Pub Date : 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2021.2004931
C.B. Miller, A. Cleaver, P. Huntsman, A. Asemaninejad, K. Rutledge, R. Bouwhuis, C. Rickwood
Abstract CanmetMINING, Natural Resources Canada, is in the process of developing a nation-wide baseline water quality database that compiles datasets from 14 different federal and provincial governments, water boards, conservation authorities, and private companies across the country and is continuing to expand. The objective of this project is to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in water quality and model the impacts of climate change on baseline water quality, now and into the future. To date, this project has standardized and aggregated more than 800,000 water quality records from more than 16,000 unique sampling sites, spanning 8 decades. This two-year process has highlighted a number of challenges with compiling a nation-wide database for research applications under the current model of water quality reporting in Canada. In light of these challenges, this commentary will highlight our observations as well as provide insights to inform future standardization of water quality reporting. This is particularly timely given the proposed development of a Canada Water Agency (CWA), whose goal is to promote collaboration between water management authorities, subject matter experts, and citizen scientists to “keep our water safe, clean and well-managed”. This commentary provides insightful observations and lessons to support the ongoing development of the Canada Water Agency, a national data management strategy, and the future of water quality monitoring in Canada.
{"title":"Predicting water quality in Canada: mind the (data) gap","authors":"C.B. Miller, A. Cleaver, P. Huntsman, A. Asemaninejad, K. Rutledge, R. Bouwhuis, C. Rickwood","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2021.2004931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2021.2004931","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract CanmetMINING, Natural Resources Canada, is in the process of developing a nation-wide baseline water quality database that compiles datasets from 14 different federal and provincial governments, water boards, conservation authorities, and private companies across the country and is continuing to expand. The objective of this project is to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in water quality and model the impacts of climate change on baseline water quality, now and into the future. To date, this project has standardized and aggregated more than 800,000 water quality records from more than 16,000 unique sampling sites, spanning 8 decades. This two-year process has highlighted a number of challenges with compiling a nation-wide database for research applications under the current model of water quality reporting in Canada. In light of these challenges, this commentary will highlight our observations as well as provide insights to inform future standardization of water quality reporting. This is particularly timely given the proposed development of a Canada Water Agency (CWA), whose goal is to promote collaboration between water management authorities, subject matter experts, and citizen scientists to “keep our water safe, clean and well-managed”. This commentary provides insightful observations and lessons to support the ongoing development of the Canada Water Agency, a national data management strategy, and the future of water quality monitoring in Canada.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"169 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45303092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2022.2090281
Elizabeth A. Munroe, M. Hayashi, L. Bentley
Abstract Sustainable groundwater management is founded on the sound understanding of the effects of water extraction on the aquifer water level and the springs and streams receiving groundwater discharge. Pumping test data are commonly used in extraction licence applications to evaluate aquifer properties and assess the magnitude of storage depletion resulting from pumping. However, a short duration (eg 48 hours) pumping test can fail to detect the presence of aquifer boundaries, as the cone of depression is not large enough to reach the boundaries. This may cause an underestimation of long-term drawdown and an overestimation of permissible extraction rate (ie safe yield). In the rural town of Irricana in Alberta, groundwater extraction licences for municipal water supply wells were issued in the early 1980s based on the analysis of 48-hour pumping tests. Actual water extraction rates were substantially below the licensed rates, but the unanticipated and excessive drawdown in the aquifer forced the town to discontinue pumping and switch to surface water supply after 25 years. To examine the cause of overallocation, a new 48-hour pumping test was conducted in the same aquifer, which included an extended drawdown analysis using 26 days of recovery data. Geological formation logs for existing wells in the area surrounding Irricana were used to infer the extent of sandstone aquifer units within the heterogeneous bedrock formation. The new data analysis showed that the aquifer is semi-closed, contrary to the infinite-aquifer assumption used in the original pumping test, which caused additional drawdown due to the aquifer boundary effects. This study suggests an improved procedure for estimation of storage depletion using standard hydrogeological methods and readily available data. The new procedure provides a useful tool as part of adaptive groundwater management, in which water levels and other relevant variables are monitored and licensed extraction rates are adjusted accordingly.
