Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1837492
K. Schwegman, R. Spinelli, N. Magagnotti, M. Ramantswana, A. McEwan
ABSTRACT Simulators are used worldwide for various applications in different industries (e.g. aviation and medicine), generally to train prospective operators for actual work situations. The forest industry is no exception, with numerous studies – mostly in countries such as Finland, Norway, Switzerland and the United States of America – showing that simulator-based training has many advantages, especially for fast and inexpensive learning. Little information is available, however, relating to the pre-selection of harvesting operators prior to simulator-based training. The aim of this study was to determine whether harvesting simulators could be used in conjunction with the Vienna Test System to identify potential harvesting operators. A mixed methods approach (quantitative work study data and qualitative questionnaire data) was used to determine differences among 14 volunteer participants, each of which spent a total of ten hours using the simulator. After completing demographic questionnaires, participants used the Vienna Test System. The test is designed to measure hand–eye coordination, the ability to concentrate for long periods, and the participant’s cognitrone, and it is used in the mining industry as a pre-selection tool for heavy machine operators. Preliminary results show that the Vienna Test System was able to pre-identify individuals who are fast and productive. Many studies have indicated that effective and efficient operators require these abilities and more. Learning improved at different rates among participants over the ten hours spent on the simulator.
{"title":"Selecting successful harvester operators through aptitude tests and demographics","authors":"K. Schwegman, R. Spinelli, N. Magagnotti, M. Ramantswana, A. McEwan","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1837492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1837492","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Simulators are used worldwide for various applications in different industries (e.g. aviation and medicine), generally to train prospective operators for actual work situations. The forest industry is no exception, with numerous studies – mostly in countries such as Finland, Norway, Switzerland and the United States of America – showing that simulator-based training has many advantages, especially for fast and inexpensive learning. Little information is available, however, relating to the pre-selection of harvesting operators prior to simulator-based training. The aim of this study was to determine whether harvesting simulators could be used in conjunction with the Vienna Test System to identify potential harvesting operators. A mixed methods approach (quantitative work study data and qualitative questionnaire data) was used to determine differences among 14 volunteer participants, each of which spent a total of ten hours using the simulator. After completing demographic questionnaires, participants used the Vienna Test System. The test is designed to measure hand–eye coordination, the ability to concentrate for long periods, and the participant’s cognitrone, and it is used in the mining industry as a pre-selection tool for heavy machine operators. Preliminary results show that the Vienna Test System was able to pre-identify individuals who are fast and productive. Many studies have indicated that effective and efficient operators require these abilities and more. Learning improved at different rates among participants over the ten hours spent on the simulator.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"25 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1837492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1864944
J. Jeong, N. Bolan, C. Kim
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine the carbon (C) allocation of tree components following water stress in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings. The seedlings were exposed to various water contents (low, moderate and high soil water content) for 30 days and labelled with 14CO2 gas for six hours on the 31st day. Biomass in all seedling components (foliage, stems and roots) was significantly higher in the moderate soil water content treatment than in the low soil water content treatment, while seedling biomass did not significantly differ between the moderate soil water and high soil water content treatments. The shoot/root ratio of seedlings decreased when soil water content decreased. The C concentrations of radiata pine seedlings were not affected by the soil water content, whereas the soil water stress-induced difference in the C allocation of seedlings was attributed to differences in seedling biomass. The translocation of pulse-labelled 14C from the foliage to the roots was enhanced by low soil water content. The distribution of 14C was highest in foliage, followed by roots, stems and soil. The results indicate that soil water content was one of the primary factors influencing biomass allocation in the early growth of radiata pine seedlings.
