Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2023/018/238
Dušanka Cvijanović, O. Gavrilović, Maja Novković, D. Milošević, Milica Stojković Piperac, Ana A. Anđelković, Bojan Damnjanović, Ljubiša Denic, N. Drešković, S. Radulović
We explored the long-term influence of land use in the riparian zone on the water quality of the Tisza River, as a model of a non-wadeable lowland river located in a temperate, predominantly agricultural landscape. The analysis was based on a comparison of water quality variables between three river sites having contrasting, but constant land use patterns (in 500 m upstream radius) during the study period (2006-2019). While the first river site was characterized primarily by forests, the second and the third were dominated by urban and agricultural areas respectively. The variables which showed a significant difference between the pairs of sampling sites were oxygen saturation, nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen, and orthophosphates. In contrast to urban and agricultural land, riparian forests showed a positive long-term influence on the river water quality. Natural and seminatural forests and shrubs had a favorable long-term influence on nutrient concentrations and oxygen regime of the Tisza River. However, the retention effects of orthophosphates and nitrite/nitrate content here were relatively low, demonstrating the limited performance of riparian buffers as a main or only management option in the Pannonian landscape, as the agricultural hotspot of Central and Eastern Europe. In conclusion, the riparian buffer assessment design applied in this study may be successfully used in pre-restoration monitoring, prior to the construction of buffer strips.
{"title":"PREDICTING RETENTION EFFECTS OF A RIPARIAN ZONE IN AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE: IMPLICATION FOR EUTROPHICATION CONTROL OF THE TISZA RIVER, SERBIA","authors":"Dušanka Cvijanović, O. Gavrilović, Maja Novković, D. Milošević, Milica Stojković Piperac, Ana A. Anđelković, Bojan Damnjanović, Ljubiša Denic, N. Drešković, S. Radulović","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2023/018/238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/238","url":null,"abstract":"We explored the long-term influence of land use in the riparian zone on the water quality of the Tisza River, as a model of a non-wadeable lowland river located in a temperate, predominantly agricultural landscape. The analysis was based on a comparison of water quality variables between three river sites having contrasting, but constant land use patterns (in 500 m upstream radius) during the study period (2006-2019). While the first river site was characterized primarily by forests, the second and the third were dominated by urban and agricultural areas respectively. The variables which showed a significant difference between the pairs of sampling sites were oxygen saturation, nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen, and orthophosphates. In contrast to urban and agricultural land, riparian forests showed a positive long-term influence on the river water quality. Natural and seminatural forests and shrubs had a favorable long-term influence on nutrient concentrations and oxygen regime of the Tisza River. However, the retention effects of orthophosphates and nitrite/nitrate content here were relatively low, demonstrating the limited performance of riparian buffers as a main or only management option in the Pannonian landscape, as the agricultural hotspot of Central and Eastern Europe. In conclusion, the riparian buffer assessment design applied in this study may be successfully used in pre-restoration monitoring, prior to the construction of buffer strips.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42420294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2023/018/242
Ummahan Çetin Karaca, Omar Amjed Hasan Chalabee
Contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals is a major problem in soil quality. When heavy metals reach food chain through agricultural soils and plants, they pose a great threat to the health of humans and other living organisms. The enzymes are generally less active in contaminated soils due to exposure to heavy metals. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of increasing vermicompost doses on some biological soil properties in artificially contaminated soils. In the study, increasing doses of vermicompost (0-2.5-5-10%) were added to soil artificially polluted with Cd (0, 5 and 10 mg.kg-1). Untreated soil was used as a control. After the vermicompost application, the soils were brought to 70% of the field capacity and incubated at 28-30oC in laboratory conditions. Samples were taken from the incubated soils at 0-5-10-15-30-45-60-75-90-120th days. Alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase, urease, catalase enzyme activities were analyzed in soil samples at the end of each incubation period. The effects of increasing doses of vermicompost application to artificially contaminated soils on some biological properties of the soil showed differences, and these differences were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). The lowest values of soil enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase, urease and catalase enzyme activities) were determined in soil samples contaminated with Cd and not treated with vermicompost until the end of incubation. The highest enzyme activities values were found in soils contaminated with 5 and 10 mg.kg-1 Cd that were treated with 10% vermicompost. Enzyme activities in incubated soil increased with increasing doses of vermicompost. It was determined that the addition of vermicompost to soils contaminated with Cd significantly reduced the toxic effects of Cd.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF INCREASING DOSE OF VERMICOMPOST APPLICATION ON CADMIUM CONTAMINATED SOILS ON SOME SOIL ENZYME ACTIVITIES","authors":"Ummahan Çetin Karaca, Omar Amjed Hasan Chalabee","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2023/018/242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/242","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals is a major problem in soil quality. When heavy metals reach food chain through agricultural soils and plants, they pose a great threat to the health of humans and other living organisms. The enzymes are generally less active in contaminated soils due to exposure to heavy metals. