K. Daskalopoulou, S. Calabrese, A. Gagliano, K. Kyriakopoulos, L. Vigni, M. Longo, G. Pecoraino, W. D’Alessandro
Greece belongs to the most geodynamically active regions of the world and as such, it has to be considered an area of intense geogenic degassing. In terms of carbon, the territory is characterized by the high hydrothermal and volcanic activity of the South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc (SAAVA), and by widespread geological seeps of buried carbon dioxide and methane. In the present work, we investigate the island of Gyali located in the volcanic system Kos-Gyali-Nisyros. Nine gas samples have been collected on the island of Gyali in areas found both on land, in a small lake (~2000 m2) along its beach, and in the sea close to the shore at shallow depths (
{"title":"Chemical characterisation of the gases released at Gyali Island, Dodecanese, Greece and preliminary estimation of the CO2 output","authors":"K. Daskalopoulou, S. Calabrese, A. Gagliano, K. Kyriakopoulos, L. Vigni, M. Longo, G. Pecoraino, W. D’Alessandro","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.18","url":null,"abstract":"Greece belongs to the most geodynamically active regions of the world and as such, it has to be considered an area of intense geogenic degassing. In terms of carbon, the territory is characterized by the high hydrothermal and volcanic activity of the South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc (SAAVA), and by widespread geological seeps of buried carbon dioxide and methane. In the present work, we investigate the island of Gyali located in the volcanic system Kos-Gyali-Nisyros. Nine gas samples have been collected on the island of Gyali in areas found both on land, in a small lake (~2000 m2) along its beach, and in the sea close to the shore at shallow depths (","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"188 1","pages":"16-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74511315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Falcone, C. Federico, S. Bellomo, L. Brusca, W. D’Alessandro, M. Longo, S. Calabrese
We report on original geochemical data, which combine the rainfall trace metal contents from three different areas of Mt. Etna, variably fumigated by the volcanic plume, and those from soils, collected over the whole volcano. Trace element contents in rainfall appear mostly related to acidic ash leaching, while only for the most volatile elements (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Sb, Tl, Se). We analyzed separately the labile fraction of soil samples, considered the fraction bioavailable to plants and soil organisms living in. The complexing medium used to extract the bioavailable fraction simulates the growth environment of plant roots.The contents of trace elements in the bioavailable fraction from soil samples showed peculiar patterns, apparently unrelated to the plume fumigation. The transition metal contents in the bioavailable fraction account for less than 15 % of the pseudo-total fraction and the highest contents were measured in the less acidic soil samples and farthest from the summit craters. In particular, high Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd contents were paralleled by high soil organic carbon concentrations, which increased in the samples collected downwind the summit vents. Concerning immobile elements, their abundance in the bioavailable fraction was related to the degree of alteration of soils. Two elements, Se and Tl, were enriched in soil samples collected at closer distance from the summit vents. Their origin is probably related to the plume deposition.The study highlighted that the accessibility of plants to potentially harmful trace elements present in the soil is not simply related to the exposure to pollutants, but also to their fate in the pedogenetic environment.
{"title":"Impact of acidic volcanic emissions on ash leaching and on the bioavailability and mobility of trace metals in soils of Mt Etna","authors":"E. Falcone, C. Federico, S. Bellomo, L. Brusca, W. D’Alessandro, M. Longo, S. Calabrese","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.22","url":null,"abstract":"We report on original geochemical data, which combine the rainfall trace metal contents from three different areas of Mt. Etna, variably fumigated by the volcanic plume, and those from soils, collected over the whole volcano. Trace element contents in rainfall appear mostly related to acidic ash leaching, while only for the most volatile elements (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Sb, Tl, Se). We analyzed separately the labile fraction of soil samples, considered the fraction bioavailable to plants and soil organisms living in. The complexing medium used to extract the bioavailable fraction simulates the growth environment of plant roots.The contents of trace elements in the bioavailable fraction from soil samples showed peculiar patterns, apparently unrelated to the plume fumigation. The transition metal contents in the bioavailable fraction account for less than 15 % of the pseudo-total fraction and the highest contents were measured in the less acidic soil samples and farthest from the summit craters. In particular, high Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd contents were paralleled by high soil organic carbon concentrations, which increased in the samples collected downwind the summit vents. Concerning immobile elements, their abundance in the bioavailable fraction was related to the degree of alteration of soils. Two elements, Se and Tl, were enriched in soil samples collected at closer distance from the summit vents. Their origin is probably related to the plume deposition.The study highlighted that the accessibility of plants to potentially harmful trace elements present in the soil is not simply related to the exposure to pollutants, but also to their fate in the pedogenetic environment.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"25 1","pages":"57-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85182633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ruiz, M. Carretero, M. Pozo, M. L. González-Regalado, G. Monge, J. R. Vidal, L. Cáceres, M. Abad, J. Tosquella, T. Izquierdo, J. M. Muñoz, M. Prudencio, M. Dias, R. Marques, P. Gómez, A. Toscano, Verónica Romero, M. Arroyo
The multidisciplinary analysis (dating, texture, total mineralogy) of two deep cores collected in the Donana National Park (SW Spain) allows to distinguish the main features of three tsunami deposits found in three different paleoenvironmental scenarios (TSU-1: inner area of an open lagoon; TSU-2: inner area of a restricted lagoon; TSU- 3: outer area of a restricted lagoon). The main textural feature of the inner lagoonal tsunami deposits is the increase in bioclastic sands, while the outer TSU-3 is composed almost entirely of medium and fine sands without bioclasts. The mineralogical analysis of TSU-1 and TSU-2 reveals a decrease in phyllosilicates in the basal layers of these tsunami deposits and a parallel increase of quartz, feldspars, dolomite and sometimes calcite. Silica is the main component of TSU-3, whose mineralogical composition changes progressively due to the action of tidal currents in the inlet lagoon on which it is deposited. This rich- SiO2 outer tsunami deposit is derived from the erosion of the adjacent aeolian systems, while the inner TSU-1 and TSU-2 were generated by the transport of bioclastic sands from the outermost parts through the lagoon (TSU-1), or through a nearby tidal channel (TSU-2).