{"title":"Postmortem analysis of safe-yield estimation of a heterogeneous aquifer for rural water supply","authors":"Elizabeth A. Munroe, M. Hayashi, L. Bentley","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2022.2090281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2022.2090281","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sustainable groundwater management is founded on the sound understanding of the effects of water extraction on the aquifer water level and the springs and streams receiving groundwater discharge. Pumping test data are commonly used in extraction licence applications to evaluate aquifer properties and assess the magnitude of storage depletion resulting from pumping. However, a short duration (eg 48 hours) pumping test can fail to detect the presence of aquifer boundaries, as the cone of depression is not large enough to reach the boundaries. This may cause an underestimation of long-term drawdown and an overestimation of permissible extraction rate (ie safe yield). In the rural town of Irricana in Alberta, groundwater extraction licences for municipal water supply wells were issued in the early 1980s based on the analysis of 48-hour pumping tests. Actual water extraction rates were substantially below the licensed rates, but the unanticipated and excessive drawdown in the aquifer forced the town to discontinue pumping and switch to surface water supply after 25 years. To examine the cause of overallocation, a new 48-hour pumping test was conducted in the same aquifer, which included an extended drawdown analysis using 26 days of recovery data. Geological formation logs for existing wells in the area surrounding Irricana were used to infer the extent of sandstone aquifer units within the heterogeneous bedrock formation. The new data analysis showed that the aquifer is semi-closed, contrary to the infinite-aquifer assumption used in the original pumping test, which caused additional drawdown due to the aquifer boundary effects. This study suggests an improved procedure for estimation of storage depletion using standard hydrogeological methods and readily available data. The new procedure provides a useful tool as part of adaptive groundwater management, in which water levels and other relevant variables are monitored and licensed extraction rates are adjusted accordingly.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"154 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48627796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2022.2055496
Yixuan Zhou, Cuauhtémoc Tonatiuh Vidrio-Sahagún, M. Ryan, Jianxun He
Abstract The Elbow River is an eastern slope river with headwaters in the Rocky Mountains in Alberta whose major end-use is a critical source of municipal water for Calgary. Overwinter precipitation in its watershed falls primarily as snow and accumulates as snowpack until spring melt. Precipitation falls mainly as rain from May until October. The river is unregulated above Calgary’s water supply reservoir, and its relatively undeveloped watershed makes it ideal for examining potential climate change impacts on river hydrology. Available historical hydrometeorological data (1967 to 2015) from the basin were assessed to study its hydrological behaviour under a changing climate. The analysis showed significant upward trends in both flow and precipitation variables, especially from 1979 to 2015. Significant increases in both annual flow volume and annual maximum daily flow (AM-flow), and later seasonal occurrence of AM-flow, were not observed in other eastern slope rivers. Although these changes could attenuate predicted water supply shortages, they could also potentially increase flood magnitudes. The analysis also revealed that three sub-watersheds, which are approximately equal in geographic area, contributed differing flow volumes during the high-flow season (May to October). The upper watershed contributed most (∼68%), followed by the middle (∼26%) and lower (∼6%) watersheds, on average. Extreme high-flow events (ie >90th percentile AM-flow) were strongly related to high rainfall events, but not significantly related to snowpack loss (or melt). Moderate AM-flows were positively related to both the cumulative snowpack loss before the high-flow season and the cumulative antecedent precipitation prior to the AM-flow, suggesting that the antecedent soil moisture conditions could play a role. Predictions of climate change impacts on this eastern slope river’s hydrology should thus consider the effects of meteorological variables and the moisture conditions of the watershed.