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of increasing vermicompost doses on some biological soil properties in artificially contaminated soils. In the study, increasing doses of vermicompost (0-2.5-5-10%) were added to soil artificially polluted with Cd (0, 5 and 10 mg.kg-1). Untreated soil was used as a control. After the vermicompost application, the soils were brought to 70% of the field capacity and incubated at 28-30oC in laboratory conditions. Samples were taken from the incubated soils at 0-5-10-15-30-45-60-75-90-120th days. Alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase, urease, catalase enzyme activities were analyzed in soil samples at the end of each incubation period. The effects of increasing doses of vermicompost application to artificially contaminated soils on some biological properties of the soil showed differences, and these differences were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). The lowest values of soil enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase, urease and catalase enzyme activities) were determined in soil samples contaminated with Cd and not treated with vermicompost until the end of incubation. The highest enzyme activities values were found in soils contaminated with 5 and 10 mg.kg-1 Cd that were treated with 10% vermicompost. Enzyme activities in incubated soil increased with increasing doses of vermicompost. It was determined that the addition of vermicompost to soils contaminated with Cd significantly reduced the toxic effects of Cd.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44556416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2023/018/239
M. Altun, Abdoul Nasser Aboubacar DAN BADAOU, A. DOĞAN DEMİR, U. Sahin, F. M. Kiziloglu, Serap Diler
Soil improvement practices are needed to protect weakly aggregated saline-sodic soils in cold regions from the negative effects of freezing-thawing events. Amelioration of these soils by adding sewage sludge and applying wetting–drying process with wastewater can be a practical application due to aggregation to be increased with increase in organic matter. Therefore, a laboratory experiment has been conducted to determine the effects on soil properties with three stabilized sewage sludge doses (0, 50, 100 Mg ha−1), two freeze-thaw cycles (5 and 10 times), two wetting-drying intervals (4 and 8 days) and two water types (freshwater and recycled wastewater). The negative effects of freezing-thawing on organic matter and aggregate stability were determined. However, while sewage sludge increased organic matter, aggregate stability, salinity, exchangeable K and Ca+Mg contents, cation exchange capacity (CEC), it was instrumental in inducing a lower pH, exchangeable Na, CaCO3 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and thus improved field capacity and hydraulic conductivity. Wetting-drying with 8-day intervals and wastewater improved organic matter also. Therefore, it could be concluded that the improvement of hydraulic properties can be attributed to achieving better aggregate stability with increased organic matter in soil from sewage sludge. Long intervals of wetting-drying and recycled wastewater can promote good results as well. However, improving the findings with the proposed treatments in the outer field conditions of the regions exposed to freezing-thawing events will provide more practical use.
{"title":"IMPROVEMENT OF THE HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SALINE-SODIC SOIL EXPOSED TO FREEZING-THAWING USING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND WETTING-DRYING PROCESS WITH WASTEWATER","authors":"M. Altun, Abdoul Nasser Aboubacar DAN BADAOU, A. DOĞAN DEMİR, U. Sahin, F. M. Kiziloglu, Serap Diler","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2023/018/239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/239","url":null,"abstract":"Soil improvement practices are needed to protect weakly aggregated saline-sodic soils in cold regions from the negative effects of freezing-thawing events. Amelioration of these soils by adding sewage sludge and applying wetting–drying process with wastewater can be a practical application due to aggregation to be increased with increase in organic matter. Therefore, a laboratory experiment has been conducted to determine the effects on soil properties with three stabilized sewage sludge doses (0, 50, 100 Mg ha−1), two freeze-thaw cycles (5 and 10 times), two wetting-drying intervals (4 and 8 days) and two water types (freshwater and recycled wastewater). The negative effects of freezing-thawing on organic matter and aggregate stability were determined. However, while sewage sludge increased organic matter, aggregate stability, salinity, exchangeable K and Ca+Mg contents, cation exchange capacity (CEC), it was instrumental in inducing a lower pH, exchangeable Na, CaCO3 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and thus improved field capacity and hydraulic conductivity. Wetting-drying with 8-day intervals and wastewater improved organic matter also. Therefore, it could be concluded that the improvement of hydraulic properties can be attributed to achieving better aggregate stability with increased organic matter in soil from sewage sludge. Long intervals of wetting-drying and recycled wastewater can promote good results as well. However, improving the findings with the proposed treatments in the outer field conditions of the regions exposed to freezing-thawing events will provide more practical use.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43898964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2023/018/246
D. Nesic, Uroš V. Milinčić, M. Milinčić
In the medium-high mountains of Serbia (1,000-2,000 m.a.s.l), sporadic periglacial relief forms occur, which is also the case with Mount Vardenik (1,876 m.high), a mountain in the southeast of Serbia. During reconnaissance, certain relict and sub-recent periglacial phenomena and landforms in the highest part of the mountain have been identified: block slides, rock flows, thermogenic landslides in springs, nivation-induced relief and in one location cryoplanation terraces. Sparsely clustered and individual occurrences of frost splitting and solifluction of the land surface and small areas with grass turf indicate contemporary signs of sporadically present seasonal frost and freeze-thaw cycles. Periglacial morphology and its processes have been recorded and investigated using a qualitative geomorphological procedure. The main problem is the origin of periglacial phenomena (occurrences and landforms) of the relief, considering that the analysis of the contemporary climate, geoecological properties and anthropogenic activities indicate that there are no condi-tions for the existence and development of a contemporary periglacial environment on the mountain. The problem was analyzed considering the climate change in general and, in particular, geoecological conditions created under the influence of human activities. Due to the observed sporadic relict and sub-recent periglacial relief on Mount Vardenik, in contemporary conditions the periglacial environment of this area can be consid-ered as relict or as a phenomenon bordering the limits of differentiation. The relict property also results from the fact that on the mountain, due to the contemporary climate and changed geoecological conditions, the transition zone of the periglacial environment cannot be distinguished.