{"title":"Allocation of photoassimilated carbon of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings as affected by soil water stress","authors":"J. Jeong, N. Bolan, C. Kim","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1864944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1864944","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine the carbon (C) allocation of tree components following water stress in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings. The seedlings were exposed to various water contents (low, moderate and high soil water content) for 30 days and labelled with 14CO2 gas for six hours on the 31st day. Biomass in all seedling components (foliage, stems and roots) was significantly higher in the moderate soil water content treatment than in the low soil water content treatment, while seedling biomass did not significantly differ between the moderate soil water and high soil water content treatments. The shoot/root ratio of seedlings decreased when soil water content decreased. The C concentrations of radiata pine seedlings were not affected by the soil water content, whereas the soil water stress-induced difference in the C allocation of seedlings was attributed to differences in seedling biomass. The translocation of pulse-labelled 14C from the foliage to the roots was enhanced by low soil water content. The distribution of 14C was highest in foliage, followed by roots, stems and soil. The results indicate that soil water content was one of the primary factors influencing biomass allocation in the early growth of radiata pine seedlings.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"4 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1864944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48635741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1892999
R. Mazanec, P. Grayling, J. Doran, B. Spencer, P. Turnbull
ABSTRACT Eucalyptus polybractea is a mallee eucalypt with potential use as a perennial biomass crop for dryland agriculture in southern Australia, in addition to its established success as a source of eucalyptus oil. Sixty-six indigenous, open-pollinated families from West Wyalong and surrounds in New South Wales were tested in trials at Newdegate, Western Australia; Drummartin, Victoria; and Condobolin, New South Wales. Growth was fastest at Condobolin, followed by Drummartin then Newdegate. The estimated cross-site genetic correlation was rg = 0.85 ± 0.16 between Newdegate and Condobolin, rg = 1.08 ± 0.35 between Newdegate and Drummartin, and rg = 1.03 ± 0.32 between Condobolin and Drummartin. Estimated gains suggest that genotype × environment interaction was not practically significant. Narrow-sense heritability for biomass production was ĥ2 = 0.18 ± 0.07 at Newdegate, ĥ2 = 0.05 ± 0.04 at Drummartin and ĥ2 = 0.32 ± 0.08 at Condobolin. Heritability of leaf cineole concentration at Newdegate was ĥ2 = 0.38 ± 0.09. The genetic correlation between leaf cineole concentration and biomass production was rg = 0.07 ± 0.19 and the phenotypic correlation was rp = −0.12 ± 0.03. Compared to selection on either tree biomass or leaf cineole concentration, index selection incorporating both whole tree biomass and leaf cineole concentration is most effective when looking to maximise both cineole yield and biomass production.
{"title":"Genetic parameters and potential gains from breeding for biomass and cineole production in three-year-old Eucalyptus polybractea progeny trials","authors":"R. Mazanec, P. Grayling, J. Doran, B. Spencer, P. Turnbull","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1892999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1892999","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Eucalyptus polybractea is a mallee eucalypt with potential use as a perennial biomass crop for dryland agriculture in southern Australia, in addition to its established success as a source of eucalyptus oil. Sixty-six indigenous, open-pollinated families from West Wyalong and surrounds in New South Wales were tested in trials at Newdegate, Western Australia; Drummartin, Victoria; and Condobolin, New South Wales. Growth was fastest at Condobolin, followed by Drummartin then Newdegate. The estimated cross-site genetic correlation was rg = 0.85 ± 0.16 between Newdegate and Condobolin, rg = 1.08 ± 0.35 between Newdegate and Drummartin, and rg = 1.03 ± 0.32 between Condobolin and Drummartin. Estimated gains suggest that genotype × environment interaction was not practically significant. Narrow-sense heritability for biomass production was ĥ2 = 0.18 ± 0.07 at Newdegate, ĥ2 = 0.05 ± 0.04 at Drummartin and ĥ2 = 0.32 ± 0.08 at Condobolin. Heritability of leaf cineole concentration at Newdegate was ĥ2 = 0.38 ± 0.09. The genetic correlation between leaf cineole concentration and biomass production was rg = 0.07 ± 0.19 and the phenotypic correlation was rp = −0.12 ± 0.03. Compared to selection on either tree biomass or leaf cineole concentration, index selection incorporating both whole tree biomass and leaf cineole concentration is most effective when looking to maximise both cineole yield and biomass production.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"13 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1892999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47740926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1820687
P. Zan, T. Sun, Z. Mao
ABSTRACT Litter decomposition is an important part of the carbon and nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. However, understanding of the contribution of soil fauna to litter decomposition and the relationship between soil fauna and litter quality is limited. Using custom-made field microcosms, we conducted a two-year experiment to study the effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition and the relationship between soil fauna and litter quality for 16 co-occurring species in a Chinese temperate forest. Our results showed that soil fauna changed the litter decomposition rate by −13.0–34.0%, with an average of +13.1% across the 16 species studied. Moreover, the effects of soil fauna were correlated with initial litter quality. Fauna effects were positively correlated with concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen and negatively correlated with tannin and lignin concentrations. Our study suggests that soil fauna can significantly increase decomposition rates in temperate forest. Initial litter quality, especially in relation to non-structural carbohydrate, nitrogen, lignin and tannin concentrations, may largely explain the effects of soil fauna on decomposition.
