M. Amadori, A. Paribeni, F. Gasparetto, Biagio De Martinis, P. Santi
The paper deals with the results of a multi-method archaeometric study focused on the different stones used in the facade of Santa Maria della Piazza church (Ancona, Central Italy). The church is an excellent example of the Italian Romanesque style. It was built at the end of the 12th century close to the old harbour of Ancona (Ankon in ancient Greek) upon the ruins of an early Christian church, founded at the end of the 4-5th century (barsanti, 1995; Marano, 2019). The architect Magister Philippus projected the construction of the Romanesque church. The current facade was built in 1210 and consists of three parts showing a rich iconography. The splayed Byzantine style portal created by Magister Leonardus is decorated with an impressive and symbolic bas-reliefs.Partially damaged by numerous earthquakes, Santa Maria della Piazza was restored many times. First renovation was carried out in Romanesque epoch and the second in the Gothic period, until in the recent past. From 2003 to 2008, Architectural and Environmental Heritage Superintendence of the Marche Region (Ancona) supported a conservation project concerning the whole facade. At that time, a diagnostic campaign was also carried out to investigate the different weathering processes affecting the stones.In 2018, the Superintendence planned a facade monitoring to evaluate the efficacy of the last restoration intervention. Besides, an archaeometric project was carried out both to classify all the stone materials and to determine their provenance. Mineralogical- petrographic investigations and isotopic analyses provided useful results to update the database of stones used in the architectural heritage of the Marche Region. A schematic colour map indicating all the lithotypes employed in Santa Maria della Piazza facade was drawn.The stones used in the facade are carbonatic lithotypes represented by Maiolica, Scaglia Rossa and Corniola Formations, belonging to the Umbria-Marche Succession, local travertine and extra-regional stones such as Istria stone, Aurisina stone, Breccia Corallina and Occhio di Pavone. Among different types of marbles Carrara, Thasian, Proconnesian, Iassense and Pavonazzetto were identified. Several elements, such as figural reliefs, slabs, and columns, representing fascinating examples of reused materials (spolia), come from both local geological formations and various Mediterranean areas.
这篇论文涉及了一项多方法考古研究的结果，研究的重点是圣玛丽亚广场教堂(意大利中部安科纳)立面上使用的不同石头。这座教堂是意大利罗马式风格的典范。它建于12世纪末，靠近安科纳(Ancona，古希腊语为Ankon)的老港口，建在一座早期基督教教堂的废墟上，始建于4-5世纪末(barsanti, 1995;Marano, 2019)。建筑师菲利普斯总督策划了罗马式教堂的建造。目前的立面建于1210年，由三个部分组成，展示了丰富的图像。由总督Leonardus创建的拜占庭风格的四散门装饰着令人印象深刻的象征性浅浮雕。圣玛丽亚广场在多次地震中部分受损，经过多次修复。第一次翻修是在罗马式时期进行的，第二次翻修是在哥特式时期进行的，直到最近。从2003年到2008年，马尔凯地区(安科纳)的建筑和环境遗产监督局支持了一个关于整个立面的保护项目。当时，还开展了一项诊断活动，以调查影响石头的不同风化过程。2018年，监管部门计划进行立面监测，以评估最后一次修复干预的效果。此外，还开展了一项考古项目，对所有的石头材料进行分类，并确定它们的来源。矿物学-岩石学调查和同位素分析为更新马尔凯地区建筑遗产中使用的石头数据库提供了有用的结果。绘制了一幅彩色示意图，显示了圣玛丽亚广场立面使用的所有石版印刷。立面上使用的石头是由马奥利卡、Scaglia Rossa和Corniola地层组成的碳酸盐岩型，属于翁布里亚-马尔凯演替，当地的石灰华和其他地区的石头，如Istria石、Aurisina石、角砾石和Occhio di Pavone。在不同类型的大理石中，鉴定出了卡拉拉、塔西亚、普罗康尼斯、亚森塞和帕沃纳泽托。一些元素，如人物浮雕、石板和柱子，代表了再利用材料(spolia)的迷人例子，这些材料来自当地的地质构造和不同的地中海地区。
{"title":"Geology and Cultural Heritage: characterization and provenance of local stones and spolia used in the Romanesque façade of Santa Maria della Piazza church (Ancona, Central Italy)","authors":"M. Amadori, A. Paribeni, F. Gasparetto, Biagio De Martinis, P. Santi","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.11","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the results of a multi-method archaeometric study focused on the different stones used in the facade of Santa Maria della Piazza church (Ancona, Central Italy). The church is an excellent example of the Italian Romanesque style. It was built at the end of the 12th century close to the old harbour of Ancona (Ankon in ancient Greek) upon the ruins of an early Christian church, founded at the end of the 4-5th century (barsanti, 1995; Marano, 2019). The architect Magister Philippus projected the construction of the Romanesque church. The current facade was built in 1210 and consists of three parts showing a rich iconography. The splayed Byzantine style portal created by Magister Leonardus is decorated with an impressive and symbolic bas-reliefs.Partially damaged by numerous earthquakes, Santa Maria della Piazza was restored many times. First renovation was carried out in Romanesque epoch