{"title":"Hydrological behaviour of an unregulated eastern slope river under changing historical climate","authors":"Yixuan Zhou, Cuauhtémoc Tonatiuh Vidrio-Sahagún, M. Ryan, Jianxun He","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2022.2055496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2022.2055496","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Elbow River is an eastern slope river with headwaters in the Rocky Mountains in Alberta whose major end-use is a critical source of municipal water for Calgary. Overwinter precipitation in its watershed falls primarily as snow and accumulates as snowpack until spring melt. Precipitation falls mainly as rain from May until October. The river is unregulated above Calgary’s water supply reservoir, and its relatively undeveloped watershed makes it ideal for examining potential climate change impacts on river hydrology. Available historical hydrometeorological data (1967 to 2015) from the basin were assessed to study its hydrological behaviour under a changing climate. The analysis showed significant upward trends in both flow and precipitation variables, especially from 1979 to 2015. Significant increases in both annual flow volume and annual maximum daily flow (AM-flow), and later seasonal occurrence of AM-flow, were not observed in other eastern slope rivers. Although these changes could attenuate predicted water supply shortages, they could also potentially increase flood magnitudes. The analysis also revealed that three sub-watersheds, which are approximately equal in geographic area, contributed differing flow volumes during the high-flow season (May to October). The upper watershed contributed most (∼68%), followed by the middle (∼26%) and lower (∼6%) watersheds, on average. Extreme high-flow events (ie >90th percentile AM-flow) were strongly related to high rainfall events, but not significantly related to snowpack loss (or melt). Moderate AM-flows were positively related to both the cumulative snowpack loss before the high-flow season and the cumulative antecedent precipitation prior to the AM-flow, suggesting that the antecedent soil moisture conditions could play a role. Predictions of climate change impacts on this eastern slope river’s hydrology should thus consider the effects of meteorological variables and the moisture conditions of the watershed.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"137 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48089456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2022.2052752
D. Caissie, G. Goguen, N. El‐Jabi, W. Chouaib
Abstract Flood frequency plays an important role in the design of hydraulic structures as well as in the management of fisheries and aquatic resources. There are two types of flood frequency analyses, namely the annual maximum series (AMS) analysis and the partial duration series analysis (or peak over threshold, POT). The POT analysis consists of studying discharge data above a specific threshold (or truncation level), whereas the AMS method uses maximum annual discharge data. Both the AMS (generalized extreme value – GEV distribution) and POT (generalized Pareto – GP and exponential – Exp distributions) were used to calculate flood frequencies for four hydrometric stations within the Miramichi River basin of New Brunswick. A simple method was proposed for the selection of truncation levels, that is, values corresponding to 1, 1.5 and 2 flood counts per year. Considering multiple truncation levels in the POT analysis has the advantage of providing more results that are used to identify which level provides a better fit of the flood data. Both the GEV (AMS) and GP (POT) distributions best represented flood data within the Miramichi River whereas the Exp (POT) distribution did not fit well the data, especially for floods with high return periods (>25 years). Results showed the truncation level at a flood count of 1 (highest truncation level) for the POT method, generally provided a better fit of floods with high return periods (>25 years). Moreover, lower truncation levels tended to provide flood estimates with less uncertainties (lower coefficient of variation, as tested using a jackknife technique). Finally, results showed that both the AMS and POT methods are complementary in flood frequency analyses. The AMS is the more classic approach to flood frequency analyses; however, the POT provides a better characterization of floods (e.g. magnitude, duration and flood volume).