{"title":"Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition using field microcosms across 16 co-occurring temperate tree species","authors":"P. Zan, T. Sun, Z. Mao","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1820687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1820687","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Litter decomposition is an important part of the carbon and nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. However, understanding of the contribution of soil fauna to litter decomposition and the relationship between soil fauna and litter quality is limited. Using custom-made field microcosms, we conducted a two-year experiment to study the effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition and the relationship between soil fauna and litter quality for 16 co-occurring species in a Chinese temperate forest. Our results showed that soil fauna changed the litter decomposition rate by −13.0–34.0%, with an average of +13.1% across the 16 species studied. Moreover, the effects of soil fauna were correlated with initial litter quality. Fauna effects were positively correlated with concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen and negatively correlated with tannin and lignin concentrations. Our study suggests that soil fauna can significantly increase decomposition rates in temperate forest. Initial litter quality, especially in relation to non-structural carbohydrate, nitrogen, lignin and tannin concentrations, may largely explain the effects of soil fauna on decomposition.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"33 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1820687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44247467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1876405
F. Ximenes
Sustainable forest management ensures that biomass removals do not exceed forest growth, maintaining stable carbon stocks. When biomass created as a byproduct of tree-harvesting for sawlogs or pulp is used for bioenergy generation, the carbon emitted in this process is re-absorbed by growing trees as part of the natural carbon cycling in sustainably managed forests. Thus, the use of biomass for bioenergy generation can make an important contribution to climate change mitigation as the world transitions away from fossil fuels. Bioenergy can broadly be classified into three key end-use categories: electricity, heat and transport fuels. In Australia, many small electricity-generation units are fuelled by biomass, and a number of larger grid-scale facilities are accredited to generate renewable energy credits under the Large Scale Renewable Energy Target (RET) scheme. The majority of these facilities use sugarcane bagasse as feedstock. A small amount of biomass is also cofired with coal (e.g. at the Vales Point power station in New South Wales – NSW). Some domestic facilities (e.g. Altus Renewables in Queensland) produce pellets from sawmill residues, with the pellets exported for use in power stations overseas. There is significant use of wood for domestic heating and also for industrial applications—in sawmills, for example, residues are used in boilers to generate heat for drying timber. It is likely that interest in the use of biomass for heat in industrial applications to displace fossil fuels would increase if current renewable energy incentives such as the RET also included allowances for heat generation; currently, however, the RET only covers electricity generation. There has been some interest in liquid transport fuel applications from woody material (e.g. jet fuel) but little tangible progress—although Boral in NSW recently investigated the potential for the production of renewable diesel from hardwood sawmill residues. Despite its potential, the development of a thriving bioenergy industry in Australia supported by biomass from sustainable forestry operations has not yet eventuated. There has been much promise, but numerous projects have ultimately failed. A number of recognised factors are linked to this chequered history, including issues with the regulatory environment, a lack of consistent policy signals, issues of social licence, misconceptions about the climate benefits of bioenergy, and poor access to information on available technology options. It is important to distinguish the various potential sources of forestry-derived biomass, which include residues from the harvesting of trees for higher-value products; biomass from dedicated energy crops; and residues from wood-processing facilities and end-of-life materials (e.g. construction and demolition – C&D – waste). The issue of sustainability is often raised when considering the use of forest harvest residues for bioenergy, including around the debate on climate benefits. Neverthe