and the second in the Gothic period, until in the recent past. From 2003 to 2008, Architectural and Environmental Heritage Superintendence of the Marche Region (Ancona) supported a conservation project concerning the whole facade. At that time, a diagnostic campaign was also carried out to investigate the different weathering processes affecting the stones.In 2018, the Superintendence planned a facade monitoring to evaluate the efficacy of the last restoration intervention. Besides, an archaeometric project was carried out both to classify all the stone materials and to determine their provenance. Mineralogical- petrographic investigations and isotopic analyses provided useful results to update the database of stones used in the architectural heritage of the Marche Region. A schematic colour map indicating all the lithotypes employed in Santa Maria della Piazza facade was drawn.The stones used in the facade are carbonatic lithotypes represented by Maiolica, Scaglia Rossa and Corniola Formations, belonging to the Umbria-Marche Succession, local travertine and extra-regional stones such as Istria stone, Aurisina stone, Breccia Corallina and Occhio di Pavone. Among different types of marbles Carrara, Thasian, Proconnesian, Iassense and Pavonazzetto were identified. Several elements, such as figural reliefs, slabs, and columns, representing fascinating examples of reused materials (spolia), come from both local geological formations and various Mediterranean areas.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"21 1","pages":"451-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84925242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Inostroza, F. Tassi, J. Sepúlveda, F. Capecchiacci, A. Rizzo, F. Aguilera
This work presents chemical and isotopic (δ13C-CO2, δ13C-CH4, 3He, 4He, 20Ne, 40Ar, 36Ar, δ18O and δD) data of fluid discharges from Colpitas-Taapaca volcanic-hydrothermal system, located close to the Taapaca Volcanic Complex, with the aim to investigate the physical-chemical conditions of the fluid source and to provide a preliminary evaluation of the geothermic potential of the study area. Colpitas thermal springs (to 56 °C) and part of the cold springs (≤18°C) from this area have a Na+-Cl- composition and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) values (from 6,059 to 19,118 mg/L). Putre springs also show a Na +-Cl -composition, TDS values up to 7,887 mg/L, and outlet temperatures from 21 to 31 °C. Colpitas cold springs, with a Ca2+-SO42- composition and relatively low TDS values (≤1,350 mg/L), are likely produced by interaction of shallow water with uprising H2S- rich hydrothermal gases. This process is likely also controlling the chemistry of Jurase thermal springs, which have the highest outlet temperatures of the study area (up to 68 °C), a Ca2+-SO42- composition and TDS values ≤2,355 mg/L. Eventually, Las Cuevas springs have temperatures up to 36 °C, a Na+-HCO3- composition and low TDS values (≤1,067 mg/L), typical features of springs related to a shallow aquifer. The δ18O-H2O and δD-H2O values indicate that all waters have a dominant meteoric origin. Enrichments in 18O and D shown by Colpitas and Putre thermal waters are likely due to steam loss and water- rock interaction, masking a possible direct steam contribution from magmatic degassing. Gas emissions from Colpitas bubbling pools are dominated by CO2, with significant concentrations of CH4, H2S and H2. The Rc/Ra values (up to 2.04) of Colpitas gases indicate a significant contribution of magmatic to mantle He, whereas the high CO2/ 3He ratios, combined with d 13C-CO2 values ranging from -7.66 to -5.63 ‰ vs. PDB, imply a dominant crustal CO2 source, mostly involving limestone. Estimated temperatures based on the composition of waters and gases from Colpitas are up to 215 °C. Higher temperatures (240 °C) are estimated for Putre thermal waters, although these waters, as well as those from Jurase and Las Cuevas, are too immature for a reliable application of geothermometric techniques. Based on the theoretical reservoir temperature and the measured Cl total output, the thermal energy released from Colpitas thermal area is estimated at up to 13.9 Mw. Such results suggest the occurrence of a promising heat source, possibly related to Taapaca volcanic complex, and encourage the development of future research based on combined geophysical and geochemical approaches, in order to provide a reliable evaluation of the geothermal potential of the whole area.
