Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad2f42
Hankun Deng, Donghao Li, Kundan Panta, Andrew Wertz, Shashank Priya, Bo Cheng
In animal and robot swimmers of body and caudal fin (BCF) form, hydrodynamic thrust is mainly produced by their caudal fins, the stiffness of which has profound effects on both thrust and efficiency of swimming. Caudal fin stiffness also affects the motor control and resulting swimming gaits that correspond to optimal swimming performance; however, their relationship remains scarcely explored. Here using magnetic, modular, undulatory robots (μBots), we tested the effects of caudal fin stiffness on both forward swimming and turning maneuver. We developed six caudal fins with stiffness of more than three orders of difference. For aμBot equipped with each caudal fin (andμBot absent of caudal fin), we applied reinforcement learning in experiments to optimize the motor control for maximizing forward swimming speed or final heading change. The motor control ofμBot was generated by a central pattern generator for forward swimming or by a series of parameterized square waves for turning maneuver. In forward swimming, the variations in caudal fin stiffness gave rise to three modes of optimized motor frequencies and swimming gaits including no caudal fin (4.6 Hz), stiffness <10-4Pa m4(∼10.6 Hz) and stiffness >10-4Pa m4(∼8.4 Hz). Swimming speed, however, varied independently with the modes of swimming gaits, and reached maximal at stiffness of 0.23 × 10-4Pa m4, with theμBot without caudal fin achieving the lowest speed. In turning maneuver, caudal fin stiffness had considerable effects on the amplitudes of both initial head steering and subsequent recoil, as well as the final heading change. It had relatively minor effect on the turning motor program except for theμBots without caudal fin. Optimized forward swimming and turning maneuver shared an identical caudal fin stiffness and similar patterns of peduncle and caudal fin motion, suggesting simplicity in the form and function relationship inμBot swimming.
{"title":"Effects of caudal fin stiffness on optimized forward swimming and turning maneuver in a robotic swimmer.","authors":"Hankun Deng, Donghao Li, Kundan Panta, Andrew Wertz, Shashank Priya, Bo Cheng","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2f42","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2f42","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In animal and robot swimmers of body and caudal fin (BCF) form, hydrodynamic thrust is mainly produced by their caudal fins, the stiffness of which has profound effects on both thrust and efficiency of swimming. Caudal fin stiffness also affects the motor control and resulting swimming gaits that correspond to optimal swimming performance; however, their relationship remains scarcely explored. Here using magnetic, modular, undulatory robots (<i>μ</i>Bots), we tested the effects of caudal fin stiffness on both forward swimming and turning maneuver. We developed six caudal fins with stiffness of more than three orders of difference. For a<i>μ</i>Bot equipped with each caudal fin (and<i>μ</i>Bot absent of caudal fin), we applied reinforcement learning in experiments to optimize the motor control for maximizing forward swimming speed or final heading change. The motor control of<i>μ</i>Bot was generated by a central pattern generator for forward swimming or by a series of parameterized square waves for turning maneuver. In forward swimming, the variations in caudal fin stiffness gave rise to three modes of optimized motor frequencies and swimming gaits including no caudal fin (4.6 Hz), stiffness <10<sup>-4</sup>Pa m<sup>4</sup>(∼10.6 Hz) and stiffness >10<sup>-4</sup>Pa m<sup>4</sup>(∼8.4 Hz). Swimming speed, however, varied independently with the modes of swimming gaits, and reached maximal at stiffness of 0.23 × 10<sup>-4</sup>Pa m<sup>4</sup>, with the<i>μ</i>Bot without caudal fin achieving the lowest speed. In turning maneuver, caudal fin stiffness had considerable effects on the amplitudes of both initial head steering and subsequent recoil, as well as the final heading change. It had relatively minor effect on the turning motor program except for the<i>μ</i>Bots without caudal fin. Optimized forward swimming and turning maneuver shared an identical caudal fin stiffness and similar patterns of peduncle and caudal fin motion, suggesting simplicity in the form and function relationship in<i>μ</i>Bot swimming.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140023383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad253c
Yujia Wang, Mingwang Song, Xianping Fu
With increasing attention on the world's oceans, a significant amount of research has been focused on the sensing of marine-related parameters in recent years. In this paper, a bioinspired flow sensor with corrosion resistance, anti-interference capability, a portable design structure, easy integration, and directional sensing ability is presented to realize flow speed sensing in open water. The sensor is realized by a flexible artificial cupula that seals one side of an optical fiber acting as an artificial kinocilium. Below the artificial kinocilium, an encapsulated s-tapered optical fiber mimics the fish neuromast sensory mechanism and is supported by a 3D-printed structure that acts as the artificial supporting cell. To characterize the sensor, the optical transmission spectra of the sensory fiber under a set of water flow velocities and four orthogonal directions were monitored. The sensor's peak intensity responses were found to demonstrate flow sensing ability for velocity and direction, proving that this biomimetic portable sensing structure is a promising candidate for flow sensing in marine environments.
