. We found that species richness (R), abundance (N), and three diversity indices first increased and then decreased with increasing life stage. As sampling area increased, R, the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and Simpson’s diversity index (D) first increased quickly, followed by a reduced rate of increase, whereas N showed a linear increase and three evenness indices showed gradual decreases. Global Moran’s I values for each diversity index were small, indicating weak spatial autocorrelation. Both R and N of shrubs and saplings decreased sharply with life stage, with only large trees comprising the later life stages. Our results indicate that species diversity patterns in pine-oak forests, particularly in early successional stages, differ among life stages. The changes contribute to the understanding and conservation of forest biodiversity.
{"title":"Species diversity patterns differ by life stages in a pine-oak mixed forest","authors":"Yuan-fa Li, S. Ye, Weiguo Bai, Gongqiao Zhang","doi":"10.12657/denbio.088.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.088.010","url":null,"abstract":"Natural forests comprise trees of different species and sizes, constituting a “biotic framework”. Although examinations of diversity patterns at various spatial scales are frequently conducted, life stages are rarely accounted for. Pine-oak mixedwood forest is widely distributed around the world and constitutes main forest type in the Nanpan River Basin in southwest China. We established a fixed plot with an area of 100 m × 100 m in an undisturbed forest stand and classified trees according to five life stages based on their diameter at breast height (DBH) and height. Then, we calculated eight traditional diversity indices for each life stage. We found that species richness (R), abundance (N), and three diversity indices first increased and then decreased with increasing life stage. As sampling area increased, R, the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and Simpson’s diversity index (D) first increased quickly, followed by a reduced rate of increase, whereas N showed a linear increase and three evenness indices showed gradual decreases. Global Moran’s I values for each diversity index were small, indicating weak spatial autocorrelation. Both R and N of shrubs and saplings decreased sharply with life stage, with only large trees comprising the later life stages. Our results indicate that species diversity patterns in pine-oak forests, particularly in early successional stages, differ among life stages. The changes contribute to the understanding and conservation of forest biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":55182,"journal":{"name":"Dendrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45909071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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