{"title":"Geochemical survey of the Colpitas-Taapaca volcanic-hydrothermal system, northern Chile","authors":"M. Inostroza, F. Tassi, J. Sepúlveda, F. Capecchiacci, A. Rizzo, F. Aguilera","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.09","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents chemical and isotopic (δ13C-CO2, δ13C-CH4, 3He, 4He, 20Ne, 40Ar, 36Ar, δ18O and δD) data of fluid discharges from Colpitas-Taapaca volcanic-hydrothermal system, located close to the Taapaca Volcanic Complex, with the aim to investigate the physical-chemical conditions of the fluid source and to provide a preliminary evaluation of the geothermic potential of the study area. Colpitas thermal springs (to 56 °C) and part of the cold springs (≤18°C) from this area have a Na+-Cl- composition and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) values (from 6,059 to 19,118 mg/L). Putre springs also show a Na +-Cl -composition, TDS values up to 7,887 mg/L, and outlet temperatures from 21 to 31 °C. Colpitas cold springs, with a Ca2+-SO42- composition and relatively low TDS values (≤1,350 mg/L), are likely produced by interaction of shallow water with uprising H2S- rich hydrothermal gases. This process is likely also controlling the chemistry of Jurase thermal springs, which have the highest outlet temperatures of the study area (up to 68 °C), a Ca2+-SO42- composition and TDS values ≤2,355 mg/L. Eventually, Las Cuevas springs have temperatures up to 36 °C, a Na+-HCO3- composition and low TDS values (≤1,067 mg/L), typical features of springs related to a shallow aquifer. The δ18O-H2O and δD-H2O values indicate that all waters have a dominant meteoric origin. Enrichments in 18O and D shown by Colpitas and Putre thermal waters are likely due to steam loss and water- rock interaction, masking a possible direct steam contribution from magmatic degassing. Gas emissions from Colpitas bubbling pools are dominated by CO2, with significant concentrations of CH4, H2S and H2. The Rc/Ra values (up to 2.04) of Colpitas gases indicate a significant contribution of magmatic to mantle He, whereas the high CO2/ 3He ratios, combined with d 13C-CO2 values ranging from -7.66 to -5.63 ‰ vs. PDB, imply a dominant crustal CO2 source, mostly involving limestone. Estimated temperatures based on the composition of waters and gases from Colpitas are up to 215 °C. Higher temperatures (240 °C) are estimated for Putre thermal waters, although these waters, as well as those from Jurase and Las Cuevas, are too immature for a reliable application of geothermometric techniques. Based on the theoretical reservoir temperature and the measured Cl total output, the thermal energy released from Colpitas thermal area is estimated at up to 13.9 Mw. Such results suggest the occurrence of a promising heat source, possibly related to Taapaca volcanic complex, and encourage the development of future research based on combined geophysical and geochemical approaches, in order to provide a reliable evaluation of the geothermal potential of the whole area.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"54 1","pages":"359-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83363272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pondrelli, C. Corradini, C. Spalletta, M. Simonetto, M. Corriga, C. Venturini, H. Schönlaub
The central sector of the Carnic Alps spans the border between Austria and Italy and consists of a succession ranging from the Upper Ordovician to the lowermost part of the upper Carboniferous that has been recently revised in order to formalize the stratigraphic units. Although this area was mapped both on the Austrian and Italian side, the presence of different units with different stratigraphic boundaries prevented from a complete representation of the stratigraphic relationships and the lateral geometrical variability within the basin. We focused mainly on the Devonian ‘transitional facies’ that indirectly reflect the establishment and the demise of a platform. The basin shows a transition from a ramp-type to a rimmed shelf- type profile that occurred between the upper part of the Pragian to the lower Emsian that is constrained by the increasing abundance of reef-derived gravity-driven rudstone deposits. The platform system reached its maximum expansion around the end of the Eifelian and the beginning of the Givetian when the largest debris deposits have been shown to accumulate. Although less productive, the platform system appears to persist until roughly the lower part of the upper Frasnian when the rudstone deposits become depleted of platform- derived clasts and interbedded with microbial limestone. This evolution might have been caused by a sea-level drop event.