对西班牙西南部多纳纳国家公园(Donana National Park)收集的两个深层岩心进行多学科分析(测年、质地、总矿物学)，可以区分出三种不同古环境情景下发现的三种海啸沉积物的主要特征(TSU-1:开放泻湖的内部区域;TSU-2:受限制的泻湖的内部区域;TSU- 3:受限制的泻湖外围区域)。泻湖海啸沉积的主要结构特征是生物碎屑砂的增加，而外部的TSU-3几乎完全由中细砂组成，没有生物碎屑。对TSU-1和TSU-2的矿物学分析表明，这些海啸矿床的基底层层状硅酸盐减少，石英、长石、白云石和方解石平行增加。二氧化硅是TSU-3的主要成分，由于其沉积的入口泻湖潮汐流的作用，其矿物组成逐渐发生变化。富SiO2的外海啸沉积物是由邻近风成体系的侵蚀作用形成的，而内海啸沉积物则是由最外层的生物碎屑砂通过泻湖(TSU-1)或附近的潮汐通道(TSU-2)输送而成。
{"title":"Texture and mineralogy as proxies of late Holocene tsunami deposits from the Doñana National Park (SW Spain)","authors":"F. Ruiz, M. Carretero, M. Pozo, M. L. González-Regalado, G. Monge, J. R. Vidal, L. Cáceres, M. Abad, J. Tosquella, T. Izquierdo, J. M. Muñoz, M. Prudencio, M. Dias, R. Marques, P. Gómez, A. Toscano, Verónica Romero, M. Arroyo","doi":"10.3301/IJG.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"The multidisciplinary analysis (dating, texture, total mineralogy) of two deep cores collected in the Donana National Park (SW Spain) allows to distinguish the main features of three tsunami deposits found in three different paleoenvironmental scenarios (TSU-1: inner area of an open lagoon; TSU-2: inner area of a restricted lagoon; TSU- 3: outer area of a restricted lagoon). The main textural feature of the inner lagoonal tsunami deposits is the increase in bioclastic sands, while the outer TSU-3 is composed almost entirely of medium and fine sands without bioclasts. The mineralogical analysis of TSU-1 and TSU-2 reveals a decrease in phyllosilicates in the basal layers of these tsunami deposits and a parallel increase of quartz, feldspars, dolomite and sometimes calcite. Silica is the main component of TSU-3, whose mineralogical composition changes progressively due to the action of tidal currents in the inlet lagoon on which it is deposited. This rich- SiO2 outer tsunami deposit is derived from the erosion of the adjacent aeolian systems, while the inner TSU-1 and TSU-2 were generated by the transport of bioclastic sands from the outermost parts through the lagoon (TSU-1), or through a nearby tidal channel (TSU-2).","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77744575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ichnogenus Brasilichnium, with its ichnospecies type Brasilichnium elusivum, was established for a very common and abundant kind of tracks from the Brazilian aeolian Botucatu Formation in Parana Basin. It is nowadays a recognized ichnogenus on several continents. On the South American continent, it was found in Brazil and Paraguay. On the North American continent, it was found in Mexico and in several localities of the United States. In Asia it was found in Korea and China; and in Africa it was found in Tunisia, Namibia and Lesotho; while in Europe it was found only in Italy. A new occurrence of this ichnogenus (and also of the ichnospecies Brasilichium elusivum) is herein announced from Cretaceous arkose sandstones, at Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Three slabs with several mammaloid footprints attributable to this ichnogenus were found in Kinshasa, in red sandstone slabs cladding facades of pre-independence (1960) buildings. These slabs were and are quarried at the NW margins of Kinshasa along the left banks of the Congo River, in the districts of Kimbwala and Mbudi. This material can be attributed to the Loia Formation (Berriasian-Aptian). These are the first tetrapod tracks in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and possibly in all of Central Africa. It is important to keep on surveying for tracks in the quarries and on the facades of buildings in Kinshasa, in order to increase the potential use of ichnology to environmental and palaeogeographic reconstructions.
