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Listening "At the Bedside": Podcasts as an Emerging Tool for Medical Ethics Education. 在床边聆听":播客作为医学伦理教育的新兴工具。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000471
Tamar Schiff, Margot Hedlin, Jafar Al-Mondhiry

Medical ethics education is crucial for medical students and trainees, helping to shape attitudes, beliefs, values, and professional identities. Exploration of ethical dilemmas and approaches to resolving them provides a broader understanding of the social and cultural contexts in which medicine is practiced, as well as the ethical implications of medical decisions, fostering critical thinking and self-reflection skills imperative to providing patient-centered care. However, exposure to medical ethics topics and their clinical applications can be limited by curricular constraints and the availability of institutional resources and expertise. Podcasts, among other Free Open Access Medical Education (FOAMed) resources, are a novel educational tool that offers particular advantages for self-directed learning, a process by which learners engage in asynchronous educational opportunities outside of traditional academic or clinical settings. Podcasts can be readily distributed to wide audiences and played at any time, reducing barriers to access and offering a level of flexibility that is not possible with traditional forms of education and is well-suited to busy schedules. Podcasts can also use real voices and storytelling to make the content memorable and eminently human. This paper describes the development, production process, and impact of Core IM's "At the Bedside," a podcast focusing on issues in medical ethics and the medical humanities, intending to supplement standard bioethics curricula in an accessible, relevant, and engaging way. The authors advocate for broad incorporation of podcasts into medical ethics education.

医学伦理教育对医科学生和受训人员至关重要,有助于形成态度、信念、价值观和职业认同。通过探讨伦理困境和解决方法,可以更广泛地了解行医的社会和文化背景,以及医疗决策的伦理意义,培养批判性思维和自我反思能力,这对于提供以患者为中心的医疗服务至关重要。然而,由于课程设置的限制以及机构资源和专业知识的可用性,医学伦理主题及其临床应用的接触可能会受到限制。在其他免费开放医学教育(FOAMed)资源中,播客是一种新颖的教育工具,为自主学习提供了特别的优势,自主学习是学习者在传统的学术或临床环境之外参与异步教育机会的过程。播客可以随时向广大受众发布并播放,减少了获取的障碍,提供了传统教育形式所不具备的灵活性,非常适合繁忙的日程安排。播客还可以使用真实的声音和讲故事的方式,使内容令人难忘,充满人情味。本文介绍了 Core IM 的 "At the Bedside "播客的开发、制作过程和影响,该播客以医学伦理学和医学人文问题为重点,旨在以一种易懂、相关和引人入胜的方式补充标准的生物伦理学课程。作者主张将播客广泛纳入医学伦理学教育。
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引用次数: 0
The Geneticization of Education and Its Bioethical Implications. 教育的基因化及其生物伦理影响。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1017/S096318012400046X
Lucas J Matthews

The day has arrived that genetic tests for educational outcomes are available to the public. Today parents and students alike can send off a sample of blood or saliva and receive a 'genetic report' for a range of characteristics relevant to education, including intelligence, math ability, reading ability, and educational attainment. DTC availability is compounded by a growing "precision education" initiative, which proposes the application of DNA tests in schools to tailor educational curricula to children's genomic profiles. Here I argue that these happenings are a strong signal of the geneticization of education; the process by which educational abilities and outcomes come to be examined, understood, explained, and treated as primarily genetic characteristics. I clarify what it means to geneticize education, highlight the nature and limitations of the underlying science, explore both real and potential downstream bioethical implications, and make proposals for mitigating negative impacts.

公众也能进行教育成果基因测试的日子已经到来。如今,家长和学生都可以寄送血液或唾液样本,获得与教育相关的一系列特征的 "基因报告",包括智力、数学能力、阅读能力和受教育程度。除了 DTC 之外,"精准教育 "计划也在不断发展,该计划提出在学校应用 DNA 测试,根据儿童的基因组特征调整教育课程。在此,我认为这些事件是教育遗传化的一个强烈信号;教育能力和教育成果主要是作为遗传特征来考察、理解、解释和处理的。我将阐明教育基因化的含义,强调基础科学的性质和局限性,探讨现实和潜在的下游生物伦理影响,并提出减轻负面影响的建议。
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引用次数: 0
In Defense of "Physician-Assisted Suicide": Toward (and Back to) a Transparent, Destigmatizing Debate. 为 "医生协助自杀 "辩护:走向(和回归)一场透明的、去污名化的辩论。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000434
Brandy M Fox, Harold Braswell