随着人们对世界海洋的关注与日俱增,近年来大量研究都集中在海洋相关参数的传感上。本文介绍了一种生物启发式流量传感器,它具有耐腐蚀、抗干扰能力强、设计结构便携、易于集成和定向传感能力强等特点,可实现开放水域的流速传感。该传感器由一个柔性人工冲天管实现,它将光纤的一侧密封起来,充当人工动丝。在人造纤毛器下方,封装的 s 锥形光纤模仿了鱼类神经乳突的传感机制,并由作为人造支撑细胞的 3D 打印结构支撑。为了确定传感器的特性,我们监测了传感光纤在一组水流速度和四个正交方向下的光传输光谱。结果发现,传感器的峰值强度响应显示了对流速和方向的流量感应能力,证明这种仿生物便携式感应结构是海洋环境中流量感应的理想候选结构。
{"title":"A biomimetic orthogonal flow sensor based on an asymmetric optical fiber sensory structure for marine sensing.","authors":"Yujia Wang, Mingwang Song, Xianping Fu","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad253c","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad253c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With increasing attention on the world's oceans, a significant amount of research has been focused on the sensing of marine-related parameters in recent years. In this paper, a bioinspired flow sensor with corrosion resistance, anti-interference capability, a portable design structure, easy integration, and directional sensing ability is presented to realize flow speed sensing in open water. The sensor is realized by a flexible artificial cupula that seals one side of an optical fiber acting as an artificial kinocilium. Below the artificial kinocilium, an encapsulated s-tapered optical fiber mimics the fish neuromast sensory mechanism and is supported by a 3D-printed structure that acts as the artificial supporting cell. To characterize the sensor, the optical transmission spectra of the sensory fiber under a set of water flow velocities and four orthogonal directions were monitored. The sensor's peak intensity responses were found to demonstrate flow sensing ability for velocity and direction, proving that this biomimetic portable sensing structure is a promising candidate for flow sensing in marine environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139673667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad2a7c
Hadar Cohen-Duwek, Elishai Ezra Tsur
Neuromorphic event-based cameras communicate transients in luminance instead of frames, providing visual information with a fine temporal resolution, high dynamic range and high signal-to-noise ratio. Enriching event data with color information allows for the reconstruction of colorful frame-like intensity maps, supporting improved performance and visually appealing results in various computer vision tasks. In this work, we simulated a biologically inspired color fusion system featuring a three-stage convolutional neural network for reconstructing color intensity maps from event data and sparse color cues. While current approaches for color fusion use full RGB frames in high resolution, our design uses event data and low-spatial and tonal-resolution quantized color cues, providing a high-performing small model for efficient colorful image reconstruction. The proposed model outperforms existing coloring schemes in terms of SSIM, LPIPS, PSNR, and CIEDE2000 metrics. We demonstrate that auxiliary limited color information can be used in conjunction with event data to successfully reconstruct both color and intensity frames, paving the way for more efficient hardware designs.