{"title":"Vertebrate Trace Fossils: the Congo's Brasilichnium mammaloid fossil footprints","authors":"G. Leonardi, I. S. Carvalho","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.24","url":null,"abstract":"The ichnogenus Brasilichnium, with its ichnospecies type Brasilichnium elusivum, was established for a very common and abundant kind of tracks from the Brazilian aeolian Botucatu Formation in Parana Basin. It is nowadays a recognized ichnogenus on several continents. On the South American continent, it was found in Brazil and Paraguay. On the North American continent, it was found in Mexico and in several localities of the United States. In Asia it was found in Korea and China; and in Africa it was found in Tunisia, Namibia and Lesotho; while in Europe it was found only in Italy. A new occurrence of this ichnogenus (and also of the ichnospecies Brasilichium elusivum) is herein announced from Cretaceous arkose sandstones, at Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Three slabs with several mammaloid footprints attributable to this ichnogenus were found in Kinshasa, in red sandstone slabs cladding facades of pre-independence (1960) buildings. These slabs were and are quarried at the NW margins of Kinshasa along the left banks of the Congo River, in the districts of Kimbwala and Mbudi. This material can be attributed to the Loia Formation (Berriasian-Aptian). These are the first tetrapod tracks in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and possibly in all of Central Africa. It is important to keep on surveying for tracks in the quarries and on the facades of buildings in Kinshasa, in order to increase the potential use of ichnology to environmental and palaeogeographic reconstructions.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"37 1","pages":"141-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72886899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mount Etna volcano is well-known for its frequent eruptions and high degassing rates from its summit craters and flanks. The geochemical monitoring network on Mt. Etna that measures soil CO2 flux and in-plume CO2/SO2 ratio recorded very important degassing variations from the flank and the summit craters during the second half of 2018. In this area several significant volcanic events occurred in October and December 2018 and in January 2019. Past observations have distinguished a tendency for wide variations in degassing rates, marked by a sharp increase preceding the onset of volcanic activity. However, this is the first time that three earthquakes of magnitude M>4 have been registered since the inception of the geochemical network in January 2001. Of particular interest is the CO2/SO2 ratio in plumes recorded by the monitoring station sited at the summit crater of Voragine showed very significant degassing variations, which were comparable with those recorded for the soil CO2 flux.This paper focuses on the combination of events occurring on Mt. Etna and their relationship with degassing rates. The most remarkable results can be summarized as follow: i) the networks recorded high variations of soil CO2 flux and CO2/SO2 ratio, which assisted in identifying distinctive phases of pressurization of Mt. Etna plumbing system and ii) all earthquakes occurred during phases of minimum gas rate, which in turn followed stages of pressurization involving different portions of the plumbing system. The 2018 period of high volcanic activity and the corresponding seismic episodes provided an invaluable case study for Mt. Etna, which allowed to combine seismic events and geochemical signal variations.
{"title":"The first observations of CO2 and CO2/SO2 degassing variations recorded at Mt. Etna during the 2018 eruptions followed by three strong earthquakes","authors":"S. Gurrieri, M. Liuzzo, G. Giuffrida, G. Boudoire","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.25","url":null,"abstract":"Mount Etna volcano is well-known for its frequent eruptions and high degassing rates from its summit craters and flanks. The geochemical monitoring network on Mt. Etna that measures soil CO2 flux and in-plume CO2/SO2 ratio recorded very important degassing variations from the flank and the summit craters during the second half of 2018. In this area several significant volcanic events occurred in October and December 2018 and in January 2019. Past observations have distinguished a tendency for wide variations in degassing rates, marked by a sharp increase preceding the onset of volcanic activity. However, this is the first time that three earthquakes of magnitude M>4 have been registered since the inception of the geochemical network in January 2001. Of particular interest is the CO2/SO2 ratio in plumes recorded by the monitoring station sited at the summit crater of Voragine showed very significant degassing variations, which were comparable with those recorded for the soil CO2 flux.This paper focuses on the combination of events occurring on Mt. Etna and their relationship with degassing rates. The most remarkable results can be summarized as follow: i) the networks recorded high variations of soil CO2 flux and CO2/SO2 ratio, which assisted in identifying distinctive phases of pressurization of Mt. Etna plumbing system and ii) all earthquakes occurred during phases of minimum gas rate, which in turn followed stages of pressurization involving different portions of the plumbing system. The 2018 period of high volcanic activity and the corresponding seismic episodes provided an invaluable case study for Mt. Etna, which allowed to combine seismic events and geochemical signal variations.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"82 1","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86510890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Procesi, D. Cinti, B. Casentini, J. Cabassi, S. Amalfitano, L. Pizzino, F. Capecchiacci, A. Butturini, S. Fazi