{"title":"Forestry, bioenergy and climate – a way forward in Australia","authors":"F. Ximenes","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1876405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1876405","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable forest management ensures that biomass removals do not exceed forest growth, maintaining stable carbon stocks. When biomass created as a byproduct of tree-harvesting for sawlogs or pulp is used for bioenergy generation, the carbon emitted in this process is re-absorbed by growing trees as part of the natural carbon cycling in sustainably managed forests. Thus, the use of biomass for bioenergy generation can make an important contribution to climate change mitigation as the world transitions away from fossil fuels. Bioenergy can broadly be classified into three key end-use categories: electricity, heat and transport fuels. In Australia, many small electricity-generation units are fuelled by biomass, and a number of larger grid-scale facilities are accredited to generate renewable energy credits under the Large Scale Renewable Energy Target (RET) scheme. The majority of these facilities use sugarcane bagasse as feedstock. A small amount of biomass is also cofired with coal (e.g. at the Vales Point power station in New South Wales – NSW). Some domestic facilities (e.g. Altus Renewables in Queensland) produce pellets from sawmill residues, with the pellets exported for use in power stations overseas. There is significant use of wood for domestic heating and also for industrial applications—in sawmills, for example, residues are used in boilers to generate heat for drying timber. It is likely that interest in the use of biomass for heat in industrial applications to displace fossil fuels would increase if current renewable energy incentives such as the RET also included allowances for heat generation; currently, however, the RET only covers electricity generation. There has been some interest in liquid transport fuel applications from woody material (e.g. jet fuel) but little tangible progress—although Boral in NSW recently investigated the potential for the production of renewable diesel from hardwood sawmill residues. Despite its potential, the development of a thriving bioenergy industry in Australia supported by biomass from sustainable forestry operations has not yet eventuated. There has been much promise, but numerous projects have ultimately failed. A number of recognised factors are linked to this chequered history, including issues with the regulatory environment, a lack of consistent policy signals, issues of social licence, misconceptions about the climate benefits of bioenergy, and poor access to information on available technology options. It is important to distinguish the various potential sources of forestry-derived biomass, which include residues from the harvesting of trees for higher-value products; biomass from dedicated energy crops; and residues from wood-processing facilities and end-of-life materials (e.g. construction and demolition – C&D – waste). The issue of sustainability is often raised when considering the use of forest harvest residues for bioenergy, including around the debate on climate benefits. Neverthe","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1876405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46427093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1819009
P. Bon, C. E. Harwood, Q. Nghiem, H. Thinh, D. Son, N. V. Chinh
ABSTRACT We assessed the growth and adaptability of triploid acacia clones in comparison with commercially planted diploid clones of the same taxa to age three years at three contrasting sites in north, central and south Viet Nam. Application of phosphorus fertiliser at planting gave a growth response only in the trial in central Viet Nam. One triploid Acacia hybrid (Acacia auriculiformis × mangium) clone was constantly the best performer in all sites, achieving mean annual increments at three years of 30.1, 26.6 and 32.1 m3 ha−1 in northern, central and southern Viet Nam, respectively. Two other triploid hybrid clones outperformed the diploid controls in southern Viet Nam. A single triploid A. auriculiformis clone and two diploid clones of this species grew much more slowly. Triploid Acacia hybrid clones had a lower incidence of Corticium salmonicolor (pink disease) and Ceratocystis disease symptoms than did diploid hybrid clones. The wind-firmness of triploid Acacia hybrid clones was comparable with or better than the diploid hybrid clones. Triploid breeding offers a promising new pathway in the development of improved Acacia planting material.
摘要在越南北部、中部和南部三个不同的地点，对三倍体金合欢无性系与同一分类群的二倍体商业种植无性系的生长和适应能力进行了比较。在种植时施用磷肥只在越南中部的试验中有生长反应。一个三倍体金合欢杂交种(金合欢× manum)在所有地点的表现都是最好的，在越南北部、中部和南部分别实现了30.1、26.6和32.1 m3 ha - 1的年平均增长量。另外两个三倍体杂交无性系在越南南部的表现优于二倍体对照。一个单一的三倍体auriculformis无性系和两个二倍体无性系的生长速度要慢得多。三倍体金合欢杂交无性系与二倍体杂交无性系相比，出现红粉病和角鼻虫病症状的几率较低。三倍体金合欢杂交无性系的抗风性与二倍体相当或优于二倍体。三倍体育种为金合欢种植材料的改良开发提供了一条有希望的新途径。
{"title":"Growth of triploid and diploid Acacia clones in three contrasting environments in Viet Nam","authors":"P. Bon, C. E. Harwood, Q. Nghiem, H. Thinh, D. Son, N. V. Chinh","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1819009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1819009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We assessed the growth and adaptability of triploid acacia clones in comparison with commercially planted diploid clones of the same taxa to age three years at three contrasting sites in north, central and south Viet Nam. Application of phosphorus fertiliser at planting gave a growth response only in the trial in central Viet Nam. One triploid Acacia hybrid (Acacia auriculiformis × mangium) clone was constantly the best performer in all sites, achieving mean annual increments at three years of 30.1, 26.6 and 32.1 m3 ha−1 in northern, central and southern Viet Nam, respectively. Two other triploid hybrid clones outperformed the diploid controls in southern Viet Nam. A single triploid A. auriculiformis clone and two diploid clones of this species grew much more slowly. Triploid Acacia hybrid clones had a lower incidence of Corticium salmonicolor (pink disease) and Ceratocystis disease symptoms than did diploid hybrid clones. The wind-firmness of triploid Acacia hybrid clones was comparable with or better than the diploid hybrid clones. Triploid breeding offers a promising new pathway in the development of improved Acacia planting material.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"265 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1819009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58647525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1834278