{"title":"Colorful image reconstruction from neuromorphic event cameras with biologically inspired deep color fusion neural networks.","authors":"Hadar Cohen-Duwek, Elishai Ezra Tsur","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2a7c","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2a7c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromorphic event-based cameras communicate transients in luminance instead of frames, providing visual information with a fine temporal resolution, high dynamic range and high signal-to-noise ratio. Enriching event data with color information allows for the reconstruction of colorful frame-like intensity maps, supporting improved performance and visually appealing results in various computer vision tasks. In this work, we simulated a biologically inspired color fusion system featuring a three-stage convolutional neural network for reconstructing color intensity maps from event data and sparse color cues. While current approaches for color fusion use full RGB frames in high resolution, our design uses event data and low-spatial and tonal-resolution quantized color cues, providing a high-performing small model for efficient colorful image reconstruction. The proposed model outperforms existing coloring schemes in terms of SSIM, LPIPS, PSNR, and CIEDE2000 metrics. We demonstrate that auxiliary limited color information can be used in conjunction with event data to successfully reconstruct both color and intensity frames, paving the way for more efficient hardware designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139906964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad277f
Simon R Anuszczyk, John O Dabiri
The vast majority of the ocean's volume remains unexplored, in part because of limitations on the vertical range and measurement duration of existing robotic platforms. In light of the accelerating rate of climate change impacts on the physics and biogeochemistry of the ocean, the need for new tools that can measure more of the ocean on faster timescales is becoming pressing. Robotic platforms inspired or enabled by aquatic organisms have the potential to augment conventional technologies for ocean exploration. Recent work demonstrated the feasibility of directly stimulating the muscle tissue of live jellyfish via implanted microelectronics. We present a biohybrid robotic jellyfish that leverages this external electrical swimming control, while also using a 3D printed passive mechanical attachment to streamline the jellyfish shape, increase swimming performance, and significantly enhance payload capacity. A six-meter-tall, 13 600 l saltwater facility was constructed to enable testing of the vertical swimming capabilities of the biohybrid robotic jellyfish over distances exceeding 35 body diameters. We found that the combination of external swimming control and the addition of the mechanical forebody resulted in an increase in swimming speeds to 4.5 times natural jellyfish locomotion. Moreover, the biohybrid jellyfish were capable of carrying a payload volume up to 105% of the jellyfish body volume. The added payload decreased the intracycle acceleration of the biohybrid robots relative to natural jellyfish, which could also facilitate more precise measurements by onboard sensors that depend on consistent platform motion. While many robotic exploration tools are limited by cost, energy expenditure, and varying oceanic environmental conditions, this platform is inexpensive, highly efficient, and benefits from the widespread natural habitats of jellyfish. The demonstrated performance of these biohybrid robots suggests an opportunity to expand the set of robotic tools for comprehensive monitoring of the changing ocean.
由于现有机器人平台的垂直范围和测量时间有限,绝大部分海洋体积仍未被探索。鉴于气候变化对海洋物理和生物地球化学影响的速度不断加快,人们迫切需要能够以更快的时间尺度测量更多海洋的新工具。受水生生物启发或由水生生物驱动的机器人平台有可能增强传统的海洋探测技术。最近的研究表明,通过植入微电子直接刺激活水母的肌肉组织是可行的。我们展示了一种生物杂交机器人水母,它利用这种外部电游泳控制,同时还使用 3D 打印的无源机械附件来简化水母形状、提高游泳性能并显著增强有效载荷能力。
我们建造了一个六米高、13,600 升的海水设施,以测试生物杂交机器人水母的垂直游泳能力,测试距离超过 35 体直径。我们发现,外部游动控制和机械前体的结合使水母的游动速度提高到自然游动速度的 4.5 倍。此外,生物杂交水母能够携带的有效载荷体积达到水母身体体积的105%。与天然水母相比,增加的有效载荷降低了生物杂交机器人的周期内加速度,这也有助于机载传感器进行更精确的测量,而这些测量依赖于稳定的平台运动。虽然许多机器人勘探工具受到成本、能源消耗和不同海洋环境条件的限制,但该平台价格低廉、效率高,而且得益于水母广泛的自然栖息地。
{"title":"Electromechanical enhancement of live jellyfish for ocean exploration.","authors":"Simon R Anuszczyk, John O Dabiri","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad277f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad277f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vast majority of the ocean's volume remains unexplored, in part because of limitations on the vertical range and measurement duration of existing robotic platforms. In light of the accelerating rate of climate change impacts on the physics and biogeochemistry of the ocean, the need for new tools that can measure more of the ocean on faster timescales is becoming pressing. Robotic platforms inspired or enabled by aquatic organisms have the potential to augment conventional technologies for ocean exploration. Recent work demonstrated the feasibility of directly stimulating the muscle tissue of live jellyfish via implanted microelectronics. We present a biohybrid robotic jellyfish that leverages this external electrical swimming control, while also using a 3D printed