{"title":"PERIGLACIAL RELIEF PHENOMENA ON MOUNT VARDENIK (SOUTHEASTERN SERBIA)","authors":"D. Nesic, Uroš V. Milinčić, M. Milinčić","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2023/018/246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/246","url":null,"abstract":"In the medium-high mountains of Serbia (1,000-2,000 m.a.s.l), sporadic periglacial relief forms occur, which is also the case with Mount Vardenik (1,876 m.high), a mountain in the southeast of Serbia. During reconnaissance, certain relict and sub-recent periglacial phenomena and landforms in the highest part of the mountain have been identified: block slides, rock flows, thermogenic landslides in springs, nivation-induced relief and in one location cryoplanation terraces. Sparsely clustered and individual occurrences of frost splitting and solifluction of the land surface and small areas with grass turf indicate contemporary signs of sporadically present seasonal frost and freeze-thaw cycles. Periglacial morphology and its processes have been recorded and investigated using a qualitative geomorphological procedure. The main problem is the origin of periglacial phenomena (occurrences and landforms) of the relief, considering that the analysis of the contemporary climate, geoecological properties and anthropogenic activities indicate that there are no condi-tions for the existence and development of a contemporary periglacial environment on the mountain. The problem was analyzed considering the climate change in general and, in particular, geoecological conditions created under the influence of human activities. Due to the observed sporadic relict and sub-recent periglacial relief on Mount Vardenik, in contemporary conditions the periglacial environment of this area can be consid-ered as relict or as a phenomenon bordering the limits of differentiation. The relict property also results from the fact that on the mountain, due to the contemporary climate and changed geoecological conditions, the transition zone of the periglacial environment cannot be distinguished.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46661471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2023/018/236
V. Mocanu, S. Dumitru, C. Paltineanu, Horia Domnariu
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important parameter in the context of global warming, and a special attention should be given to its dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to test the existence of SOC losses from the soils taken for farming for more than 25 years in some areas of the Danube Delta. Another objective is to quantify such SOC losses if they exist. The studied soils belong to two land reclamation areas, Carasuhat and Dunavat, from the Danube Delta. Data of present-day SOC stocks were compared to the SOC stocks calculated for the period until year 1996 for the same soil units in order to assess the dynamics of SOC losses for more than 25 years. We have found that a specific process was noted for the organic soils, Histosols, which were turned into histic soils after farming, meaning that there was a significant decrease in SOC pool. Thus, SOC losses due to farming were maximum for Histosols, and SOC stocks were highly significantly lower in 2022 versus 1996, due to increasing mineralization processes of organic matter and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions that occurred in cropland areas. Relationships have been found quantifying SOC losses versus the original 1996 stocks, confirming that Histosols, containing the maximum SOC stocks, present the highest risk of degradation. Lowering of the ground water and consequently the intensified oxidation of peat are very important factors in SOC losses beside the agricultural land use works. Policy makers, decision makers and stake holders should promote conservation of the natural landscape of the Danube Delta in order to increase SOC stocks and decrease CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Maintaining the former SOC stock at the present-day level and enhancing new organic C sequestration in the renatured parts of the less fertile Delta soils could contribute to global warming mitigation in the future and to supply agricultural products in the cropland already in use. Future research in characteristic stationary sites of the Danube Delta, especially in the farmland area, is recommended to improve our knowledge on SOC evolution.