Urban lakes have become increasingly important in the planning of urban ecology, green infrastructure and green areas in European cities. This paper describes the chemical, isotope and microbial features of Lake Bullicante, a small artificial lake located within the urban area of the city of Rome. It has an anthropogenic origin due to excavation works that intercepted the underlying aquifer, giving rise to a water body. The lake area is 7.000 m2, with a maximum depth of 7 m and located on the distal deposits of the Alban Hills Volcanic District in an area named Acqua Bullicante (i.e. Bubbling Water), where degassing phenomena were historically recorded. The proximity of this volcanic district motivated the study on Lake Bullicante as a potential open-air laboratory to trace possible degassing phenomena in a highly urbanized area. A preliminary geochemical and microbial sampling survey was carried out in winter 2018. Samples were collected along a vertical profile of the lake from the surface to the maximum depth. Major, minor, trace elements, dissolved gases and stable isotopes (δD-H2O, δ18O- H2O, δ13C-CO2) were analyzed, along with the analysis of 87Sr/86Sr ratio. The microbial community characteristics were analysed by epifluorescence microscopy (CARD-FISH) and flow cytometry. The chemical composition and water isotopes suggest that lake water has a meteoric origin and is related to a Ca-HCO3 shallow aquifer hosted in volcanic rocks. This is confirmed by both the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of lake water, which falls in the range of values of Alban Hills volcanites, and the chemical-isotopic composition of neighboring wells. A relatively high concentration of dissolved CO2, its isotopic signature (δ^13C-CO2 20‰ V-PDB), and the high content in organic matter (DOC 10-30 mg/L) suggest for the lake a eutrophication state with denitrification also occurring. Considering the relatively high concentrations of dissolved CO2, an external input of carbon dioxide cannot be completely excluded and as a consequence, not even the hypothesis of mixing processes between biotic and inorganic CO2. This makes further investigations necessary especially during the summer, when the lake is stratified. A summer survey could be also useful to better understand the microbial processes into the lake, its eutrophication evolution and health status, and to plan eventual proper remediation strategies, providing important tools to the local administration and stakeholders to improve, protect and preserve this ecological niche.
{"title":"Geochemical characterization of an urban lake in the centre of Rome (Lake Bullicante, Italy)","authors":"M. Procesi, D. Cinti, B. Casentini, J. Cabassi, S. Amalfitano, L. Pizzino, F. Capecchiacci, A. Butturini, S. Fazi","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.15","url":null,"abstract":"Urban lakes have become increasingly important in the planning of urban ecology, green infrastructure and green areas in European cities. This paper describes the chemical, isotope and microbial features of Lake Bullicante, a small artificial lake located within the urban area of the city of Rome. It has an anthropogenic origin due to excavation works that intercepted the underlying aquifer, giving rise to a water body. The lake area is 7.000 m2, with a maximum depth of 7 m and located on the distal deposits of the Alban Hills Volcanic District in an area named Acqua Bullicante (i.e. Bubbling Water), where degassing phenomena were historically recorded. The proximity of this volcanic district motivated the study on Lake Bullicante as a potential open-air laboratory to trace possible degassing phenomena in a highly urbanized area. A preliminary geochemical and microbial sampling survey was carried out in winter 2018. Samples were collected along a vertical profile of the lake from the surface to the maximum depth. Major, minor, trace elements, dissolved gases and stable isotopes (δD-H2O, δ18O- H2O, δ13C-CO2) were analyzed, along with the analysis of 87Sr/86Sr ratio. The microbial community characteristics were analysed by epifluorescence microscopy (CARD-FISH) and flow cytometry. The chemical composition and water isotopes suggest that lake water has a meteoric origin and is related to a Ca-HCO3 shallow aquifer hosted in volcanic rocks. This is confirmed by both the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of lake water, which falls in the range of values of Alban Hills volcanites, and the chemical-isotopic composition of neighboring wells. A relatively high concentration of dissolved CO2, its isotopic signature (δ^13C-CO2 20‰ V-PDB), and the high content in organic matter (DOC 10-30 mg/L) suggest for the lake a eutrophication state with denitrification also occurring. Considering the relatively high concentrations of dissolved CO2, an external input of carbon dioxide cannot be completely excluded and as a consequence, not even the hypothesis of mixing processes between biotic and inorganic CO2. This makes further investigations necessary especially during the summer, when the lake is stratified. A summer survey could be also useful to better understand the microbial processes into the lake, its eutrophication evolution and health status, and to plan eventual proper remediation strategies, providing important tools to the local administration and stakeholders to improve, protect and preserve this ecological niche.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"185 1","pages":"436-449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77466407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Aiuppa, M. Bitetto, A. Rizzo, F. Viveiros, P. Allard, M. Frezzotti, V. Valenti, V. Zanon
The Pico do Fogo volcano, in the Cape Verde Archipelago off the western coasts of Africa, has been the most active volcano in the Macaronesia region in the Central Atlantic, with at least 27 eruptions during the last 500 years. Between eruptions fumarolic activity has been persisting in its summit crater, but limited information exists for the chemistry and output of these gas emissions. Here, we use the results acquired during a field survey in February 2019 to quantify the quiescent summit fumaroles' volatile output for the first time. By combining measurements of the fumarole compositions (using both a portable Multi-GAS and direct sampling of the hottest fumarole) and of the SO2 flux (using near-vent UV Camera recording), we quantify a daily output of 1060±340 tons CO2, 780±320 tons H2O, 6.2±2.4 tons H2S, 1.4±0.4 tons SO2 and 0.05±0.022 tons H2. We show that the fumarolic CO2 output from Pico do Fogo exceeds (i) the time-averaged CO2 release during 2015-type recurrent eruptions and (ii) is larger than current diffuse soil degassing of CO2 on Fogo Island. When compared to worldwide volcanoes in quiescent hydrothermal-stage, Pico do Fogo is found to rank among the strongest CO2 emitters. Its substantial CO2 discharge implies a continuous deep supply of magmatic gas from the volcano’s plumbing system (verified by the low but measurable SO2 flux), that becomes partially affected by water condensation and sulphur scrubbing in fumarolic conduits prior to gas exit. Variable removal of magmatic H2O and S accounts for both spatial chemical heterogeneities in the fumarolic field and its CO2- enriched mean composition, that we infer at 64.1±9.2 mol. % H2O, 35.6±9.1 mol. % CO 0.26±0.14 mol. % total Sulfur (S ), and 0.04±0.02 mol. % H2.