D. Bush, J. Brophy, W. Bolatolu, S. Dutt, S. Hamani, J. Doran, L. Thomson
ABSTRACT Santalum yasi, a sandalwood native to Fiji and Tonga, is a tree crop of significant economic potential for these countries. Development of a plantation industry underpinned by a breeding program is a high priority for industry development. Gathering information on heartwood development, oil yield and oil composition is a critical step for the domestication and tree breeding of the species. Oil yield and composition were determined for 86 Santalum core samples using gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Most (67) cores were from the lower boles of individual trees of S. yasi, with smaller samples of S. album and S. album × S. yasi, both of which are also commonly grown in Fiji and Tonga, and S. austrocaledonicum was included for comparison. Although the ages of the trees were unknown, they are likely to have been between 10 and 20 years. Relationships among traits, including solvent-extracted oil yield, oil composition, lower bole diameters under and over bark, and heartwood diameter, were examined. Yield was highly variable (0.05–11.8%) and only weakly correlated with underbark diameter at 30 cm above ground. Oil yield and percent composition of santalol oil components were strongly positively correlated. For those trees with oil yields >1% w/w, the oil composition was generally favourable relative to the international standard for S. album oil, with large proportions of santalols, particularly β-santalol. The study confirms that both harvesting and selection for genetic improvement of S. yasi trees younger than 20 years old are likely to be suboptimal, with unreliable heartwood and oil development. Further study of heartwood and oil development, both within individual trees and among genotypes in common-garden trials with known genetics and controlled environments and hosts, is a high priority. The development of an international standard for S. yasi, supporting the growth of a niche market for the product, is also recommended.
{"title":"Oil yield and composition of young Santalum yasi in Fiji and Tonga","authors":"D. Bush, J. Brophy, W. Bolatolu, S. Dutt, S. Hamani, J. Doran, L. Thomson","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1834278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1834278","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Santalum yasi, a sandalwood native to Fiji and Tonga, is a tree crop of significant economic potential for these countries. Development of a plantation industry underpinned by a breeding program is a high priority for industry development. Gathering information on heartwood development, oil yield and oil composition is a critical step for the domestication and tree breeding of the species. Oil yield and composition were determined for 86 Santalum core samples using gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Most (67) cores were from the lower boles of individual trees of S. yasi, with smaller samples of S. album and S. album × S. yasi, both of which are also commonly grown in Fiji and Tonga, and S. austrocaledonicum was included for comparison. Although the ages of the trees were unknown, they are likely to have been between 10 and 20 years. Relationships among traits, including solvent-extracted oil yield, oil composition, lower bole diameters under and over bark, and heartwood diameter, were examined. Yield was highly variable (0.05–11.8%) and only weakly correlated with underbark diameter at 30 cm above ground. Oil yield and percent composition of santalol oil components were strongly positively correlated. For those trees with oil yields >1% w/w, the oil composition was generally favourable relative to the international standard for S. album oil, with large proportions of santalols, particularly β-santalol. The study confirms that both harvesting and selection for genetic improvement of S. yasi trees younger than 20 years old are likely to be suboptimal, with unreliable heartwood and oil development. Further study of heartwood and oil development, both within individual trees and among genotypes in common-garden trials with known genetics and controlled environments and hosts, is a high priority. The development of an international standard for S. yasi, supporting the growth of a niche market for the product, is also recommended.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"238 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1834278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44186989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1855382
T. Page, J. Doran, J. Tungon, M. Tabi