{"title":"Fitting flood frequency distributions using the annual maximum series and the peak over threshold approaches","authors":"D. Caissie, G. Goguen, N. El‐Jabi, W. Chouaib","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2022.2052752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2022.2052752","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flood frequency plays an important role in the design of hydraulic structures as well as in the management of fisheries and aquatic resources. There are two types of flood frequency analyses, namely the annual maximum series (AMS) analysis and the partial duration series analysis (or peak over threshold, POT). The POT analysis consists of studying discharge data above a specific threshold (or truncation level), whereas the AMS method uses maximum annual discharge data. Both the AMS (generalized extreme value – GEV distribution) and POT (generalized Pareto – GP and exponential – Exp distributions) were used to calculate flood frequencies for four hydrometric stations within the Miramichi River basin of New Brunswick. A simple method was proposed for the selection of truncation levels, that is, values corresponding to 1, 1.5 and 2 flood counts per year. Considering multiple truncation levels in the POT analysis has the advantage of providing more results that are used to identify which level provides a better fit of the flood data. Both the GEV (AMS) and GP (POT) distributions best represented flood data within the Miramichi River whereas the Exp (POT) distribution did not fit well the data, especially for floods with high return periods (>25 years). Results showed the truncation level at a flood count of 1 (highest truncation level) for the POT method, generally provided a better fit of floods with high return periods (>25 years). Moreover, lower truncation levels tended to provide flood estimates with less uncertainties (lower coefficient of variation, as tested using a jackknife technique). Finally, results showed that both the AMS and POT methods are complementary in flood frequency analyses. The AMS is the more classic approach to flood frequency analyses; however, the POT provides a better characterization of floods (e.g. magnitude, duration and flood volume).","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"122 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43923736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-09DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2022.2044385
A. Msilini, C. Charron, T. Ouarda, P. Masselot
Abstract Regional frequency analysis (RFA) aims to estimate quantiles of extreme hydrological variables (e.g. floods or low-flows) at sites where little or no hydrological data is available. This information is of interest for the optimal planning and management of water resources. A number of regional estimation models are evaluated and compared in this study and then used for regional estimation of flood quantiles at ungauged catchments located in the Montreal region in southern Quebec, Canada. In this study, two neighborhood approaches using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and the region of influence (ROI) method are applied to delineate homogenous regions. Three regression methods namely log-linear regression model (LLRM), generalized additive models (GAM), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), recently introduced in the RFA context, are considered for regional estimation. These models are also applied considering all stations (ALL). The considered models, especially MARS, have never been used previously in a concrete application. Results indicate that MARS and GAM have comparable predictive performances, especially when applied with the whole dataset. Results also show that MARS used in combination with the CCA approach provide improved performances compared to all considered regional approaches. This may reflect the flexibility of the combination of these two approaches, their robustness, and their ability to better reproduce the hydrological phenomena, especially in real-world conditions when limited data are available.
{"title":"Flood frequency analysis at ungauged catchments with the GAM and MARS approaches in the Montreal region, Canada","authors":"A. Msilini, C. Charron, T. Ouarda, P. Masselot","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2022.2044385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2022.2044385","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Regional frequency analysis (RFA) aims to estimate quantiles of extreme hydrological variables (e.g. floods or low-flows) at sites where little or no hydrological data is available. This information is of interest for the optimal planning and management of water resources. A number of regional estimation models are evaluated and compared in this study and then used for regional estimation of flood quantiles at ungauged catchments located in the Montreal region in southern Quebec, Canada. In this study, two neighborhood approaches using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and the region of influence (ROI) method are applied to delineate homogenous regions. Three regression methods namely log-linear regression model (LLRM), generalized additive models (GAM), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), recently introduced in the RFA context, are considered for regional estimation. These models are also applied considering all stations (ALL). The considered models, especially MARS, have never been used previously in a concrete application. Results indicate that MARS and GAM have comparable predictive performances, especially when applied with the whole dataset. Results also show that MARS used in combination with the CCA approach provide improved performances compared to all considered regional approaches. This may reflect the flexibility of the combination of these two approaches, their robustness, and their ability to better reproduce the hydrological phenomena, especially in real-world conditions when limited data are available.