{"title":"DYNAMICS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AFTER MORE THAN 25 YEARS OF FARMING IN THE DANUBE DELTA","authors":"V. Mocanu, S. Dumitru, C. Paltineanu, Horia Domnariu","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2023/018/236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/236","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important parameter in the context of global warming, and a special attention should be given to its dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to test the existence of SOC losses from the soils taken for farming for more than 25 years in some areas of the Danube Delta. Another objective is to quantify such SOC losses if they exist. The studied soils belong to two land reclamation areas, Carasuhat and Dunavat, from the Danube Delta. Data of present-day SOC stocks were compared to the SOC stocks calculated for the period until year 1996 for the same soil units in order to assess the dynamics of SOC losses for more than 25 years. We have found that a specific process was noted for the organic soils, Histosols, which were turned into histic soils after farming, meaning that there was a significant decrease in SOC pool. Thus, SOC losses due to farming were maximum for Histosols, and SOC stocks were highly significantly lower in 2022 versus 1996, due to increasing mineralization processes of organic matter and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions that occurred in cropland areas. Relationships have been found quantifying SOC losses versus the original 1996 stocks, confirming that Histosols, containing the maximum SOC stocks, present the highest risk of degradation. Lowering of the ground water and consequently the intensified oxidation of peat are very important factors in SOC losses beside the agricultural land use works. Policy makers, decision makers and stake holders should promote conservation of the natural landscape of the Danube Delta in order to increase SOC stocks and decrease CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Maintaining the former SOC stock at the present-day level and enhancing new organic C sequestration in the renatured parts of the less fertile Delta soils could contribute to global warming mitigation in the future and to supply agricultural products in the cropland already in use. Future research in characteristic stationary sites of the Danube Delta, especially in the farmland area, is recommended to improve our knowledge on SOC evolution.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41472171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2023/018/243
O. Jelea, C. Baciu
During the processing of precious and base metal ores from the Baia Mare mining area, which contained Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn, large amounts of flotation tailings resulted, which were deposited in the Bozânta tailings management facility, located between Săsar and Bozânta Mare villages, 4 km west of Baia Mare. Due to the presence of minerals containing metal sulphides (mainly pyrite), the acid rock drainage (ARD) has become very active, catalysed by iron- and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, which naturally occur at these sites. Decreasing the surface of the pond as a result of evaporation, combined with the increase of the beach surface and the absence of any protection at the embankment ridge, led to the entrainment of the tailings by wind at considerable distances. They often end up in neighbouring settlements, especially in the two mentioned villages, as a result of prevailing winds from the NE-SW direction. The purpose of the research was to test the resistance of some plant species (Sinapis alba L. – white mustard; Trifolium pratense L. – red clover and Lolium perenne L. – ray grass) to the conditions generated by the tailings on the surface of the depot, in order to create a vegetation cover with a role in diminishing tailings discharges in the adjacent areas. There were tested the effects of the industrial eluate (acid mine water, pH 4.3), obtained from the tailings pond, over seed germination parameters: germination capacity (GC); germinative energy (GE) and relative seed germination (RG). The results of the tests pointed out that the least affected was white mustard: GC – 95.3%; the differences in the values obtained in the control samples and the GE test – 5.3%; the results for RG – 99.3%, confirm that the white mustard seeds were the least influenced by the industrial eluate, followed by ray grass and red clover. In the tests for plant growth on the tailings pond, 5 experimental variants were used: a) soil (S); b) flotation tailings (T); c) mixture of flotation tailings and soil (T+S); d) mixture of flotation tailings and organo-zeolitic material (T+OZ); e) mixture of flotation tailings, organo-zeolitic material and soil (T+OZ+S). It is recommended to use the T+OZ+S mixture on the pond surface and sowing with Sinapis alba and Trifolium pratense. For both species, double seed sowing is recommended.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS, CONTAINED IN FLOTATION TAILINGS, ON PLANTS USED IN REVEGETATION","authors":"O. Jelea, C. Baciu","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2023/018/243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/243","url":null,"abstract":"During the processing of precious and base metal ores from the Baia Mare mining area, which contained Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn, large amounts of flotation tailings resulted, which were deposited in the Bozânta tailings management facility, located between Săsar and Bozânta Mare villages, 4 km west of Baia Mare. Due to the presence of minerals containing metal sulphides (mainly pyrite), the acid rock drainage (ARD) has become very active, catalysed by iron- and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, which naturally occur at these sites. Decreasing the surface of the pond as a result of evaporation, combined with the increase of the beach surface and the absence of any protection at the embankment ridge, led to the entrainment of the tailings by wind at considerable distances. They often end up in neighbouring settlements, especially in the two mentioned villages, as a result of prevailing winds from the NE-SW direction. The purpose of the research was to test the resistance of some plant species (Sinapis alba L. – white mustard; Trifolium pratense L. – red clover and Lolium perenne L. – ray grass) to the conditions generated by the tailings on the surface of the depot, in order to create a vegetation cover with a role in diminishing tailings discharges in the adjacent areas. There were tested the effects of the industrial eluate (acid mine water, pH 4.3), obtained from the tailings pond, over seed germination parameters: germination capacity (GC); germinative energy (GE) and relative seed germination (RG). The results of the tests pointed out that the least affected was white mustard: GC – 95.3%; the differences in the values obtained in the control samples and the GE test – 5.3%; the results for RG – 99.3%, confirm that the white mustard seeds were the least influenced by the industrial eluate, followed by ray grass and red clover. In the tests for plant growth on the tailings pond, 5 experimental variants were used: a) soil (S); b) flotation tailings (T); c) mixture of flotation tailings and soil (T+S); d) mixture of flotation tailings and organo-zeolitic material (T+OZ); e) mixture of flotation tailings, organo-zeolitic material and soil (T+OZ+S). It is recommended to use the T+OZ+S mixture on the pond surface and sowing with Sinapis alba and Trifolium pratense. For both species, double seed sowing is recommended.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42531104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2023/018/241
Meryem YEŞİLOT KAPLAN
Trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) were studied to determine the formation of chert and siliceous limestones, which are predominantly observed in the Okçular formation. Cherts are divided into four types according to their varying forms depending on the deposition and diagenesis stages: (Type-I) layered cherts formed by direct precipitation from sea water, (Type-II) nodular cherts with rim formed by replacement, (Type-III) homogeneous chert nodules without rim, (Type-IV) chert micro nodules with high porosity. The porosity of stylolite-fracture networks and the chemical composition of seawater played a role in the formation of different types and sizes in cherts. The rim of Type II nodular cherts has significant color changes and porosity up to 20%. Anomalies of major and trace elements, especially La, Y, Sc, Ce, Th, U and Gd values, indicate direct deposition and replacement of early diagenetic pelagic deposits of cherts in the oxidized marine environment. Total (REE)+Y values, high LREE/HREE ratio and low Ce values indicate that dissolved seawater of chemical or biogenetic origin has a role in silicification. According to the similarity of the hierarchical cluster analysis of the chemical contents of the Okçular formation and the ophiolites, the silicon in the chert formation originates from the ophiolites.