ABSTRACT Sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum) is a fragrant tree of cultural and commercial importance in Vanuatu. The trade in its wild products has long provided income to landowners on remote islands. Due to unmanaged harvesting, however, wild sources of sandalwood in Vanuatu have declined in recent years. Domestication of the species and deployment of improved germplasm through smallholders can facilitate its restoration through circa situm plantings. Recognising the need to transition from wild harvest, landowners have commenced planting the species in home gardens and using it to enrich agricultural fallows and natural vegetation. Improvement of sandalwood through domestication has the potential to increase tree productivity, heartwood volumes and heartwood oil quality. This can enhance income and livelihood benefits associated with smallholder-planted sandalwood in Vanuatu. This paper outlines a strategy for participatory domestication to ensure that improved sandalwood germplasm is available for domestic sandalwood growers. The amount of the oil-bearing heartwood determines the commercial value of individual trees, which is linked to growth rates, heartwood oil concentration and chemical composition. There is substantial tree-to-tree and provenance-based variation in all these characteristics on which to base its domestication. The domestication strategy has been developed with consideration of the resources and capacities of stakeholders in Vanuatu. It is based on conventional approaches to plant improvement and the engagement of landowners to enhance germplasm deployment and manage institutional and environmental risk. The current breeding population comprises a grafted clonal archive of 39 genotypes selected from more than 250 wild trees sampled throughout the country. These genotypes were selected for their elevated levels of key oil components α- and β-santalol across seven island provenances. This breeding population has been deployed successfully as small clonal seed orchards on seven islands (Santo, Pentecost, Malekula, Ambrym, Epi, Efate and Tanna) to provide improved seed where it is needed most. The genetic base of established orchards will be expanded by introducing new selections from planted and wild populations in a ‘rolling front’ breeding strategy, as described in this paper. Families in the breeding population will be tested in progeny trials on participating islands to assess their genetic performance and retention in seed orchards, with later conversion to seedling seed orchards. The participatory approach to domestication and the deployment of germplasm provides a sound genetic foundation for landowner-driven sandalwood restoration in Vanuatu.
{"title":"Restoration of Vanuatu sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum) through participatory domestication","authors":"T. Page, J. Doran, J. Tungon, M. Tabi","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1855382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1855382","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum) is a fragrant tree of cultural and commercial importance in Vanuatu. The trade in its wild products has long provided income to landowners on remote islands. Due to unmanaged harvesting, however, wild sources of sandalwood in Vanuatu have declined in recent years. Domestication of the species and deployment of improved germplasm through smallholders can facilitate its restoration through circa situm plantings. Recognising the need to transition from wild harvest, landowners have commenced planting the species in home gardens and using it to enrich agricultural fallows and natural vegetation. Improvement of sandalwood through domestication has the potential to increase tree productivity, heartwood volumes and heartwood oil quality. This can enhance income and livelihood benefits associated with smallholder-planted sandalwood in Vanuatu. This paper outlines a strategy for participatory domestication to ensure that improved sandalwood germplasm is available for domestic sandalwood growers. The amount of the oil-bearing heartwood determines the commercial value of individual trees, which is linked to growth rates, heartwood oil concentration and chemical composition. There is substantial tree-to-tree and provenance-based variation in all these characteristics on which to base its domestication. The domestication strategy has been developed with consideration of the resources and capacities of stakeholders in Vanuatu. It is based on conventional approaches to plant improvement and the engagement of landowners to enhance germplasm deployment and manage institutional and environmental risk. The current breeding population comprises a grafted clonal archive of 39 genotypes selected from more than 250 wild trees sampled throughout the country. These genotypes were selected for their elevated levels of key oil components α- and β-santalol across seven island provenances. This breeding population has been deployed successfully as small clonal seed orchards on seven islands (Santo, Pentecost, Malekula, Ambrym, Epi, Efate and Tanna) to provide improved seed where it is needed most. The genetic base of established orchards will be expanded by introducing new selections from planted and wild populations in a ‘rolling front’ breeding strategy, as described in this paper. Families in the breeding population will be tested in progeny trials on participating islands to assess their genetic performance and retention in seed orchards, with later conversion to seedling seed orchards. The participatory approach to domestication and the deployment of germplasm provides a sound genetic foundation for landowner-driven sandalwood restoration in Vanuatu.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"216 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1855382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49521555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1835032