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"111 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46090107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2022.2032365
Jian Liu, Jennifer Roste, H. Baulch, J. Elliott, J. Davies, Etienne Shupena-Soulodre
Abstract In the Canadian prairies, eutrophication is a widespread issue, with agriculture representing a major anthropogenic nutrient source in many watersheds. However, efforts to mitigate agricultural nutrient export are challenged by the lack of coordinated monitoring programs and the unique hydrological characteristics of the prairies, notably, the dominance of snowmelt in both water flows and nutrient loads, variable runoff, variable contributing area and the issues of understanding how scale affects nutrient concentrations and prevalence of dissolved nutrient transport (over total nutrients). Efforts are being made to integrate these characteristics in process-based water quality models, but the models are often complex and are not yet ready for use by watershed managers for prioritizing implementation of beneficial management practices (BMPs). In this study, a screening and scoping approach based on nutrient export coefficient modeling was used to prioritize BMPs for the 55,700 km2 Qu’Appelle Watershed, Saskatchewan. By integrating land use information, in-stream monitoring data, stakeholder input and nutrient export coefficient modeling, the study assessed potential efficiencies of six BMPs involving fertilizer, manure, grazing, crop and wetland management in nutrient load reductions for nine tributaries of the watershed. Uncertainty around the effectiveness of the BMPs was assessed. Field-level export coefficients were adjusted with nutrient delivery ratios for estimating watershed-level exports. Of the BMPs examined, in general, wetland restoration had the greatest potential to reduce both nitrogen and phosphorus loads in most tributaries, followed by fertilizer management. The importance of wetland restoration was supported by positive, significant, linear correlations between nutrient delivery ratios and drainage intensity in the tributaries (nitrogen: R 2 = 0.67; phosphorus: R 2 = 0.82). Notably, the relative ranking of BMP efficiencies varied with tributaries, as a result of differing landscape characteristics, land uses and nutrient inputs. In conclusion, the approach developed here acknowledges uncertainty, but provides a means to guide management decisions within the context of an adaptive management approach, where BMP implementation is partnered with monitoring and assessment to revise ongoing plans and ensures selected practices are meeting goals for nutrient abatement.
{"title":"Screening and scoping-level assessment of beneficial management practices in a Canadian prairie watershed","authors":"Jian Liu, Jennifer Roste, H. Baulch, J. Elliott, J. Davies, Etienne Shupena-Soulodre","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2022.2032365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2022.2032365","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the Canadian prairies, eutrophication is a widespread issue, with agriculture representing a major anthropogenic nutrient source in many watersheds. However, efforts to mitigate agricultural nutrient export are challenged by the lack of coordinated monitoring programs and the unique hydrological characteristics of the prairies, notably, the dominance of snowmelt in both water flows and nutrient loads, variable runoff, variable contributing area and the issues of understanding how scale affects nutrient concentrations and prevalence of dissolved nutrient transport (over total nutrients). Efforts are being made to integrate these characteristics in process-based water quality models, but the models are often complex and are not yet ready for use by watershed managers for prioritizing implementation of beneficial management practices (BMPs). In this study, a screening and scoping approach based on nutrient export coefficient modeling was used to prioritize BMPs for the 55,700 km2 Qu’Appelle Watershed, Saskatchewan. By integrating land use information, in-stream monitoring data, stakeholder input and nutrient export coefficient modeling, the study assessed potential efficiencies of six BMPs involving fertilizer, manure, grazing, crop and wetland management in nutrient load reductions for nine tributaries of the watershed. Uncertainty around the effectiveness of the BMPs was assessed. Field-level export coefficients were adjusted with nutrient delivery ratios for estimating watershed-level exports. Of the BMPs examined, in general, wetland restoration had the greatest potential to reduce both nitrogen and phosphorus loads in most tributaries, followed by fertilizer management. The importance of wetland restoration was supported by positive, significant, linear correlations between nutrient delivery ratios and drainage intensity in the tributaries (nitrogen: R 2 = 0.67; phosphorus: R 2 = 0.82). Notably, the relative ranking of BMP efficiencies varied with tributaries, as a result of differing landscape characteristics, land uses and nutrient inputs. In conclusion, the approach developed here acknowledges uncertainty, but provides a means to guide management decisions within the context of an adaptive management approach, where BMP implementation is partnered with monitoring and assessment to revise ongoing plans and ensures selected practices are meeting goals for nutrient abatement.