{"title":"EOCHEMICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND DIAGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE CHERT IN THE HATAY REGION, S-TURKEY: ITS ORIGIN AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT","authors":"Meryem YEŞİLOT KAPLAN","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2023/018/241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/241","url":null,"abstract":"Trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) were studied to determine the formation of chert and siliceous limestones, which are predominantly observed in the Okçular formation. Cherts are divided into four types according to their varying forms depending on the deposition and diagenesis stages: (Type-I) layered cherts formed by direct precipitation from sea water, (Type-II) nodular cherts with rim formed by replacement, (Type-III) homogeneous chert nodules without rim, (Type-IV) chert micro nodules with high porosity. The porosity of stylolite-fracture networks and the chemical composition of seawater played a role in the formation of different types and sizes in cherts. The rim of Type II nodular cherts has significant color changes and porosity up to 20%. Anomalies of major and trace elements, especially La, Y, Sc, Ce, Th, U and Gd values, indicate direct deposition and replacement of early diagenetic pelagic deposits of cherts in the oxidized marine environment. Total (REE)+Y values, high LREE/HREE ratio and low Ce values indicate that dissolved seawater of chemical or biogenetic origin has a role in silicification. According to the similarity of the hierarchical cluster analysis of the chemical contents of the Okçular formation and the ophiolites, the silicon in the chert formation originates from the ophiolites.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46332653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2022/017/230
P. Hîrtopanu, D. Dumitraş, Ştefan Marincea, N. Călin
The rare minerals, inesite, Ca2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O, hubeite, Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si4O12(OH)·2H2O, and ruizite, Ca2Mn3+Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O, were determined, for the first time, by optical and XRD analyses, at Cavnic (Baia Mare Neogene metallogenetic district, Eastern Carpathians, Romania) in a gold-bearing, base metal deposit. Inesite was refined as triclinic, in space group P1 (2), and has the following unit-cell parameters (refined from X-ray powder diffraction data): a = 8.927(7) Å, b = 9.245(8) Å, c = 11.954(9) Å; α = 91.80(2)°, β = 132.60(1)°, γ = 94.37(3)°, V = 719.45(12)Å3. Hubeite was also refined as triclinic, in space group P1, and has as unit-cell parameters: a = 9.960(7) Å, b = 13.870(9) Å, c = 6.562(4) Å, V = 601.19(17) Å3; α = 133.19(5)°, β =101.50(3)°, γ = 66.27(4)°. Ruizite was refined on a monoclinic cell, space group A2 (5) and has the following unit-cell parameters: a = 11.974(9)Å, b = 6.175(5)Å, c = 9.052(7)Å, V = 669.12 (9)Å3; β = 91.34(3)°. Apophyllite, KCa4Si8O20(F,OH)·8H2O, is tetragonal, space group P4/mnc (128), and has a = 8.960(3) Å, c = 15.767(7) Å and V = 1265.80(11) Å3. The terms identified represent a solid solutions series between the two end-members, fluorapophyllite and hydroxyapophyllite. Manganoan ilvaite, CaFe2+Fe3+(Fe2+, Mn)(Si2O7)(O)(OH), crystallizes in the space group Pnam (62), and has as unit-cell parameters: a = 13.008(7) Å; b = 8.865(5) Å; c = 5.845(3) Å, V = 674.02(9) Å3. The textural relations of inesite /hubeite/ruizite /apophyllite/manganoan ilvaite assemblage show that the oldest mineral is manganoan ilvaite, as inesite and hubeite