位于非洲西海岸佛得角群岛的Pico do Fogo火山是大西洋中部马卡罗尼西亚地区最活跃的火山，在过去的500年里至少喷发了27次。火山喷发之间，火山顶的火山口一直持续着火山喷发活动，但关于这些气体排放的化学成分和产出的信息有限。在这里，我们利用2019年2月实地调查期间获得的结果，首次量化了静止峰顶喷气孔的挥发性输出。通过对喷气孔成分(使用便携式多气体分析仪和对最热喷气孔的直接采样)和二氧化硫通量(使用近排气紫外相机记录)的测量，我们量化了每天1060±340吨CO2, 780±320吨H2O, 6.2±2.4吨H2S, 1.4±0.4吨SO2和0.05±0.022吨H2的产量。研究表明，Pico do Fogo的富马olic CO2排放量超过(i) 2015型反复喷发期间的时间平均CO2释放量，(ii)大于目前Fogo岛上弥漫的土壤脱气CO2。与世界范围内处于静止热液阶段的火山相比，Pico do Fogo被认为是二氧化碳排放量最大的火山之一。其大量的二氧化碳排放意味着火山管道系统不断地向深处供应岩浆气体(通过低但可测量的SO2通量证实)，在气体排出之前，这部分受到水凝结和富玛罗管道中硫洗涤的影响。岩浆中H2O和S的变化去除导致了富马酚场的空间化学非均质性和其富含CO2的平均组成，我们推断为64.1±9.2 mol. % H2O, 35.6±9.1 mol. % CO, 0.26±0.14 mol. %总硫(S)和0.04±0.02 mol. % H2。
{"title":"The fumarolic CO2 output from Pico do Fogo volcano (Cape Verde)","authors":"A. Aiuppa, M. Bitetto, A. Rizzo, F. Viveiros, P. Allard, M. Frezzotti, V. Valenti, V. Zanon","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.03","url":null,"abstract":"The Pico do Fogo volcano, in the Cape Verde Archipelago off the western coasts of Africa, has been the most active volcano in the Macaronesia region in the Central Atlantic, with at least 27 eruptions during the last 500 years. Between eruptions fumarolic activity has been persisting in its summit crater, but limited information exists for the chemistry and output of these gas emissions. Here, we use the results acquired during a field survey in February 2019 to quantify the quiescent summit fumaroles' volatile output for the first time. By combining measurements of the fumarole compositions (using both a portable Multi-GAS and direct sampling of the hottest fumarole) and of the SO2 flux (using near-vent UV Camera recording), we quantify a daily output of 1060±340 tons CO2, 780±320 tons H2O, 6.2±2.4 tons H2S, 1.4±0.4 tons SO2 and 0.05±0.022 tons H2. We show that the fumarolic CO2 output from Pico do Fogo exceeds (i) the time-averaged CO2 release during 2015-type recurrent eruptions and (ii) is larger than current diffuse soil degassing of CO2 on Fogo Island. When compared to worldwide volcanoes in quiescent hydrothermal-stage, Pico do Fogo is found to rank among the strongest CO2 emitters. Its substantial CO2 discharge implies a continuous deep supply of magmatic gas from the volcano’s plumbing system (verified by the low but measurable SO2 flux), that becomes partially affected by water condensation and sulphur scrubbing in fumarolic conduits prior to gas exit. Variable removal of magmatic H2O and S accounts for both spatial chemical heterogeneities in the fumarolic field and its CO2- enriched mean composition, that we infer at 64.1±9.2 mol. % H2O, 35.6±9.1 mol. % CO 0.26±0.14 mol. % total Sulfur (S ), and 0.04±0.02 mol. % H2.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"42 1","pages":"325-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90277670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Mancini, E. Capezzuoli, A. Brogi, R. Swennen, Lisa Ricci, F. Frondini
The Lapis Tiburtinus travertine of the Acque Albule Basin (Tivoli, Central Italy) is a well-known travertine deposit composed by 10 units separated by unconformity surfaces. This travertine deposition is related to CO2 degassing of thermal waters circulating in deep carbonate-sulphate reservoirs. Since for each mole of calcite precipitated by groundwater, one mole of CO is degassing to the atmosphere, the volumes of travertine deposits 2 can be used as an indirect proxy of the amount of CO2 degassed during travertine deposition.In the present work the volumes of the different travertine units and the cumulative amount of CO2 degassed per depositional unit (FCO2, which range between 1.56×108 mol a-1 to 5.93×108 mol a-1) have been computed. Furthermore, the fluxes of carbon dioxide per unit area (φCO2) were computed and compared to the δ18O curve and pollen data.The computed CO2 fluxes, range between 7.11×105 mol a-1 km-2 and 2.70×106 mol a-1 km-2. These values are minimum estimations of the deep CO2 degassing processes because of dissolution and erosion processes and possible CO2 loss from thermal water before their emergence at springs as well as because only the exposed travertine succession was used as proxy for the entire succession. The comparison of the CO2 flux data with the δ18O curve and pollen data shows that smaller variations in carbon dioxide flux are related to changes in climatic conditions, while greater variations are probably caused by the increase of the deep CO2 degassing process of the Acque Albule hydrothermal system, which is, in turn, relate to the activity of Colli Albani volcanic system.