Many bioethicists have recently shifted from using "physician-assisted suicide" (PAS) to "medical aid-in-dying" (MAID) to refer to the act of voluntarily hastening one's death with the assistance of a medical provider. This shift was made to obscure the practice's connection to "suicide." However, as the charge of "suicide" is fundamental to arguments against the practice, "MAID" can only be used by its proponents. The result has been the fragmentation of the bioethical debate. By highlighting the role of human agency-as opposed to natural processes-in causing death, the term "PAS" makes it easier both to perceive potential risks to vulnerable populations and to affirm suicide as a potentially autonomous choice. As such, "PAS" thus more transparently expresses the arguments of both supporters and opponents of the "right to die," while avoiding the unnecessary stigmatization of suicide and suicidal people which is a result of the usage of "MAID."

许多生物伦理学家最近将 "医生协助自杀"(PAS)改为 "医疗协助死亡"(MAID),以指代在医疗服务提供者的协助下自愿加速死亡的行为。这一转变是为了掩盖这种做法与 "自杀 "的联系。然而,由于 "自杀 "指控是反对这种做法的基本论据,因此 "MAID "只能由其支持者使用。结果导致生物伦理辩论支离破碎。通过强调人的主观能动性--而不是自然过程--在导致死亡方面的作用,"PAS "一词使人们更容易认识到对弱势群体的潜在风险,也更容易肯定自杀是一种潜在的自主选择。因此,"PAS "一词更透明地表达了 "死亡权 "支持者和反对者的论点,同时避免了因使用 "MAID "一词而对自杀和有自杀倾向的人造成不必要的污名化。
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引用次数: 0
The Unthinkable Conclusion: Derek Parfit's Budding Antinatalism. 不可思议的结论:德里克-帕菲特萌芽中的反宿命论。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000483
Matti Häyry

Derek Parfit famously opined that causing a person to exist with a life barely worth living can be wrong, although it is not wrong for that person. This conundrum is known as the nonidentity problem. Parfit also held that persons can, in a morally relevant sense, be caused to exist in the distant future by actions that make the agent a necessary condition for a person's existence. When these views are combined, which he did, and applied explicitly to persons with a life not worth living, which he did not, an interesting conditional conclusion can be drawn. If every family line eventually produces a person with a life not worth living, and if causing that person to exist cannot be justified by the benefits befalling others in the family line, it is always wrong to have children. Parfit did not draw this antinatalist conclusion, but an analysis of his introduction of the nonidentity problem shows that he could have. Since Parfit's other views on population ethics continue to be discussed with relative respect, it stands to reason that the antinatalist position should be no exception. Right or wrong, it has its legitimate place in considerations concerning the future of reproduction.

德里克-帕菲特(Derek Parfit)有一个著名的观点:让一个人过着勉强值得过的生活可能是错误的,尽管对这个人来说并没有错。这一难题被称为非同一性问题。帕菲特还认为,在道德相关的意义上,可以通过使代理人成为一个人存在的必要条件的行动,使人在遥远的未来存在。帕菲特将这些观点结合在一起,并明确地应用于生命不值得活的人身上(他并没有这样做),就可以得出一个有趣的条件性结论。如果每一个家族最终都会产生一个不值得活下去的人,如果导致这个人存在的理由不能被家族中其他人的利益所证明,那么生儿育女就是错误的。帕菲特并没有得出这一反生育论的结论,但对他提出的非同一性问题的分析表明,他是可以得出这一结论的。既然帕菲特关于人口伦理学的其他观点继续受到相对尊重的讨论,那么反生育论的立场也不例外。无论对错,它在有关未来生育的思考中都有其合理的位置。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking Animal Consciousness Research to Prioritize Well-Being. 重新思考动物意识研究,将福祉放在首位。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000501
Liv Baker, Barbara J King, William S Lynn

The authors critique the NY Declaration on Animal Consciousness, which does not denounce continued captivity and invasive research in the pursuit of animal consciousness markers. They argue that such research often increases animal suffering by accepting harmful practices. Instead, they propose a nonanthropocentric, ethical framework aligned with the Belmont Report's principle of beneficence, advocating for noninvasive methods in natural habitats. This approach prioritizes animal well-being, recognizing and safeguarding the intrinsic value of all conscious beings.