overgrow and engulf this mineral. Hubeite is indicative for mildly oxidizing crystallization, conditions. Both hubeite and ruizite are Ca-Mn hydrated silicates. However, all Mn is divalent in hubeite and trivalent in ruizite. In addition, ruizite is Fe-free, whereas hubeite contains significant Fe3+. Ruizite Ca2Mn3+Si4O11(OH)4.2H2O was formed under higher oxidizing conditions as compared with hubeite. Sudoite and specularite also occurs in this oxidized assemblage. Sudoite, Mg2(Al.Fe3+)3Si3O10(OH)8, is monoclinic and has as space group C2m (12) and as unit-cell parameters a = 5.237(2) Å, b = 9.070(5) Å, c = 14.285(8), β = 97.00, V = 673.47(14) Å3. The carbonate closely associated to this assemblage is a Mn- and Ca-bearing siderite, which crystallizes in space group R-3c (167), having as unit-cell parameters: a = 4.694(1) Å; c = 15.386(5) Å, and V = 293.53(13) Å3. The secondary minerals occurring in this assemblage as determined by X-ray powder diffraction are: gold, sphalerite, pyrite, and galena. The origin of vein assemblage inesite /hubeite /ruizite /apophyllite is hydrothermal (epithermal); there exist indications of a genesis at low temperature, around 200°C. The assemblage indicated before is grown on manganoan ilvaite, which is the oldest mineral in this association. There are no signs of the genesis of manganoan ilvaite /inesite /hubeite /ruizite assemblage at the expens
在罗马尼亚东喀尔巴阡山脉巴亚马雷新近系成矿区Cavnic，首次用光学和x射线衍射方法测定了含金基本金属矿床中稀有矿物钙镁石(Ca2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O)、胡贝石(Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si4O12(OH)·2H2O)和瑞子石(Ca2Mn3+Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O)。Inesite被细化为三斜，在空间群P1(2)中，具有以下单位胞参数(从x射线粉末衍射数据中细化):a = 8.927(7) Å， b = 9.245(8) Å， c = 11.954(9) Å;α= 91.80(2)°,β= 132.60(1)°,γ= 94.37(3)°,V = 719.45 (12) A3。Hubeite也被细化为三斜，在空间群P1中，其单位胞参数为:a = 9.960(7) Å， b = 13.870(9) Å， c = 6.562(4) Å， V = 601.19(17) Å3;α = 133.19(5)°，β =101.50(3)°，γ = 66.27(4)°。瑞兹特在单斜细胞空间群A2(5)上提纯，其胞元参数为:a = 11.974(9)Å， b = 6.175(5)Å， c = 9.052(7)Å， V = 669.12 (9)Å3;β = 91.34(3)°。apophylite KCa4Si8O20(F,OH)·8H2O为四边形，空间群P4/mnc (128)， a = 8.960(3) Å， c = 15.767(7) Å， V = 1265.80(11) Å3。所确定的术语代表两个端元之间的固溶体系列，氟磷灰石和羟基磷灰石。锰酸盐CaFe2+Fe3+(Fe2+， Mn)(Si2O7)(O)(OH)在Pnam(62)空间群中结晶，其晶胞参数为:a = 13.008(7) Å;B = 8.865(5) Å;c = 5.845(3) Å， V = 674.02(9) Å3。铁辉石/胡白石/瑞子石/刺绿石/锰铁云母组合的结构关系表明，铁辉石和胡白石包裹着最古老的锰铁云母矿物。湖白石为指示性轻度氧化结晶，有条件。胡白石和瑞锌矿均为钙锰水合硅酸盐。然而，所有的锰在胡白石中是二价的，在瑞子石中是三价的。此外，瑞子石不含铁，而胡贝石含铁较多。瑞子石Ca2Mn3+Si4O11(OH)4.2H2O在较高的氧化条件下生成。在这个氧化组合中也有苏多岩和镜铁矿。苏多石Mg2(Al.Fe3+)3Si3O10(OH)8为单斜晶，空间群为C2m(12)，胞元参数为a = 5.237(2) Å， b = 9.070(5) Å， c = 14.285(8)， β = 97.00, V = 673.47(14) Å3。与该组合密切相关的碳酸盐是一种含锰和含钙菱铁矿，在空间群R-3c(167)中结晶，其单胞参数为:a = 4.694(1) Å;c = 15.386(5) Å， V = 293.53(13) Å3。经x射线粉末衍射测定，该组合中的次生矿物有:金、闪锌矿、黄铁矿和方铅矿。脉状组合辉绿岩/胡贝岩/瑞子岩/刺绿岩的成因为热液(浅成热液);存在低温成因的迹象，约为200°C。前面指出的组合生长在锰铁上，这是该组合中最古老的矿物。未发现锰矿/钛辉石/胡贝石/瑞子石组合的成因，而高T无水锰矿物如菱铁矿或约翰长石的形成则被忽略。
{"title":"INESITE, HUBEITE, RUIZITE, APOPHYLLITE, AND MANGANOAN ILVAITE FROM CAVNIC, EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA","authors":"P. Hîrtopanu, D. Dumitraş, Ştefan Marincea, N. Călin","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2022/017/230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2022/017/230","url":null,"abstract":"The rare minerals, inesite, Ca2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O, hubeite, Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si4O12(OH)·2H2O, and ruizite, Ca2Mn3+Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O, were determined, for the first time, by optical and XRD analyses, at Cavnic (Baia Mare Neogene metallogenetic district, Eastern Carpathians, Romania) in a