passive mechanical attachment to streamline the jellyfish shape, increase swimming performance, and significantly enhance payload capacity. A six-meter-tall, 13 600 l saltwater facility was constructed to enable testing of the vertical swimming capabilities of the biohybrid robotic jellyfish over distances exceeding 35 body diameters. We found that the combination of external swimming control and the addition of the mechanical forebody resulted in an increase in swimming speeds to 4.5 times natural jellyfish locomotion. Moreover, the biohybrid jellyfish were capable of carrying a payload volume up to 105% of the jellyfish body volume. The added payload decreased the intracycle acceleration of the biohybrid robots relative to natural jellyfish, which could also facilitate more precise measurements by onboard sensors that depend on consistent platform motion. While many robotic exploration tools are limited by cost, energy expenditure, and varying oceanic environmental conditions, this platform is inexpensive, highly efficient, and benefits from the widespread natural habitats of jellyfish. The demonstrated performance of these biohybrid robots suggests an opportunity to expand the set of robotic tools for comprehensive monitoring of the changing ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139708550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad2869
Wei-Chun Lu, Pei-Chun Lin
This paper proposes a generalized spring-loaded inverted pendulum (G-SLIP) model to explore various popular reduced-order dynamic models' characteristics and suggest a better robot leg design under specified performance indices. The G-SLIP model's composition can be varied by changing the model's parameters, such as ground contacting type and spring property. It can be transformed into four widely used models: the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model, the two-segment leg model, the SLIP with rolling foot model, and the rolling SLIP model. The effects of rolling contact and spring configuration on the dynamic behavior and fixed-point distribution of the G-SLIP model were analyzed, and the basins of attraction of the four described models were studied. By varying the parameters of the G-SLIP model, the dynamic behavior of the model can be optimized. Optimized for general locomotion running at various speeds, the model provided leg design guidelines. The leg was empirically fabricated and installed on the hexapod for experimental evaluation. The results indicated that the robot with a designed leg runs faster and is more power-efficient.
{"title":"The generalized spring-loaded inverted pendulum model for analysis of various planar reduced-order models and for optimal robot leg design.","authors":"Wei-Chun Lu, Pei-Chun Lin","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2869","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes a generalized spring-loaded inverted pendulum (G-SLIP) model to explore various popular reduced-order dynamic models' characteristics and suggest a better robot leg design under specified performance indices. The G-SLIP model's composition can be varied by changing the model's parameters, such as ground contacting type and spring property. It can be transformed into four widely used models: the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model, the two-segment leg model, the SLIP with rolling foot model, and the rolling SLIP model. The effects of rolling contact and spring configuration on the dynamic behavior and fixed-point distribution of the G-SLIP model were analyzed, and the basins of attraction of the four described models were studied. By varying the parameters of the G-SLIP model, the dynamic behavior of the model can be optimized. Optimized for general locomotion running at various speeds, the model provided leg design guidelines. The leg was empirically fabricated and installed on the hexapod for experimental evaluation. The results indicated that the robot with a designed leg runs faster and is more power-efficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139725038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad2084
Costanza Armanini, Kai Junge, Philip Johnson, Charles Whitfield, Federico Renda, Marcello Calisti, Josie Hughes
Agricultural tasks and environments range from harsh field conditions with semi-structured produce or animals, through to post-processing tasks in food-processing environments. From farm to fork, the development and application of soft robotics offers a plethora of potential uses. Robust yet compliant interactions between farm produce and machines will enable new capabilities and optimize existing processes. There is also an opportunity to explore how modeling tools used in soft robotics can be applied to improve our representation and understanding of the soft and compliant structures common in agriculture. In this review, we seek to highlight the potential for soft robotics technologies within the food system, and also the unique challenges that must be addressed when developing soft robotics systems for this problem domain. We conclude with an outlook on potential directions for meaningful and sustainable impact, and also how our outlook on both soft robotics and agriculture must evolve in order to achieve the required paradigm shift.