作者对《纽约动物意识宣言》进行了批评,认为该宣言并未谴责为追求动物意识标记而继续进行的圈养和侵入性研究。他们认为,这种研究往往通过接受有害的做法来增加动物的痛苦。相反,他们提出了一个非人类中心主义的伦理框架,与《贝尔蒙特报告》的 "受益原则 "相一致,主张在自然栖息地采用非侵入性方法。这种方法优先考虑动物的福祉,承认并保护所有有意识生命的内在价值。
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引用次数: 0
"Terminal Anorexia", Treatment Refusal and Decision-Making Capacity. "临终厌食症"、拒绝治疗和决策能力。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000367
Anneli Jefferson

Whether anorexic patients should be able to refuse treatment when this refusal potentially has a fatal outcome is a vexed topic. A recent proposal for a new category of "terminal anorexia" suggests criteria when a move to palliative care or even physician-assisted suicide might be justified. The author argues that this proposed diagnosis presents a false sense of certainty of the illness trajectory by conceptualizing anorexia in analogy with physical disorders and stressing the effects of starvation. Furthermore, this conceptualization is in conflict with the claim that individuals who meet the diagnostic criteria for terminal anorexia have decision-making capacity. It should therefore be rejected.

厌食症患者在拒绝治疗可能导致致命后果的情况下是否应该拒绝治疗,这是一个令人困扰的话题。最近有人提出了一个新的 "临终厌食症 "类别,它提出了在什么情况下可以采取姑息治疗甚至医生协助自杀的标准。作者认为,这一诊断建议将厌食症与躯体疾病相类比,并强调饥饿的影响,从而对疾病的发展轨迹产生了错误的确定感。此外,这一概念与符合临终厌食症诊断标准的个体具有决策能力的说法相冲突。因此应予以摒弃。
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引用次数: 0
Invisible Victims and the Case for OTC SSRIs. 隐形受害者和非处方药 SSRIs 案例。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1017/S096318012400032X
Jacob M Appel

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common serious illnesses worldwide; the disease is also among those with the lowest rates of treatment. Barriers to access to care, both practical and psychological, contribute significantly to these low treatment rates. Among such barriers are regulations in many nations that require a physician's prescription for most pharmacological treatments including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These rules are designed to protect patients. However, such regulations involve a tradeoff between the welfare of "visible" victims, who might suffer negative consequences from a lack of regulation, and the well-being of invisible "victims," who likely experience negative consequences that result from increased barriers to care. This article explores these tradeoffs and argues in favor of shifting SSRIs from prescription-only to over-the-counter status.

重度抑郁障碍是全球最常见的严重疾病之一,也是治疗率最低的疾病之一。获得治疗的障碍,包括实际障碍和心理障碍,是造成治疗率低的重要原因。在这些障碍中,许多国家规定,包括选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)在内的大多数药物治疗都需要医生处方。这些规定旨在保护患者。然而,这些规定涉及 "看得见的 "受害者的福利与看不见的 "受害者 "的福利之间的权衡,"看得见的 "受害者可能会因为缺乏监管而遭受负面影响,而看不见的 "受害者 "则可能会因为治疗障碍的增加而遭受负面影响。本文探讨了这些权衡,并主张将 SSRIs 从处方药转为非处方药。
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引用次数: 0
Creating a Multidisciplinary Bioethics Ambassador Program at a Comprehensive Cancer Center. 在综合癌症中心创建多学科生物伦理学大使计划。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000343
Amy E Scharf, Liz Blackler, Konstantina Matsoukas, Monique C James, Amy Thomas, Louis P Voigt

The Ethics Committee at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) developed a Bioethics Ambassador Program (BAP); a yearlong educational program to assist clinical and non-clinical staff develop the skills to identify and address common burgeoning ethical issues that can arise during the provision of care to patients with cancer. The goal was to provide greater awareness of the role and services of Ethics, particularly at the institution's geographically-diverse outpatient care centers and to better-instill a culture of preventative ethics. This article discusses the design and implementation of the first two years of the program and analyzes its strengths, weaknesses, and impact on MSK.

纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心 (MSK) 的伦理委员会制定了生物伦理大使计划 (BAP);这是一项为期一年的教育计划,旨在帮助临床和非临床工作人员提高识别和解决在为癌症患者提供治疗过程中可能出现的常见伦理问题的技能。其目的是提高人们对伦理部门的作用和服务的认识,特别是在该机构地理位置分散的门诊护理中心,并更好地灌输预防性伦理文化。本文讨论了该计划头两年的设计和实施情况,并分析了其优缺点以及对 MSK 的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching Pathographies of Mental Illness. 精神疾病病理学教学。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000318
Nathan Carlin, Angela Gomez, Margarita Ortiz

This paper describes the content and evolution of a fourth-year course for medical students on teaching pathographies of mental illness. (It is a follow-up to Nathan Carlin's Pathographies of Mental Illness that appeared as an Element in the Bioethics and Neuroethics series published by Cambridge University Press.) The course originally centered on classic (and some contemporary) memoirs; however, responding to student evaluations, newer material now ensures more diversity, with material written by women and people of color, and describes the difference that can make.

本文介绍了四年级医学生精神疾病病理学教学课程的内容和演变过程。(它是内森-卡林(Nathan Carlin)的《精神疾病病理学》(Pathographies of Mental Illness)的后续课程,该书曾作为《生物伦理学与神经伦理学》(Bioethics and Neuroethics)丛书的一个要素由剑桥大学出版社出版)。该课程最初以经典(和一些当代)回忆录为中心;然而,根据学生的评价,现在的新材料确保了更多的多样性,包括由女性和有色人种撰写的材料,并描述了这可能带来的不同。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of a Study Trip to Auschwitz: Place-based Learning for Bioethics Education and Professional Identity Formation. 奥斯维辛学习之旅的影响:基于地点的生物伦理教育学习与专业身份的形成。
IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180124000306
Maxwell Li, Ramona Stamatin, Hedy S Wald, Jason Adam Wasserman

There are increasing calls for coverage of medicine during the Holocaust in medical school curricula. This article describes outcomes from a Holocaust and medicine educational program featuring a study trip to Poland, which focused on physician complicity during the Holocaust, as well as moral courage in health professionals who demonstrated various forms of resistance in the ghettos and concentration camps. The trip included tours of key sites in Krakow, Oswiecim, and the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps, as well as meeting with survivors, lectures, reflective writings, and discussions. In-depth interviews and reflective writings were qualitatively analyzed. Resulting themes centered on greater understanding of the relationship between bioethics and the Holocaust, recognizing the need for moral courage and social awareness, deeper appreciation for the historical roles played by dehumanization and medical power and their contemporary manifestations, and the power of presence and experiential learning for bioethics education and professional identity formation. These findings evidence the significant impact of the experience and suggest broader adoption of pedagogies that include place-based and experiential learning coupled with critical reflection can amplify the impact of bioethics and humanism education as well as the process of professional identity formation of medical students.

越来越多的人呼吁在医学院课程中涉及大屠杀期间的医学。本文介绍了一个大屠杀与医学教育项目的成果,该项目以波兰考察旅行为特色,重点关注大屠杀期间医生的共谋行为,以及在犹太人聚居区和集中营中表现出各种抵抗形式的卫生专业人员的道德勇气。行程包括参观克拉科夫、奥斯维西姆和奥斯威辛-比克瑙集中营的主要景点,以及会见幸存者、举办讲座、撰写反思文章和开展讨论。对深入访谈和反思文章进行了定性分析。得出的主题集中在对生命伦理学与大屠杀之间关系的更深入理解、认识到道德勇气和社会意识的必要性、对非人化和医疗权力及其当代表现所扮演的历史角色的更深刻理解,以及在场和体验式学习对生命伦理学教育和专业身份形成的力量。这些发现证明了体验的重大影响,并表明更广泛地采用包括基于场所和体验式学习以及批判性反思的教学法,可以扩大生命伦理学和人文主义教育的影响,以及医学生专业身份形成的过程。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
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