gold-bearing, base metal deposit. Inesite was refined as triclinic, in space group P1 (2), and has the following unit-cell parameters (refined from X-ray powder diffraction data): a = 8.927(7) Å, b = 9.245(8) Å, c = 11.954(9) Å; α = 91.80(2)°, β = 132.60(1)°, γ = 94.37(3)°, V = 719.45(12)Å3. Hubeite was also refined as triclinic, in space group P1, and has as unit-cell parameters: a = 9.960(7) Å, b = 13.870(9) Å, c = 6.562(4) Å, V = 601.19(17) Å3; α = 133.19(5)°, β =101.50(3)°, γ = 66.27(4)°. Ruizite was refined on a monoclinic cell, space group A2 (5) and has the following unit-cell parameters: a = 11.974(9)Å, b = 6.175(5)Å, c = 9.052(7)Å, V = 669.12 (9)Å3; β = 91.34(3)°. Apophyllite, KCa4Si8O20(F,OH)·8H2O, is tetragonal, space group P4/mnc (128), and has a = 8.960(3) Å, c = 15.767(7) Å and V = 1265.80(11) Å3. The terms identified represent a solid solutions series between the two end-members, fluorapophyllite and hydroxyapophyllite. Manganoan ilvaite, CaFe2+Fe3+(Fe2+, Mn)(Si2O7)(O)(OH), crystallizes in the space group Pnam (62), and has as unit-cell parameters: a = 13.008(7) Å; b = 8.865(5) Å; c = 5.845(3) Å, V = 674.02(9) Å3. The textural relations of inesite /hubeite/ruizite /apophyllite/manganoan ilvaite assemblage show that the oldest mineral is manganoan ilvaite, as inesite and hubeite overgrow and engulf this mineral. Hubeite is indicative for mildly oxidizing crystallization, conditions. Both hubeite and ruizite are Ca-Mn hydrated silicates. However, all Mn is divalent in hubeite and trivalent in ruizite. In addition, ruizite is Fe-free, whereas hubeite contains significant Fe3+. Ruizite Ca2Mn3+Si4O11(OH)4.2H2O was formed under higher oxidizing conditions as compared with hubeite. Sudoite and specularite also occurs in this oxidized assemblage. Sudoite, Mg2(Al.Fe3+)3Si3O10(OH)8, is monoclinic and has as space group C2m (12) and as unit-cell parameters a = 5.237(2) Å, b = 9.070(5) Å, c = 14.285(8), β = 97.00, V = 673.47(14) Å3. The carbonate closely associated to this assemblage is a Mn- and Ca-bearing siderite, which crystallizes in space group R-3c (167), having as unit-cell parameters: a = 4.694(1) Å; c = 15.386(5) Å, and V = 293.53(13) Å3. The secondary minerals occurring in this assemblage as determined by X-ray powder diffraction are: gold, sphalerite, pyrite, and galena. The origin of vein assemblage inesite /hubeite /ruizite /apophyllite is hydrothermal (epithermal); there exist indications of a genesis at low temperature, around 200°C. The assemblage indicated before is grown on manganoan ilvaite, which is the oldest mineral in this association. There are no signs of the genesis of manganoan ilvaite /inesite /hubeite /ruizite assemblage at the expens","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48200611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2022/017/228
A. Sedrati, Hichem Chenaker
The aquifer of the plain of Babar, with a very large area of around 355,000 ha, is of a great economic importance because it is used for irrigation and domestic consumption. The aquifer zone is mainly occupied by agricultural areas characterized by an increasing use of chemical fertilizers, threatening the quality of groundwater. The study of the vulnerability to pollution of this water table was carried out by applying the GOD and SI methods in a GIS environment. The comparison of the vulnerability maps obtained shows that the recovery rates are very different, but they have a certain degree of similarity in space, both methods show a low vulnerability to agriculture pollution. In terms of vulnerability characterization, the GOD method provides more representative information.