{"title":"Soft robotics for farm to fork: applications in agriculture & farming.","authors":"Costanza Armanini, Kai Junge, Philip Johnson, Charles Whitfield, Federico Renda, Marcello Calisti, Josie Hughes","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2084","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agricultural tasks and environments range from harsh field conditions with semi-structured produce or animals, through to post-processing tasks in food-processing environments. From farm to fork, the development and application of soft robotics offers a plethora of potential uses. Robust yet compliant interactions between farm produce and machines will enable new capabilities and optimize existing processes. There is also an opportunity to explore how modeling tools used in soft robotics can be applied to improve our representation and understanding of the soft and compliant structures common in agriculture. In this review, we seek to highlight the potential for soft robotics technologies within the food system, and also the unique challenges that must be addressed when developing soft robotics systems for this problem domain. We conclude with an outlook on potential directions for meaningful and sustainable impact, and also how our outlook on both soft robotics and agriculture must evolve in order to achieve the required paradigm shift.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139514306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad253d
Lishuang Wang, Zhiwei Shi, Xi Geng, Shengxiang Tong, Zhen Chen
This paper designs a bionic aircraft model equipped with multiple degrees of freedom to study the inertial force equation and the aerodynamic interaction between its forewings and hindwings. Each wing's phase difference angle (PDA) and stroke plane angle (SPA) are independently adjustable. Employing the kinematic equation of a single wing, we establish a model for the inertial force of the four-wing aircraft, validating its accuracy through experimental comparisons. Furthermore, we analyze various combinations of PDA and SPA parameters for the fore- and hindwings to ascertain the most efficient aerodynamic motion modes. Our findings reveal that aerodynamic interference between the fore- and hindwings tends to be unfavorable, predominantly due to the hindwings being exposed to the wake generated by the forewings, hindering their lift-capturing ability. Nevertheless, a specific PDA = 270° (forewing ahead of hindwing 270°) helps mitigate this interference across a wider range of SPA. Interestingly, when the stroke plane aligns parallel to the horizontal direction, asynchronous flapping of the fore- and hindwings, forming a lift mechanism akin to clap-and-fling wings, positively impacts lift. Consequently, staggered flapping of the fore- and hindwings reduces fuselage jitter and alleviates aerodynamic interference through specialized PDA, resulting in a temporary lift enhancement. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical support for the longitudinal attitude control of four-wing aircraft.
{"title":"Analyzing the kinematics and longitudinal aerodynamics of a four-wing bionic aircraft.","authors":"Lishuang Wang, Zhiwei Shi, Xi Geng, Shengxiang Tong, Zhen Chen","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad253d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad253d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper designs a bionic aircraft model equipped with multiple degrees of freedom to study the inertial force equation and the aerodynamic interaction between its forewings and hindwings. Each wing's phase difference angle (PDA) and stroke plane angle (SPA) are independently adjustable. Employing the kinematic equation of a single wing, we establish a model for the inertial force of the four-wing aircraft, validating its accuracy through experimental comparisons. Furthermore, we analyze various combinations of PDA and SPA parameters for the fore- and hindwings to ascertain the most efficient aerodynamic motion modes. Our findings reveal that aerodynamic interference between the fore- and hindwings tends to be unfavorable, predominantly due to the hindwings being exposed to the wake generated by the forewings, hindering their lift-capturing ability. Nevertheless, a specific PDA = 270° (forewing ahead of hindwing 270°) helps mitigate this interference across a wider range of SPA. Interestingly, when the stroke plane aligns parallel to the horizontal direction, asynchronous flapping of the fore- and hindwings, forming a lift mechanism akin to clap-and-fling wings, positively impacts lift. Consequently, staggered flapping of the fore- and hindwings reduces fuselage jitter and alleviates aerodynamic interference through specialized PDA, resulting in a temporary lift enhancement. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical support for the longitudinal attitude control of four-wing aircraft.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139673669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad2375
Emre Tanfener, Osman Kaan Karagöz, Sinan Şahin Candan, Ali Emre Turgut, Yiğit Yazıcıoğlu, Mustafa Mert Ankaralı, Uluç Saranlı
This paper presents the design and experimental verification of a parallel elastic robotic leg mechanism that aims to capture the dynamics of the linear mass-spring-damper model. The mechanism utilizes a wrapping cam mechanism to linearize the non-linear force resulting from the elongation of the parallel elastic element. Firstly, we explain the desired dynamics of the mass-spring-damper model, including the impact transitions, and the design of the wrapping cam mechanism. We then introduce a system identification procedure to estimate the parameters of the leg mechanism corresponding to the dynamic model. The estimated parameters are tested with a cross-validation approach to evaluate the mechanism's performance in tracking the desired model. The experimental results show that the passive dynamics of the mechanism resemble the linear model as intended. Thus, the robot provides a basis for using parallel elastic actuation while using model-based controllers that benefit the analytic solutions of the linear model.