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"83 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46544666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2021.2004930
O. Jacques, R. Pienitz
Abstract Lac à la Truite (Trout Lake) from the municipality of Irlande (southern Quebec, Canada) suffers from eutrophication and siltation. More than 100 years of mining activities in the Thetford Mines region (1877–2011 CE) and the accumulation of gigantic mining waste piles have often been blamed for these problems, but their real impacts have never been demonstrated. Paleolimnological analyses were undertaken on a sediment core collected in Lac à la Truite to provide insights into its long-term evolution since pre-mining times. Results indicate that its degradation was greatly enhanced by the drainage of upstream Lac Noir (Black Lake) from 1955 to 1959 CE for mining purposes. Radiometric dating (137Cs, 210Pb, 14C) showed that this event caused a strong increase in sediment inputs, which afterwards remained high (0.6–1.3 cm yr−1; 0.4–1.0 g cm−2 yr−1). Loss-on-ignition and spectrometry (ICP-AES/ICP-MS) analyses revealed that sediments deposited since 1960 CE mostly originate from the mining waste piles as they are organic-poor and highly enriched in metals associated with asbestos tailings (magnesium, chromium, nickel). During the drainage of Lac Noir, the emergence of diatom taxa typical of nutrient-rich waters in the sedimentary assemblages (e.g., Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cyclostephanos invisitatus) and the concomitant shift of biochemical proxies (C/N, δ13C) indicate that the disappearance of this water body has also caused the rapid eutrophication of Lac à la Truite by facilitating municipal wastewater inputs. Moreover, the pH and conductivity of the lake water are now considerably higher than during pre-mining times. Pollution generated by the mining waste piles and wastewater must be rapidly controlled to ensure the sustainability of Lac à la Truite.
来自Irlande市(加拿大魁北克省南部)的Lac la Truite(鳟鱼湖)遭受富营养化和淤积。塞特福德矿区100多年的采矿活动(公元1877年至2011年)和巨大的采矿废物堆的积累经常被归咎于这些问题，但其真正的影响从未得到证实。古湖泊学分析了在拉孔拉特鲁伊特收集的沉积物岩心，以了解其自采矿前时代以来的长期演变。结果表明，1955年至1959年间，上游的黑湖(Lac Noir)为采矿目的而排水，大大加剧了其退化。放射性测年(137Cs, 210Pb, 14C)表明，这一事件导致了沉积物输入的强烈增加，随后保持在较高水平(0.6-1.3 cm yr−1;0.4-1.0 g cm−2 yr−1)。燃烧损耗和光谱(ICP-AES/ICP-MS)分析显示，自1960年以来沉积的沉积物主要来自采矿废渣堆，因为它们有机含量低，富含与石棉尾矿相关的金属(镁、铬、镍)。在Lac Noir的排水过程中，沉积组合中出现了典型的富营养化水体硅藻类群(如Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cyclostephanos invisitatus)，并伴随生化指标(C/N， δ13C)的变化，表明该水体的消失也通过促进城市污水的输入而导致Lac la Truite的快速富营养化。此外，现在湖水的pH值和电导率比采矿前高得多。必须迅速控制采矿废渣堆和废水产生的污染，以确保Lac la Truite的可持续性。
{"title":"Impacts des activités minières d’amiante sur l’évolution du lac à la Truite d’Irlande, région de Thetford Mines (Québec, Canada) Impacts of asbestos mining activities on the evolution of Lac à la Truite d’Irlande, Thetford Mines region (Quebec, Canada)","authors":"O. Jacques, R. Pienitz","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2021.2004930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2021.2004930","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lac à la Truite (Trout Lake) from the municipality of Irlande (southern Quebec, Canada) suffers from eutrophication and siltation. More than 100 years of mining activities in the Thetford Mines region (1877–2011 CE) and the accumulation of gigantic mining waste piles have often been blamed for these problems, but their real impacts have never been demonstrated. Paleolimnological analyses were undertaken on a sediment core collected in Lac à la Truite to provide insights into its long-term evolution since pre-mining times. Results indicate that its degradation was greatly enhanced by the drainage of upstream Lac Noir (Black Lake) from 1955 to 1959 CE for mining purposes. Radiometric dating (137Cs, 210Pb, 14C) showed that this event caused a strong increase in sediment inputs, which afterwards remained high (0.6–1.3 cm yr−1; 0.4–1.0 g cm−2 yr−1). Loss-on-ignition and spectrometry (ICP-AES/ICP-MS) analyses revealed that sediments deposited since 1960 CE mostly originate from the mining waste piles as they are organic-poor and highly enriched in metals associated with asbestos tailings (magnesium, chromium, nickel). During the drainage of Lac Noir, the emergence of diatom taxa typical of nutrient-rich waters in the sedimentary assemblages (e.g., Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cyclostephanos invisitatus) and the concomitant shift of biochemical proxies (C/N, δ13C) indicate that the disappearance of this water body has also caused the rapid eutrophication of Lac à la Truite by facilitating municipal wastewater inputs. Moreover, the pH and conductivity of the lake water are now considerably higher than during pre-mining times. Pollution generated by the mining waste piles and wastewater must be rapidly controlled to ensure the sustainability of Lac à la Truite.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"40 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46298224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2022.2032366