{"title":"Geological map and stratigraphic evolution of the central sector of the Carnic Alps (Austria-Italy)","authors":"M. Pondrelli, C. Corradini, C. Spalletta, M. Simonetto, M. Corriga, C. Venturini, H. Schönlaub","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.16","url":null,"abstract":"The central sector of the Carnic Alps spans the border between Austria and Italy and consists of a succession ranging from the Upper Ordovician to the lowermost part of the upper Carboniferous that has been recently revised in order to formalize the stratigraphic units. Although this area was mapped both on the Austrian and Italian side, the presence of different units with different stratigraphic boundaries prevented from a complete representation of the stratigraphic relationships and the lateral geometrical variability within the basin. We focused mainly on the Devonian ‘transitional facies’ that indirectly reflect the establishment and the demise of a platform. The basin shows a transition from a ramp-type to a rimmed shelf- type profile that occurred between the upper part of the Pragian to the lower Emsian that is constrained by the increasing abundance of reef-derived gravity-driven rudstone deposits. The platform system reached its maximum expansion around the end of the Eifelian and the beginning of the Givetian when the largest debris deposits have been shown to accumulate. Although less productive, the platform system appears to persist until roughly the lower part of the upper Frasnian when the rudstone deposits become depleted of platform- derived clasts and interbedded with microbial limestone. This evolution might have been caused by a sea-level drop event.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"1 1","pages":"469-484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84735471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The shallow-sea hydrothermal system at Vulcano Island (Italy): the 'type locality' for several transformative discoveries in geobiology","authors":"J. Amend, D. Meyer-Dombard","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82609330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Chiodini, C. Cardellini, S. Caliro, R. Avino, M. Donnini, D. Granieri, N. Morgantini, D. Sorrenti, F. Frondini
Bagni San Filippo area is characterized by the discharge of thermal waters and deeply produced CO2-rich gases both from vents and soil diffuse degassing. The thermal waters are the results of the mixing between meteoric waters and hot fluids deriving from the condensation, at depth, of vapours uprising from a deep hydrothermal reservoir. This process gives rise to a relatively shallow thermal system at temperature close to 50°C, characterized by SO4-rich and Cl-poor waters and elevated PCO2 (~7 bar). Most of the incondensable gas of deep originated vapour is released as a free gas phase forming cold gas vents and localized spots of anomalous CO2 diffuse degassing. The location and the shape of these degassing zones are strongly controlled by the main tectonic structures of the area. Through detailed soil diffuse degassing surveys and hydrogeochemical modelling, we estimate at 226-326 t d-1 and at 965 t d-1 the deep CO2 emission and the amount of condensates discharged by the thermal springs, respectively. The thermal energy associated to the process results at ~ 29 MW, most of which (~ 25 MW) is associated with condensation occurring at depths greater than groundwater circulation.