{"title":"Geogenic CO2 flux calculations from the Late Pleistocene Tivoli travertines (Acque Albule Basin, Tivoli, Central Italy)","authors":"Alessandro Mancini, E. Capezzuoli, A. Brogi, R. Swennen, Lisa Ricci, F. Frondini","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.10","url":null,"abstract":"The Lapis Tiburtinus travertine of the Acque Albule Basin (Tivoli, Central Italy) is a well-known travertine deposit composed by 10 units separated by unconformity surfaces. This travertine deposition is related to CO2 degassing of thermal waters circulating in deep carbonate-sulphate reservoirs. Since for each mole of calcite precipitated by groundwater, one mole of CO is degassing to the atmosphere, the volumes of travertine deposits 2 can be used as an indirect proxy of the amount of CO2 degassed during travertine deposition.In the present work the volumes of the different travertine units and the cumulative amount of CO2 degassed per depositional unit (FCO2, which range between 1.56×108 mol a-1 to 5.93×108 mol a-1) have been computed. Furthermore, the fluxes of carbon dioxide per unit area (φCO2) were computed and compared to the δ18O curve and pollen data.The computed CO2 fluxes, range between 7.11×105 mol a-1 km-2 and 2.70×106 mol a-1 km-2. These values are minimum estimations of the deep CO2 degassing processes because of dissolution and erosion processes and possible CO2 loss from thermal water before their emergence at springs as well as because only the exposed travertine succession was used as proxy for the entire succession. The comparison of the CO2 flux data with the δ18O curve and pollen data shows that smaller variations in carbon dioxide flux are related to changes in climatic conditions, while greater variations are probably caused by the increase of the deep CO2 degassing process of the Acque Albule hydrothermal system, which is, in turn, relate to the activity of Colli Albani volcanic system.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"30 1","pages":"374-382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81746315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Calabrese, L. Vigni, F. Brugnone, G. Capasso, W. D’Alessandro, F. Parello, P. Ferla
I was lucky enough to meet Mariano Valenza in September 1995. I was hitchhiking on the highway that leads from Cefalu to Palermo to go back home. I had spent my summer holidays in the beautiful and wild Madonie mountains. An off-road vehicle (a Land Rover Defender) stopped and a refined gentleman with a curious and charismatic gaze offered me a ride. During our journey, we chatted pleasantly and he told he was originally from that area. When I told him, I was a Geology student, he smiled at me and said Then we will meet again soon, I am going to be your Teacher of Geochemistry!. After a few weeks the lessons began and I met again Professor Valenza in Via Archirafi 36, at the University of Palermo. I will never forget the first introductive lesson of his course: ... we are going to study how the chemical elements have formed in the stars, and how these elements have spread out on our planet; we are going to study the chemical- physical laws regulating their geochemical cycles and how they move in between the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere. We will also learn how the isotopes of these elements allow us to date the geological phenomena and the age of our own planet Earth; ...let's imagine that we are ourselves made of billions and billions and billions of atoms, and it is statically possible that one of Napoleon atom could be here, in this class room!. I was truly fascinated and I discovered my passion for this interesting subject.In via Archirafi 36, in the historical building of the University of Palermo, once home of the Istituto di Mineralogia, I have graduated and got a Ph.D. in Geochemistry, and still nowadays I am working there. In these last 25 years I have learnt to know the stories of different personalities and their scientific researches, which have been hidden and looked after in the ancient building of the University for almost one century. With this article, we would like to remember Professor Mariano Valenza, by telling some stories about him and some others told by himself. Amongst these extraordinary stories we have focused on the one of a little-known scientist, Ludovico Sicardi (1895 - 1987), a modest man who followed his passion for volcanoes. In his field, he was a true innovator and the present research in the field of the geochemical surveillance of volcanos is deeply in debt to him. The Scuola di Geochimica dei Fluidi, born in the '70s at the University of Palermo, has the most debt of gratitude to him, but also the one which has treasured best his memory. This special paper is dedicated to Professor Valenza, who was one of the founders of this school and, before that, the teacher of most of this piece's authors. He had preserved, beside the historical memory, also many documents, photos, and the scientific equipment used by Sicardi for his studies.Sergio Calabrese, Palermo, March 2020