{"title":"ASSESSING GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY TO AGRICULTURE CONTAMINATION IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT USING SI AND GOD MODELS, CASE OF BABAR BASIN, ALGERIA","authors":"A. Sedrati, Hichem Chenaker","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2022/017/228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2022/017/228","url":null,"abstract":"The aquifer of the plain of Babar, with a very large area of around 355,000 ha, is of a great economic importance because it is used for irrigation and domestic consumption. The aquifer zone is mainly occupied by agricultural areas characterized by an increasing use of chemical fertilizers, threatening the quality of groundwater. The study of the vulnerability to pollution of this water table was carried out by applying the GOD and SI methods in a GIS environment. The comparison of the vulnerability maps obtained shows that the recovery rates are very different, but they have a certain degree of similarity in space, both methods show a low vulnerability to agriculture pollution. In terms of vulnerability characterization, the GOD method provides more representative information.","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47903731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2022/017/234
G. Damian, G. Iepure, Daniel Năsui, G. Jordan, Jasminka Alijagić, Danijel Ivanišević, L. Galović, Ioan Beres
Discharge of hazardous substances (HSs) in hydrographic basins represent a danger to aquatic biological activity and water supplies and can severely pollute surface water sediments. The increase of pollution in the Danube Basin requires the implementation of systematic monitoring and evaluation of the sediments quality as dictated by the EU Water Framework Directive. For this system development, applicable in mountainous conditions, the Upper Tisa region in the northwest part of Romania on the border with Ukraine, Hungary and Slovakia was selected as a test area. Sampling of overbank (floodplain) sediment, river bottom sediment and suspended sediment was carried out at 10 locations in the test area in order to analyze the concentration and distribution of eight metal(oid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr and As), in addition to 3 organic components (anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene) as hazardous substances (HSs). The sediment quality assessment was carried out according to the 2013/39/EU Directive and EU Water Framework Directive standards. Most of the analyzed HS concentrations in river bottom sediment and overbank (floodplain) sediments fall within the limits of environmental quality standards (EQS). As, Cu, Pb, and Zn tend to exceed the EQS at some locations. The highest exceedances were recorded for Pb, for which contents of up to 987 mg/kg were detected. The highest contents were found in the overbank sediments sampled, and the lowest in river bottom sediments, which may indicate historical pollution. Mercury contents in overbank sediment samples exceed all standards, while cadmium content is below the international standards. Anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo(e)pyrene concentrations in overbank and bottom sediments comply with international standards. A few samples in suspended sediments slightly exceed the lowest environmental standard value (i.e., Romanian normal value). HS concentrations remain low in the suspended sediments showing that it is not the main transport route for pollution in this area. HS contents decrease gradually from upstream to downstream due to dilution along the river course. In the last testing point at Someș Aciua, the concentration of metal(oid)s measured in the sediments remain below the EQS limit values, thus there is no risk of transboundary pollution. The main source of metal(oid) contamination is historic base-metal ore mining and the associated mine waste sites in the Baia Mare and other mining areas scattered around the whole region. The main source of the studied organic compounds is the incomplete or low-temperature coal combustion processes that occur in households in rural areas
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF RIVER SEDIMENT QUALITY ACCORDING TO THE EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IN MOUNTAINOUS FLUVIAL CONDITIONS. A CASE STUDY IN THE UPPER TISA AREA, DANUBE RIVER BASIN","authors":"G. Damian, G. Iepure, Daniel Năsui, G. Jordan, Jasminka Alijagić, Danijel Ivanišević, L. Galović, Ioan Beres","doi":"10.26471/cjees/2022/017/234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2022/017/234","url":null,"abstract":"Discharge of hazardous substances (HSs) in hydrographic basins represent a danger to aquatic biological activity and water supplies and can severely pollute surface water sediments. The increase of pollution in the Danube Basin requires the implementation of systematic monitoring and evaluation of the sediments quality as dictated by the EU Water Framework Directive. For this system development, applicable in mountainous conditions, the Upper Tisa region in the northwest part of Romania on the border with Ukraine, Hungary and Slovakia was selected as a test area. Sampling of overbank (floodplain) sediment, river bottom sediment and suspended sediment was carried out at 10 locations in the test area in order to analyze the concentration and distribution of eight metal(oid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr and As), in addition to 3 organic components (anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene) as hazardous substances (HSs). The sediment quality assessment was carried out according to the 2013/39/EU Directive and EU Water Framework Directive standards. Most of the analyzed HS concentrations in river bottom sediment and overbank (floodplain) sediments fall within the limits of environmental quality standards (EQS). As, Cu, Pb, and Zn tend to exceed the EQS at some locations. The highest exceedances were recorded for Pb, for which contents of up to 987 mg/kg were detected. The highest contents were found in the overbank sediments sampled, and the lowest in river bottom sediments, which may indicate historical pollution. Mercury contents in overbank sediment samples exceed all standards, while cadmium content is below the international standards. Anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo(e)pyrene concentrations in overbank and bottom sediments comply with international standards. A few samples in suspended sediments slightly exceed the lowest environmental standard value (i.e., Romanian normal value). HS concentrations remain low in the suspended sediments showing that it is not the main transport route for pollution in this area. HS contents decrease gradually from upstream to downstream due to dilution along the river course. In the last testing point at Someș Aciua, the concentration of metal(oid)s measured in the sediments remain below the EQS limit values, thus there is no risk of transboundary pollution. The main source of metal(oid) contamination is historic base-metal ore mining and the associated mine waste sites in the Baia Mare and other mining areas scattered around the whole region. The main source of the studied organic compounds is the incomplete or low-temperature coal combustion processes that occur in households in rural areas","PeriodicalId":55272,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49600115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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