Bagni - San Filippo地区的特点是热泉的排放和深层产生的富co2气体是由喷口和土壤扩散脱气共同产生的。热水是大气水和热流体混合的结果，热流体是由深海热液储层中升起的蒸汽在深处凝结而成的。这一过程产生了一个相对较浅的热系统，温度接近50°C，其特征是水体富含so4而缺乏cl，二氧化碳分压升高(~7 bar)。深层起源蒸汽的大部分不凝性气体作为自由气相释放，形成冷气口和局部异常CO2扩散脱气点。这些脱气带的位置和形状受该地区主要构造的强烈控制。通过详细的土壤扩散脱气调查和水文地球化学模拟，我们分别估算了226 ~ 326 t d-1和965 t d-1时温泉深层CO2排放量和凝析油排放量。与该过程相关的热能为~ 29 MW，其中大部分(~ 25 MW)与发生在地下水循环深度以上的冷凝有关。
{"title":"The hydrothermal system of Bagni San Filippo (Italy): fluids circulation and CO2 degassing","authors":"G. Chiodini, C. Cardellini, S. Caliro, R. Avino, M. Donnini, D. Granieri, N. Morgantini, D. Sorrenti, F. Frondini","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.12","url":null,"abstract":"Bagni San Filippo area is characterized by the discharge of thermal waters and deeply produced CO2-rich gases both from vents and soil diffuse degassing. The thermal waters are the results of the mixing between meteoric waters and hot fluids deriving from the condensation, at depth, of vapours uprising from a deep hydrothermal reservoir. This process gives rise to a relatively shallow thermal system at temperature close to 50°C, characterized by SO4-rich and Cl-poor waters and elevated PCO2 (~7 bar). Most of the incondensable gas of deep originated vapour is released as a free gas phase forming cold gas vents and localized spots of anomalous CO2 diffuse degassing. The location and the shape of these degassing zones are strongly controlled by the main tectonic structures of the area. Through detailed soil diffuse degassing surveys and hydrogeochemical modelling, we estimate at 226-326 t d-1 and at 965 t d-1 the deep CO2 emission and the amount of condensates discharged by the thermal springs, respectively. The thermal energy associated to the process results at ~ 29 MW, most of which (~ 25 MW) is associated with condensation occurring at depths greater than groundwater circulation.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"31 1","pages":"383-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84986976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Moretti, S. Moune, V. Robert, D. Jessop, Tristan Didier, M. Bonifacie, J. Komorowski
Volcanic gas emissions from the main low-temperature fumaroles (around 100°C) of one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles, La Soufriere de Guadeloupe, are measured routinely using direct sampling with NaOH bottles (for H2O, CO2, H2Stot, H2, CH4, CO, N2, He, Ar, O2), with P2O5 bottles (for H2O, CO2, H2S, SO2, H) and MULTIGAS (for HO, CO HS, SO, H). This allows us to perform a study about an intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring methologies. The results show some good overlap and similar temporal evolution between the dataset of the different methologies, which is of utmost of importance for monitoring purposes. However, there is no good agreement between the three methodologies for the same chemical ratio. The differences could be explained by a time- dependant diffusive phenomenon that affects the concentrations of sampled gases for two methods of the three (P2O5 bottles and MULTIGAS). P2O5-based analyses are affected because effusion on rapid decompression and fast sampling affects the gas volume in the pipeline connecting the vent outlet to the sampling. Although MULTIGAS is a continuous, flow-through, sampling method, results are likely affected because of the sampling architecture involving filter and pump. Moreover, sulphur reaction (precipitation of elemental S upon exit from the fumarole, conversion of H2S to SO2, chemical reaction with the P2O5 powder that release H2S) and water condensation can also explain some discrepancies.
{"title":"Intercomparison of geochemical techniques at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (FWI) volcano: their advantages and their limits over a long-standing unrest","authors":"R. Moretti, S. Moune, V. Robert, D. Jessop, Tristan Didier, M. Bonifacie, J. Komorowski","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.13","url":null,"abstract":"Volcanic gas emissions from the main low-temperature fumaroles (around 100°C) of one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles, La Soufriere de Guadeloupe, are measured routinely using direct sampling with NaOH bottles (for H2O, CO2, H2Stot, H2, CH4, CO, N2, He, Ar, O2), with P2O5 bottles (for H2O, CO2, H2S, SO2, H) and MULTIGAS (for HO, CO HS, SO, H). This allows us to perform a study about an intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring methologies. The results show some good overlap and similar temporal evolution between the dataset of the different methologies, which is of utmost of importance for monitoring purposes. However, there is no good agreement between the three methodologies for the same chemical ratio. The differences could be explained by a time- dependant diffusive phenomenon that affects the concentrations of sampled gases for two methods of the three (P2O5 bottles and MULTIGAS). P2O5-based analyses are affected because effusion on rapid decompression and fast sampling affects the gas volume in the pipeline connecting the vent outlet to the sampling. Although MULTIGAS is a continuous, flow-through, sampling method, results are likely affected because of the sampling architecture involving filter and pump. Moreover, sulphur reaction (precipitation of elemental S upon exit from the fumarole, conversion of H2S to SO2, chemical reaction with the P2O5 powder that release H2S) and water condensation can also explain some discrepancies.