1995年9月，我很幸运地遇到了马里亚诺·瓦伦扎。我在从切法卢到巴勒莫的高速公路上搭车回家。我在美丽而荒凉的马多尼山区度过了我的暑假。一辆越野车(路虎卫士)停了下来，一位优雅的绅士带着好奇和魅力的目光让我搭了一程。在旅途中，我们聊得很愉快，他告诉我他就是那个地区的人。当我告诉他，我是一名地质学学生时，他笑着对我说:“那么我们很快就会再见面的，我将成为你的地球化学老师!”几周后，课程开始了，我在巴勒莫大学阿奇拉菲街36号又遇到了瓦伦扎教授。我永远不会忘记他的第一节导论课:……我们将研究化学元素是如何在恒星中形成的，以及这些元素是如何在我们的星球上扩散的;我们将研究调节地球化学循环的化学-物理定律，以及它们如何在大气、水圈和岩石圈之间移动。我们还将学习这些元素的同位素如何让我们确定地质现象的年代和我们自己的地球的年龄;…让我们想象一下，我们自己是由数以亿计的原子组成的，从静力学的角度来看，拿破仑的一个原子可能就在这里，在这个教室里!我真的被迷住了，我发现了我对这个有趣学科的热情。在Archirafi街36号，在巴勒莫大学的历史建筑里，曾经是矿物学研究所的所在地，我毕业并获得了地球化学博士学位，现在我仍然在那里工作。在过去的25年里，我了解了不同人物的故事和他们的科学研究，这些故事在大学的古建筑中被隐藏和照看了将近一个世纪。在这篇文章中，我们想通过讲述一些关于他和他自己的故事来记住马里亚诺·瓦伦扎教授。在这些非凡的故事中，我们关注的是一位鲜为人知的科学家，卢多维科·西卡尔迪(1895 - 1987)，一个谦虚的人，追随他对火山的热情。在他的领域，他是一个真正的创新者，目前在火山地球化学监测领域的研究深深欠他的债。70年代诞生于巴勒莫大学的流体地球化学学院(Scuola di geochemica dei Fluidi)对他的感激之情最深，但也是他记忆中最珍贵的一个。这篇特别的论文是献给Valenza教授的，他是这所学校的创始人之一，在那之前，他是这篇文章的大部分作者的老师。除了历史记忆，他还保存了许多文件、照片和西卡尔迪研究时使用的科学设备。塞尔吉奥·卡拉布雷斯，巴勒莫，2020年3月
{"title":"The precious treasure of Mariano Valenza: the history of Ludovico Sicardi and the birth of geochemical volcano monitoring","authors":"S. Calabrese, L. Vigni, F. Brugnone, G. Capasso, W. D’Alessandro, F. Parello, P. Ferla","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.14","url":null,"abstract":"I was lucky enough to meet Mariano Valenza in September 1995. I was hitchhiking on the highway that leads from Cefalu to Palermo to go back home. I had spent my summer holidays in the beautiful and wild Madonie mountains. An off-road vehicle (a Land Rover Defender) stopped and a refined gentleman with a curious and charismatic gaze offered me a ride. During our journey, we chatted pleasantly and he told he was originally from that area. When I told him, I was a Geology student, he smiled at me and said Then we will meet again soon, I am going to be your Teacher of Geochemistry!. After a few weeks the lessons began and I met again Professor Valenza in Via Archirafi 36, at the University of Palermo. I will never forget the first introductive lesson of his course: ... we are going to study how the chemical elements have formed in the stars, and how these elements have spread out on our planet; we are going to study the chemical- physical laws regulating their geochemical cycles and how they move in between the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere. We will also learn how the isotopes of these elements allow us to date the geological phenomena and the age of our own planet Earth; ...let's imagine that we are ourselves made of billions and billions and billions of atoms, and it is statically possible that one of Napoleon atom could be here, in this class room!. I was truly fascinated and I discovered my passion for this interesting subject.In via Archirafi 36, in the historical building of the University of Palermo, once home of the Istituto di Mineralogia, I have graduated and got a Ph.D. in Geochemistry, and still nowadays I am working there. In these last 25 years I have learnt to know the stories of different personalities and their scientific researches, which have been hidden and looked after in the ancient building of the University for almost one century. With this article, we would like to remember Professor Mariano Valenza, by telling some stories about him and some others told by himself. Amongst these extraordinary stories we have focused on the one of a little-known scientist, Ludovico Sicardi (1895 - 1987), a modest man who followed his passion for volcanoes. In his field, he was a true innovator and the present research in the field of the geochemical surveillance of volcanos is deeply in debt to him. The Scuola di Geochimica dei Fluidi, born in the '70s at the University of Palermo, has the most debt of gratitude to him, but also the one which has treasured best his memory. This special paper is dedicated to Professor Valenza, who was one of the founders of this school and, before that, the teacher of most of this piece's authors. He had preserved, beside the historical memory, also many documents, photos, and the scientific equipment used by Sicardi for his studies.Sergio Calabrese, Palermo, March 2020","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"27 1","pages":"413-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81144783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Brugnone, W. D’Alessandro, S. Calabrese, L. Vigni, S. Bellomo, L. Brusca, V. Prano, F. Saiano, F. Parello