S. Hislop, C. Stone, A. Haywood, A. Skidmore
ABSTRACT The wildfires in south-eastern Australia in the 2019–20 fire season were some of the worst in recent memory. The effectiveness of fuel-reduction burning as a risk mitigation strategy is, once again, being scrutinised. Some argue that more fuel-reduction burning is needed, while others suggest that it is of limited use in such extreme fires. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of fuel-reduction burning at a landscape scale in terms of its ability to reduce the severity of subsequent wildfire. To achieve this, we selected all the recent (2015–2019) fuel-reduction burns undertaken in New South Wales and Victoria that intersected with the extent of the 2019–20 wildfires and evaluated whether the fire severity was significantly different in the recently treated areas to that of similar untreated areas in the vicinity. To determine fire severity, Sentinel 2 satellite imagery and the change in normalised burn ratio (a common metric used for rapid and broadscale fire severity mapping) was used. Our results showed that 48% of the 307 recent fuel-reduction burns resulted in statistically significant decreased fire severity. Our results also indicated that more recent fuel-reduction burns had a greater impact, with 66% of burns undertaken in 2019 significantly reducing severity, compared with 42% from 2015. We also analysed each fuel-reduction burn in the context of a range of metrics, including location, elevation, slope, aspect and forest heterogeneity, to assess whether these factors influenced the likelihood that a burn would be effective. Location and, to a lesser degree, forest heterogeneity were found to be significant factors. Our results support the view that recent fuel-reduction burns reduce fire severity. It is unclear, however, whether the differences would be operationally significant under extreme conditions, when wildfires are driven largely by weather, irrespective of fuel loads.
{"title":"The effectiveness of fuel reduction burning for wildfire mitigation in sclerophyll forests","authors":"S. Hislop, C. Stone, A. Haywood, A. Skidmore","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1835032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1835032","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The wildfires in south-eastern Australia in the 2019–20 fire season were some of the worst in recent memory. The effectiveness of fuel-reduction burning as a risk mitigation strategy is, once again, being scrutinised. Some argue that more fuel-reduction burning is needed, while others suggest that it is of limited use in such extreme fires. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of fuel-reduction burning at a landscape scale in terms of its ability to reduce the severity of subsequent wildfire. To achieve this, we selected all the recent (2015–2019) fuel-reduction burns undertaken in New South Wales and Victoria that intersected with the extent of the 2019–20 wildfires and evaluated whether the fire severity was significantly different in the recently treated areas to that of similar untreated areas in the vicinity. To determine fire severity, Sentinel 2 satellite imagery and the change in normalised burn ratio (a common metric used for rapid and broadscale fire severity mapping) was used. Our results showed that 48% of the 307 recent fuel-reduction burns resulted in statistically significant decreased fire severity. Our results also indicated that more recent fuel-reduction burns had a greater impact, with 66% of burns undertaken in 2019 significantly reducing severity, compared with 42% from 2015. We also analysed each fuel-reduction burn in the context of a range of metrics, including location, elevation, slope, aspect and forest heterogeneity, to assess whether these factors influenced the likelihood that a burn would be effective. Location and, to a lesser degree, forest heterogeneity were found to be significant factors. Our results support the view that recent fuel-reduction burns reduce fire severity. It is unclear, however, whether the differences would be operationally significant under extreme conditions, when wildfires are driven largely by weather, irrespective of fuel loads.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"255 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1835032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46727855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1841441
L. Thomson
ABSTRACT Sandalwood has distinct, high-value end uses that function to underpin its price and maintain demand in different market segments and regions. These uses and markets include essential oil from its heartwood as an ingredient (providing woody base notes and fixative properties) in fine perfumes, exclusive natural body-care products and new pharmaceuticals, especially for European and North American markets; in solid furniture, carvings, traditional medicines and religious uses in China, the Republic of Korea and Japan; for attars 1 1 Attars are fragrant essential oils used pure or as a base for perfume in South Asia and the Middle East. funeral pyres and chewing tobaccos in India; and customary uses in the Middle East. The markets for sandalwood heartwood and oils from Pacific Island countries have been strong and have continually diversified since exports to China commenced over 200 years ago. The global sandalwood market remains buoyant, with 2019 wholesale prices of Santalum album oil ranging from USD 1750 kg−1 (unlicensed production through