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"13 1","pages":"398-412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86296029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lake Maggiore is located on the boundary between the regions of Piedmont and Lombardy, in Northern Italy, and is one of the main sub-alpine lakes. The availability in this area of an extended seismic database composed by different grids projects (ISMES, PNR20/ Magadino and ENI Po Plain) associated with a well dataset (ViDEPI Project), offers the opportunity to investigate with unprecedented details the buried geomorphology of the paleo- canyons of the Ticino and Toce Rivers along the Southern Alps margin. The canyons were originated by the drop of the Mediterranean Sea level occurred during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) which paved the way to deep fluvial erosion along the Po Plain Basin margin. The paleo-canyon of the Ticino River is, for the first time, entirely displayed on a depth map from Magadino (Switzerland) to the Po Plain south of Sesto Calende (Italy) with a 3D representation option. The interpretation results confirm the existence of a continuous subsurface paleo-canyon of Messinian Age hidden beneath the recent sediments of Lake Maggiore. The canyon extends northward along the Ticino Valley in Switzerland and southward on the subsurface of the Po Plain (Italy). Seismic evidence indicates that the Messinian paleo- Ticino River probably had a different pathway as compared to the present day. Moreover, from seismic and geomorphological data interpretation, we hypothesize that the Toce, currently one of the main tributaries of Lake Maggiore, had a different path during the Messinian Age, and probably flowed the floor of the Orta Valley towards the Po Plain. Therefore, the fluvial capture of the river Toce River by the Ticino River is datable to post Messinian time.
马焦雷湖位于意大利北部的皮埃蒙特和伦巴第地区之间，是主要的亚高山湖泊之一。该地区由不同网格项目(ISMES、PNR20/ Magadino和ENI Po Plain)和井数据集(ViDEPI项目)组成的扩展地震数据库的可用性，为研究南阿尔卑斯山边缘提契诺河和托斯河古峡谷的隐藏地貌提供了前所未有的详细信息。这些峡谷的形成是由于迈西尼亚盐度危机(MSC)期间地中海海平面的下降，为波河平原盆地边缘的深层河流侵蚀铺平了道路。从Magadino(瑞士)到Sesto Calende(意大利)南部的波河平原，提契诺河的古峡谷首次在深度地图上完整显示，并带有3D表示选项。解释结果证实了在马焦雷湖近期沉积物下存在一个连续的麦西尼亚时代的地下古峡谷。峡谷沿着瑞士的提契诺山谷向北延伸，向南延伸到波河平原(意大利)的地下。地震证据表明，墨西尼亚古提契诺河可能与现在的河道不同。此外，从地震和地貌资料的解释来看，我们假设Toce(目前是Maggiore湖的主要支流之一)在Messinian时代有不同的路径，并且可能从Orta山谷的底部流向波河平原。因此，提契诺河对托斯河的河流捕获可以追溯到后墨西尼亚时代。
{"title":"New seismic evidence of the Messinian paleomorphology beneath Lake Maggiore area (Italy)","authors":"F. Cazzini, C. Amadori, A. Bosino, R. Fantoni","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2019.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2019.26","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Maggiore is located on the boundary between the regions of Piedmont and Lombardy, in Northern Italy, and is one of the main sub-alpine lakes. The availability in this area of an extended seismic database composed by different grids projects (ISMES, PNR20/ Magadino and ENI Po Plain) associated with a well dataset (ViDEPI Project), offers the opportunity to investigate with unprecedented details the buried geomorphology of the paleo- canyons of the Ticino and Toce Rivers along the Southern Alps margin. The canyons were originated by the drop of the Mediterranean Sea level occurred during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) which paved the way to deep fluvial erosion along the Po Plain Basin margin. The paleo-canyon of the Ticino River is, for the first time, entirely displayed on a depth map from Magadino (Switzerland) to the Po Plain south of Sesto Calende (Italy) with a 3D representation option. The interpretation results confirm the existence of a continuous subsurface paleo-canyon of Messinian Age hidden beneath the recent sediments of Lake Maggiore. The canyon extends northward along the Ticino Valley in Switzerland and southward on the subsurface of the Po Plain (Italy). Seismic evidence indicates that the Messinian paleo- Ticino River probably had a different pathway as compared to the present day. Moreover, from seismic and geomorphological data interpretation, we hypothesize that the Toce, currently one of the main tributaries of Lake Maggiore, had a different path during the Messinian Age, and probably flowed the floor of the Orta Valley towards the Po Plain. Therefore, the fluvial capture of the river Toce River by the Ticino River is datable to post Messinian time.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"81 1","pages":"195-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79695141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Carboni, G. Viola, L. Aldega, R. Lelij, F. Brozzetti, M. Barchi
