ON THE FRONT COVER: Nematic organization of growing actin filaments generated using agent-based simulations.
Credit: Deb Sankar Banerjee (Carnegie Mellon University; The University of Chicago) and Shiladitya Banerjee (Carnegie Mellon University)
ON THE FRONT COVER: Nematic organization of growing actin filaments generated using agent-based simulations.
Credit: Deb Sankar Banerjee (Carnegie Mellon University; The University of Chicago) and Shiladitya Banerjee (Carnegie Mellon University)
ON THE INNER BACK COVER: Short and finite microtubule tactoids in presence of anti-parallel crosslinker, MAP65. In absence of salt, microtubules form short tactoids like formations.
Credit: Prashali Chauhan and Jennifer Ross (Syracuse University)
ON THE BACK COVER: Fasin-bundled actin networks encapsulated inside giant unilamellar vesicles
Credit: Nadab H. Wubshet (University of Michigan; Harvard University) and Allen Liu (University of Michigan)
ON THE INNER FRONT COVER: Long microtubule bundles. As we increase the salt, we observe long microtubule bundles.
Credit: Prashali Chauhan and Jennifer Ross (Syracuse University)
Axonemal dyneins are the driving force of motile cilia, while cytoplasmic dyneins play an essential role in minus-end oriented intracellular transport. Their molecular structure is indispensable for an understanding of the molecular mechanism of ciliary beating and cargo transport. After some initial structural analysis of cytoplasmic dyneins, which are easier to manipulate with genetic engineering, using X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, a number of atomic and pseudo-atomic structural analyses of axonemal dyneins have been published. Currently, several structures of dyneins in the post-power stroke conformation as well as a few structures in the pre-power stroke conformation are available. It will be worth systematically comparing conformations of dynein motor proteins from different sources and at different states, to understand their role in biological function. In this review, we will overview published high- and intermediate-resolution structures of cytoplasmic and axonemal dyneins, compare the high-resolution structures of their core motor domains and overall tail conformations at various nucleotide states, and discuss their force generation mechanism.
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