The eruption of Mt. Etna which occurred on December 24th 2018 was characterized by strombolian activity and fire fountains, emitted by the New South-East Crater and along a fissure that propagated towards the SE. The influence of volcanic emissions on atmospheric deposition was clearly detectable at several kilometres from the source. Wet and dry (bulk) deposition samples were collected each month, through a network of eleven collectors, in the areas of Milazzo, and Priolo between June 2018 and June 2019. They were analysed for major ions and trace elements concentrations. The pH values range from 3.9 to 8.3, while the EC values range from 7 to 396 μS cm-1. An extensive neutralization of the acidity has been recognised mainly due to the suspended alkaline dust particles, which have a buffering role in rainwater. A high load of Na+ and Cl- was observed at all sites, related to the closeness of the study areas to the coast, showing a high positive correlation (R2 = 0.989) along the line of Na+/Cl- ratio in seawater. During the eruption, the volcanic plume was carried by the winds for long distance (more than 300 km) affecting the area of Priolo but not that of Milazzo, which was upwind with respect to Mt. Etna. The impact of volcanic HF was clearly recognised in the samples collected after the eruption. Volcanic SO2 and HCl had a lower impact due to the overwhelming input of anthropogenic sulfate and marine chloride. On the contrary, the signature of the Mt. Etna eruption can be well recognised in the high concentrations of certain trace elements in the samples collected immediately after the eruption. The strongest contrast between affected and non-affected samples was recognised in Al, Cd, and especially in the volatile elements Tl and Te, which are typically enriched in volcanic emissions. The results showed that volcanic eruptions might have a relevant effect on the atmospheric chemistry and on the composition of rainwater up to distances of 80 km from the emission vents.
{"title":"A Christmas gift: Signature of the 24th December 2018 eruption of Mt. Etna on the chemical composition of bulk deposition in eastern Sicily","authors":"F. Brugnone, W. D’Alessandro, S. Calabrese, L. Vigni, S. Bellomo, L. Brusca, V. Prano, F. Saiano, F. Parello","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.08","url":null,"abstract":"The eruption of Mt. Etna which occurred on December 24th 2018 was characterized by strombolian activity and fire fountains, emitted by the New South-East Crater and along a fissure that propagated towards the SE. The influence of volcanic emissions on atmospheric deposition was clearly detectable at several kilometres from the source. Wet and dry (bulk) deposition samples were collected each month, through a network of eleven collectors, in the areas of Milazzo, and Priolo between June 2018 and June 2019. They were analysed for major ions and trace elements concentrations. The pH values range from 3.9 to 8.3, while the EC values range from 7 to 396 μS cm-1. An extensive neutralization of the acidity has been recognised mainly due to the suspended alkaline dust particles, which have a buffering role in rainwater. A high load of Na+ and Cl- was observed at all sites, related to the closeness of the study areas to the coast, showing a high positive correlation (R2 = 0.989) along the line of Na+/Cl- ratio in seawater. During the eruption, the volcanic plume was carried by the winds for long distance (more than 300 km) affecting the area of Priolo but not that of Milazzo, which was upwind with respect to Mt. Etna. The impact of volcanic HF was clearly recognised in the samples collected after the eruption. Volcanic SO2 and HCl had a lower impact due to the overwhelming input of anthropogenic sulfate and marine chloride. On the contrary, the signature of the Mt. Etna eruption can be well recognised in the high concentrations of certain trace elements in the samples collected immediately after the eruption. The strongest contrast between affected and non-affected samples was recognised in Al, Cd, and especially in the volatile elements Tl and Te, which are typically enriched in volcanic emissions. The results showed that volcanic eruptions might have a relevant effect on the atmospheric chemistry and on the composition of rainwater up to distances of 80 km from the emission vents.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"80 1","pages":"341-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89213480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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