The Northern Apennines (NA) are a characteristic example of foreland fold-and-thrust belt progressively migrating towards its foreland. Their tectonic evolution has been quite tightly constrained in time by microfossil biostratigraphy applied to syn-orogenic deposits within foreland basins. This makes the NA well suited to test the reliability of K-Ar illite dating of Neogene deformation affecting siliciclastic sequences. We sampled two top-to-the-ENE thrusts, whose well defined cores are defined by scaly gouge formed at the expense of the pelitic component of the host rock. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and K-Ar isotopic analysis of multiple grain-size fractions of the gouge, allowed us to discriminate between syn-kinematic and inherited illite crystals in the fault rocks. Illite age analysis (IAA) constrains fault slip along the thrusts to 15.2 ± 7.6 Ma and 15.4 ± 16.6 Ma. The results, in spite of their analytical uncertainty, are fully consistent with the local evolution of the NA as constrained by the independent biostratigraphic studies and confirm the general suitability of this geochronological approach to Neogene deformation.
{"title":"K-Ar fault gouge dating of Neogene thrusting: The case of the siliciclastic deposits of the Trasimeno Tectonic Wedge (Northern Apennines, Italy)","authors":"F. Carboni, G. Viola, L. Aldega, R. Lelij, F. Brozzetti, M. Barchi","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.06","url":null,"abstract":"The Northern Apennines (NA) are a characteristic example of foreland fold-and-thrust belt progressively migrating towards its foreland. Their tectonic evolution has been quite tightly constrained in time by microfossil biostratigraphy applied to syn-orogenic deposits within foreland basins. This makes the NA well suited to test the reliability of K-Ar illite dating of Neogene deformation affecting siliciclastic sequences. We sampled two top-to-the-ENE thrusts, whose well defined cores are defined by scaly gouge formed at the expense of the pelitic component of the host rock. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and K-Ar isotopic analysis of multiple grain-size fractions of the gouge, allowed us to discriminate between syn-kinematic and inherited illite crystals in the fault rocks. Illite age analysis (IAA) constrains fault slip along the thrusts to 15.2 ± 7.6 Ma and 15.4 ± 16.6 Ma. The results, in spite of their analytical uncertainty, are fully consistent with the local evolution of the NA as constrained by the independent biostratigraphic studies and confirm the general suitability of this geochronological approach to Neogene deformation.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"29 1","pages":"300-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82412318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Malferrari, A. Gualtieri, F. Panini, C. Fioroni
This work reports the biostratigraphic assessment and the chemical and mineralogical characterization of a zeolitized and barium-rich volcanic pyroclastic bed outcropping in the lower Secchia Valley (Northern Apennines, Italy), very close to the boundary between the Ranzano and the Monte Piano Formations. To our knowledge, it is the older so far documented in the Emilian Epiligurian Succession as, through nannofossil biostratigraphy, we have documented an early Oligocene age (Rupelian CNO1 nannofossil zone) for the enclosing sediments. The chemical and mineralogical composition, the latter obtained through a multi- analytical approach combining X-ray powder diffraction (Rietveld- RIR method) with thermal analyses coupled with evolved gas mass spectrometry, revealed large amounts of Ba-rich phillipsite, baryte, volcanic glass and subordinate quantities of sanidine and plagioclase; on the other hand, phlogopite, idiomorphic plagioclase and femic minerals, frequently found in younger volcanic layers of the Ranzano Formation, here are absent. The quantitative mineralogical assessment together with mineral associations suggest that diagenesis did not play a relevant role in the crystallization of phillipsite, but its role cannot be neglected for the crystallization of baryte. Hypothesis on the genesis and transformation of the original material and on the possible correlation with the coeval calc-alkaline magmatic sources in the circum-Mediterranean area were considered, but no definitive conclusion has been reached.