Dubai) to USD 2100 kg−1 for licensed production from India and USD 2000–2500 kg−1 as wholesale price for Australian S. album plantation oil. The wholesale price for S. austrocaledonicum oil is USD 1500–1750 kg−1. The heartwood (air-dried) of S. album is mostly traded by growers for more than USD 100 kg−1. The price for Fiji’s S. yasi heartwood (partly to fully air-dried, ‘village gate’ price) for carving, furniture, and oil distillation has increased steadily to USD 50 kg−1 in 2019 while the price for grade 1 S. austrocaledonicum heartwood (partly to fully air-dried; ‘on the beach’ price) is USD 35 kg−1. The global market for sandalwood products, sustainably sourced from a growing plantation resource in Australia, Asia and the Pacific Islands, is predicted to remain strong up to and beyond 2040. The high rate of increase in sandalwood prices in recent decades is unlikely to continue, however, due to both an expanding supply from increasingly better-managed plantations and the likelihood that, in the longer term, genetic improvement and the adoption of technological innovations will induce earlier and greater heartwood yields in planted sandalwood. Nevertheless, sandalwood prices will remain sufficiently high to make agroforestry cultivation a commercially attractive proposition for efficient Pacific Island sandalwood growers. This paper provides a prognosis for the production of and demand for sandalwood in 2040 for major sandalwood producer regions (Australia, India, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and the Pacific Island nations) and markets (China, Europe, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Middle East, North America and the United Kingdom). These estimates of production and demand were made to inform prospective sandalwood growers, and especially smallholders in Pacific Island countries, on the likelihood that the current strong demand and prices will continue and the extent to which export/international m
{"title":"Looking ahead – global sandalwood production and markets in 2040, and implications for Pacific Island producers","authors":"L. Thomson","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1841441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841441","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sandalwood has distinct, high-value end uses that function to underpin its price and maintain demand in different market segments and regions. These uses and markets include essential oil from its heartwood as an ingredient (providing woody base notes and fixative properties) in fine perfumes, exclusive natural body-care products and new pharmaceuticals, especially for European and North American markets; in solid furniture, carvings, traditional medicines and religious uses in China, the Republic of Korea and Japan; for attars 1 1 Attars are fragrant essential oils used pure or as a base for perfume in South Asia and the Middle East. funeral pyres and chewing tobaccos in India; and customary uses in the Middle East. The markets for sandalwood heartwood and oils from Pacific Island countries have been strong and have continually diversified since exports to China commenced over 200 years ago. The global sandalwood market remains buoyant, with 2019 wholesale prices of Santalum album oil ranging from USD 1750 kg−1 (unlicensed production through Dubai) to USD 2100 kg−1 for licensed production from India and USD 2000–2500 kg−1 as wholesale price for Australian S. album plantation oil. The wholesale price for S. austrocaledonicum oil is USD 1500–1750 kg−1. The heartwood (air-dried) of S. album is mostly traded by growers for more than USD 100 kg−1. The price for Fiji’s S. yasi heartwood (partly to fully air-dried, ‘village gate’ price) for carving, furniture, and oil distillation has increased steadily to USD 50 kg−1 in 2019 while the price for grade 1 S. austrocaledonicum heartwood (partly to fully air-dried; ‘on the beach’ price) is USD 35 kg−1. The global market for sandalwood products, sustainably sourced from a growing plantation resource in Australia, Asia and the Pacific Islands, is predicted to remain strong up to and beyond 2040. The high rate of increase in sandalwood prices in recent decades is unlikely to continue, however, due to both an expanding supply from increasingly better-managed plantations and the likelihood that, in the longer term, genetic improvement and the adoption of technological innovations will induce earlier and greater heartwood yields in planted sandalwood. Nevertheless, sandalwood prices will remain sufficiently high to make agroforestry cultivation a commercially attractive proposition for efficient Pacific Island sandalwood growers. This paper provides a prognosis for the production of and demand for sandalwood in 2040 for major sandalwood producer regions (Australia, India, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and the Pacific Island nations) and markets (China, Europe, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Middle East, North America and the United Kingdom). These estimates of production and demand were made to inform prospective sandalwood growers, and especially smallholders in Pacific Island countries, on the likelihood that the current strong demand and prices will continue and the extent to which export/international m","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"245 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47605471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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