{"title":"Design and verification of a parallel elastic robotic leg.","authors":"Emre Tanfener, Osman Kaan Karagöz, Sinan Şahin Candan, Ali Emre Turgut, Yiğit Yazıcıoğlu, Mustafa Mert Ankaralı, Uluç Saranlı","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2375","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents the design and experimental verification of a parallel elastic robotic leg mechanism that aims to capture the dynamics of the linear mass-spring-damper model. The mechanism utilizes a wrapping cam mechanism to linearize the non-linear force resulting from the elongation of the parallel elastic element. Firstly, we explain the desired dynamics of the mass-spring-damper model, including the impact transitions, and the design of the wrapping cam mechanism. We then introduce a system identification procedure to estimate the parameters of the leg mechanism corresponding to the dynamic model. The estimated parameters are tested with a cross-validation approach to evaluate the mechanism's performance in tracking the desired model. The experimental results show that the passive dynamics of the mechanism resemble the linear model as intended. Thus, the robot provides a basis for using parallel elastic actuation while using model-based controllers that benefit the analytic solutions of the linear model.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139576479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad262d
Wang Feng, Pang Chunyang, Lu Yuqing, Wang Hao
The flying bat can detect the difference in Doppler frequency between its echolocation transmission signal and the echoes in its surroundings, enabling it to distinguish between various scenarios effectively. By examining the bio-sonar biomimetic model of a flying bat that uses echo Doppler information for environmental recognition, it may enhance the scene recognition capability of human ultrasound sonar during movement. The paper establishes a three-dimensional clutter model of the flying state of bat bio-sonar for bats emitting constant frequency signals. It proposes a scene recognition method that combines multi-scale time-frequency feature analysis with a convolutional neural network (CNN). The short-time Fourier transform of different scales extract the Doppler and range dimensions, which are then fused to create a multi-scale feature plane containing both Doppler and range information. Combined with CNN's powerful image classification and recognition capabilities, extract features from multi-scale feature planes of different clutter scenes to achieve environment recognition based on the differences in Doppler and range dimensions of echoes in various directions. Through computer simulations, this study provides a numerical interpretation of the environmental classification and perception capabilities of bats in flight. The algorithm significantly improves scenario classification and recognition performance according to simulation results, with accuracy exceeding 98% in varied clutter scenarios at 30 dB signal noise ratio. Based on computer simulations, an experimental scene was constructed and actual echo signals were collected and analyzed. The experiments demonstrate that utilizing Doppler information enables the classification and recognition of cluttered environments. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was also verified. Ultrasonic sonar systems, such as navigation robots and helicopter obstacle avoidance, can apply this biomimetic model and algorithm for environmental recognition during motion.