{"title":"Oligocene-Miocene volcanism in the Apennines: discovery and characterization of a baryte and Ba-rich phillipsite bed in the lower part of the Ranzano Formation (Reggio Emilia, Italy)","authors":"D. Malferrari, A. Gualtieri, F. Panini, C. Fioroni","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.05","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports the biostratigraphic assessment and the chemical and mineralogical characterization of a zeolitized and barium-rich volcanic pyroclastic bed outcropping in the lower Secchia Valley (Northern Apennines, Italy), very close to the boundary between the Ranzano and the Monte Piano Formations. To our knowledge, it is the older so far documented in the Emilian Epiligurian Succession as, through nannofossil biostratigraphy, we have documented an early Oligocene age (Rupelian CNO1 nannofossil zone) for the enclosing sediments. The chemical and mineralogical composition, the latter obtained through a multi- analytical approach combining X-ray powder diffraction (Rietveld- RIR method) with thermal analyses coupled with evolved gas mass spectrometry, revealed large amounts of Ba-rich phillipsite, baryte, volcanic glass and subordinate quantities of sanidine and plagioclase; on the other hand, phlogopite, idiomorphic plagioclase and femic minerals, frequently found in younger volcanic layers of the Ranzano Formation, here are absent. The quantitative mineralogical assessment together with mineral associations suggest that diagenesis did not play a relevant role in the crystallization of phillipsite, but its role cannot be neglected for the crystallization of baryte. Hypothesis on the genesis and transformation of the original material and on the possible correlation with the coeval calc-alkaline magmatic sources in the circum-Mediterranean area were considered, but no definitive conclusion has been reached.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"35 1","pages":"287-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86569426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Zorzin, G. Cavallo, A. Parlato, Michele Sommaruga, Fabio Tottola
One of the most important European palaeokarstic complexes lies on the southern edge of the Lessini Veronesi Mountains and in particular in the locality of Torricelle di Verona (Veneto region, NE Italy). This 20 kilometre-long network of ancient karstic caves has only recently been made accessible thanks to the exploitation and use of the sediments sealing it, known as coloring earths (yellow and red). It is an intricate system of dendritic natural tunnels that were hydrologically active in the late Miocene and located near the coastline or in direct communication with the sea. Currently few cavities are accessible. The analysis and comparison of the topographic and geomorphic data of the palaeokarstic cavities of the Torricelle allowed the reconstruction of the coastline of the ancient sea of Tethys just before its disappearance.
欧洲最重要的古岩溶复合体之一位于Lessini Veronesi山脉的南部边缘，特别是在Torricelle di Verona(意大利东北部威尼托地区)。这个长达20公里的古代岩溶洞穴网络直到最近才得以进入，这要归功于对封闭它的沉积物的开采和利用，这种沉积物被称为着色土(黄色和红色)。这是一个复杂的枝状天然隧道系统，在中新世晚期水文活跃，位于海岸线附近或直接与海洋相连。目前很少有可以进入的蛀牙。通过对托里塞勒古岩溶洞穴的地形和地貌数据的分析和比较，可以重建古特提斯海消失前的海岸线。
{"title":"Oligo-Miocene sea-level variations of a karstic coastal system in the Venetian Prealps (Torricelle di Verona, NE Italy): new data","authors":"R. Zorzin, G. Cavallo, A. Parlato, Michele Sommaruga, Fabio Tottola","doi":"10.3301/ijg.2020.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2020.02","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important European palaeokarstic complexes lies on the southern edge of the Lessini Veronesi Mountains and in particular in the locality of Torricelle di Verona (Veneto region, NE Italy). This 20 kilometre-long network of ancient karstic caves has only recently been made accessible thanks to the exploitation and use of the sediments sealing it, known as coloring earths (yellow and red). It is an intricate system of dendritic natural tunnels that were hydrologically active in the late Miocene and located near the coastline or in direct communication with the sea. Currently few cavities are accessible. The analysis and comparison of the topographic and geomorphic data of the palaeokarstic cavities of the Torricelle allowed the reconstruction of the coastline of the ancient sea of Tethys just before its disappearance.","PeriodicalId":55341,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Della Societa Geologica Italiana","volume":"132 12 1","pages":"252-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79620598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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