Yingshen Yin, J. Drake
Abstract This study presents the four years’ seasonal baseline hydrological condition of a proposed low impact development neighbourhood in Brantford, Ontario. A comprehensive monitoring scheme including on-site infiltration tests, topographic survey, and instream and groundwater monitoring was conducted on the site and in the adjacent Whitemans Creek and Lewis Drain. The streams’ high flows and storm responses are not included in the current study due to limited accessibility. Results show that sandy soil with a high infiltration rate on the site infiltrates the majority of the precipitation and supports the installation of permeable pavements. Surface water and groundwater interaction was observed at the Municipal Drain. Throughout the summer, the Creek has clear flow conditions for the majority of the time and baseflow accounts for a large proportion of flows in the Creek. During the monitoring period, water quality parameters in the Creek satisfied the CCME guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. The use of permeable pavements on the site will help to maintain pre-development water balance. As neighbourhood-level LID is rarely directly demonstrated, we encourage further investigations once the site has been developed.
{"title":"Seasonal pre-development conditions of a proposed low impact development neighbourhood","authors":"Yingshen Yin, J. Drake","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2022.2032366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2022.2032366","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study presents the four years’ seasonal baseline hydrological condition of a proposed low impact development neighbourhood in Brantford, Ontario. A comprehensive monitoring scheme including on-site infiltration tests, topographic survey, and instream and groundwater monitoring was conducted on the site and in the adjacent Whitemans Creek and Lewis Drain. The streams’ high flows and storm responses are not included in the current study due to limited accessibility. Results show that sandy soil with a high infiltration rate on the site infiltrates the majority of the precipitation and supports the installation of permeable pavements. Surface water and groundwater interaction was observed at the Municipal Drain. Throughout the summer, the Creek has clear flow conditions for the majority of the time and baseflow accounts for a large proportion of flows in the Creek. During the monitoring period, water quality parameters in the Creek satisfied the CCME guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. The use of permeable pavements on the site will help to maintain pre-development water balance. As neighbourhood-level LID is rarely directly demonstrated, we encourage further investigations once the site has been developed.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"61 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45345195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2021.1994884
N. Agrawal, T. Patrick, M. Davis, M. Ahiduzzaman, Amit Kumar
Abstract Freshwater is a critical natural resource and fundamental to social and environmental activities, including industrial activities, food production, and residential needs. Hence, it is important to understand provincial water supply and demand. However, there are large gaps in provincial and sectoral water use data. This study provides estimates for disaggregated water use by regional subsectors and uses Sankey diagrams to depict the water flow from intake to consumption and discharge. The study uses a bottom-up method in the oil and gas and hydropower sectors and top-down methods in the residential, commercial and institutional, manufacturing, mining, agricultural, and power sectors. Surface and ground water are considered separately. Water use in the year 2017 was analyzed for British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, the Atlantic Provinces, and the Territories. Water-use intensities were also calculated by region and sector. A total of 40 billion m3 of water use is traced from source to either discharge or consumption. New disaggregated data is developed provincially and by sector for oil and gas, mining, and power generation. Water use in the oil and gas sector was disaggregated into 5 subsectors, with oil sands surface mining in Alberta as the largest consumer with 138 million m3 of water consumed. Hydro power was estimated to consume the most water out of all sectors, with 3393 million m3 of water consumed. Alberta was also found to have the largest consumptive water use per capita. The results provide important insights on water supply and demand in Canada. Such information supports both regional and federal governments in formulating appropriate regional and sectoral policies and can support water managers and the public in understanding water supply and demand in Canada. Modelling efforts requiring regional and sectoral water use can also use these results. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/.