飞蝠可以探测到其回声定位发射信号与周围环境回声之间的多普勒频率差异,从而有效区分各种场景。通过研究飞行蝙蝠利用回声多普勒信息进行环境识别的生物声纳仿生模型,可以提高人类超声声纳在运动过程中的场景识别能力。本文针对发射恒频(CF)信号的蝙蝠,建立了蝙蝠生物声纳飞行状态的三维杂波模型。它提出了一种结合多尺度时频特征分析和卷积神经网络(CNN)的场景识别方法。不同尺度的短时傅里叶变换(STFT)可提取多普勒和测距维度,然后将其融合以创建包含多普勒和测距信息的多尺度特征平面。结合 CNN 强大的图像分类和识别能力,从不同杂波场景的多尺度特征平面中提取特征,实现基于不同方向回波的多普勒和测距维度差异的环境识别。本研究通过计算机模拟,对飞行中蝙蝠的环境分类和感知能力进行了数值解释。根据模拟结果,该算法大大提高了场景分类和识别性能,在信噪比(SNR)为 30 dB 的不同杂波场景中,准确率超过 98%。在计算机模拟的基础上,构建了一个实验场景,并收集和分析了实际回波信号。实验证明,利用多普勒信息可以对杂乱环境进行分类和识别。同时还验证了所提算法的有效性。超声声纳系统,如导航机器人和直升机避障系统,可以应用这种生物仿真模型和算法进行运动过程中的环境识别。
{"title":"A bat biomimetic model for scenario recognition using echo Doppler information.","authors":"Wang Feng, Pang Chunyang, Lu Yuqing, Wang Hao","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad262d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad262d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The flying bat can detect the difference in Doppler frequency between its echolocation transmission signal and the echoes in its surroundings, enabling it to distinguish between various scenarios effectively. By examining the bio-sonar biomimetic model of a flying bat that uses echo Doppler information for environmental recognition, it may enhance the scene recognition capability of human ultrasound sonar during movement. The paper establishes a three-dimensional clutter model of the flying state of bat bio-sonar for bats emitting constant frequency signals. It proposes a scene recognition method that combines multi-scale time-frequency feature analysis with a convolutional neural network (CNN). The short-time Fourier transform of different scales extract the Doppler and range dimensions, which are then fused to create a multi-scale feature plane containing both Doppler and range information. Combined with CNN's powerful image classification and recognition capabilities, extract features from multi-scale feature planes of different clutter scenes to achieve environment recognition based on the differences in Doppler and range dimensions of echoes in various directions. Through computer simulations, this study provides a numerical interpretation of the environmental classification and perception capabilities of bats in flight. The algorithm significantly improves scenario classification and recognition performance according to simulation results, with accuracy exceeding 98% in varied clutter scenarios at 30 dB signal noise ratio. Based on computer simulations, an experimental scene was constructed and actual echo signals were collected and analyzed. The experiments demonstrate that utilizing Doppler information enables the classification and recognition of cluttered environments. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was also verified. Ultrasonic sonar systems, such as navigation robots and helicopter obstacle avoidance, can apply this biomimetic model and algorithm for environmental recognition during motion.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad262c
Michael Seokyoung Han, Cindy K Harnett
The development of robotic hands that can replicate the complex movements and dexterity of the human hand has been a longstanding challenge for scientists and engineers. A human hand is capable of not only delicate operation but also crushing with power. For performing tasks alongside and in place of humans, an anthropomorphic manipulator design is considered the most advanced implementation, because it is able to follow humans' examples and use tools designed for people. In this article, we explore the journey from human hands to robot hands, tracing the historical advancements and current state-of-the-art in hand manipulator development. We begin by investigating the anatomy and function of the human hand, highlighting the bone-tendon-muscle structure, skin properties, and motion mechanisms. We then delve into the field of robotic hand development, focusing on highly anthropomorphic designs. Finally, we identify the requirements and directions for achieving the next level of robotic hand technology.
{"title":"Journey from human hands to robot hands: biological inspiration of anthropomorphic robotic manipulators.","authors":"Michael Seokyoung Han, Cindy K Harnett","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad262c","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad262c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of robotic hands that can replicate the complex movements and dexterity of the human hand has been a longstanding challenge for scientists and engineers. A human hand is capable of not only delicate operation but also crushing with power. For performing tasks alongside and in place of humans, an anthropomorphic manipulator design is considered the most advanced implementation, because it is able to follow humans' examples and use tools designed for people. In this article, we explore the journey from human hands to robot hands, tracing the historical advancements and current state-of-the-art in hand manipulator development. We begin by investigating the anatomy and function of the human hand, highlighting the bone-tendon-muscle structure, skin properties, and motion mechanisms. We then delve into the field of robotic hand development, focusing on highly anthropomorphic designs. Finally, we identify the requirements and directions for achieving the next level of robotic hand technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}