{"title":"Analysis of Canada’s water use: tracing water flow from source to end use","authors":"N. Agrawal, T. Patrick, M. Davis, M. Ahiduzzaman, Amit Kumar","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2021.1994884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2021.1994884","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Freshwater is a critical natural resource and fundamental to social and environmental activities, including industrial activities, food production, and residential needs. Hence, it is important to understand provincial water supply and demand. However, there are large gaps in provincial and sectoral water use data. This study provides estimates for disaggregated water use by regional subsectors and uses Sankey diagrams to depict the water flow from intake to consumption and discharge. The study uses a bottom-up method in the oil and gas and hydropower sectors and top-down methods in the residential, commercial and institutional, manufacturing, mining, agricultural, and power sectors. Surface and ground water are considered separately. Water use in the year 2017 was analyzed for British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, the Atlantic Provinces, and the Territories. Water-use intensities were also calculated by region and sector. A total of 40 billion m3 of water use is traced from source to either discharge or consumption. New disaggregated data is developed provincially and by sector for oil and gas, mining, and power generation. Water use in the oil and gas sector was disaggregated into 5 subsectors, with oil sands surface mining in Alberta as the largest consumer with 138 million m3 of water consumed. Hydro power was estimated to consume the most water out of all sectors, with 3393 million m3 of water consumed. Alberta was also found to have the largest consumptive water use per capita. The results provide important insights on water supply and demand in Canada. Such information supports both regional and federal governments in formulating appropriate regional and sectoral policies and can support water managers and the public in understanding water supply and demand in Canada. Modelling efforts requiring regional and sectoral water use can also use these results. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"19 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41739915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2021.1973911
H. Baulch, C. Whitfield, Jared D. Wolfe, N. Basu, A. Bedard-Haughn, K. Belcher, R. Clark, G. Ferguson, M. Hayashi, A. Ireson, P. Lloyd‐Smith, Phil Loring, J. Pomeroy, K. Shook, C. Spence
Extensive wetland drainage has occurred across the Canadian Prairies, and drainage activities are ongoing in many areas (Dahl 1990; Watmough and Schmoll 2007; Bartzen et al. 2010; Dahl 2014; Prairi...
{"title":"Synthesis of science: findings on Canadian Prairie wetland drainage","authors":"H. Baulch, C. Whitfield, Jared D. Wolfe, N. Basu, A. Bedard-Haughn, K. Belcher, R. Clark, G. Ferguson, M. Hayashi, A. Ireson, P. Lloyd‐Smith, Phil Loring, J. Pomeroy, K. Shook, C. Spence","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2021.1973911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2021.1973911","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive wetland drainage has occurred across the Canadian Prairies, and drainage activities are ongoing in many areas (Dahl 1990; Watmough and Schmoll 2007; Bartzen et al. 2010; Dahl 2014; Prairi...","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"229 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43353190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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