Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1961417
B. Hogg, T. Lewis, J. Huth, D. Lee
ABSTRACT Estimation of stem volume is needed to determine timber yield and forest carbon, but equations to estimate volume from easily assessed inventory measures are lacking for hardwood plantation species in the subtropics. We assessed the merits of three volume equations that combine measurements of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height for five hardwood plantation taxa (Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, Corymbia hybrids, Eucalyptus cloeziana, E. longirostrata and E. dunnii). Goodness-of-fit statistics indicated that model 1 (comprehensive combined variable equation) and model 2 (the Schumacher and Hall equation) fitted the data well (e.g. adjusted R 2 > 98). Analysis of bias in different diameter classes indicated that these models did not show any systematic bias patterns with tree size. Model 3 (combined variable volume equation) is the least desirable as it showed evidence of overestimation of volume for larger trees in some taxa. Models 1 and 2 provide a useful initial set of volume equations for five potentially important hardwood plantation species in subtropical Queensland. These equations are based on stems with a DBH range of 5−30 cm and hence there is a need to collect data for larger stems (>30 cm DBH) as existing plantations mature.
摘要：需要对树干体积进行估计，以确定木材产量和森林碳，但对于亚热带的硬木种植物种，缺乏通过易于评估的库存措施来估计体积的方程。我们评估了三个体积方程的优点，该方程结合了对五个硬木种植分类群（柠檬伞菌变种亚种、伞菌杂交种、克隆桉、长叶桉和邓尼桉）的树径和总树高的测量。拟合良好性统计表明，模型1（综合组合变量方程）和模型2（舒马赫和霍尔方程）与数据拟合良好（如调整R2>98）。对不同直径类别的偏差分析表明，这些模型没有显示出任何与树木大小有关的系统偏差模式。模型3（组合可变体积方程）是最不可取的，因为它显示了高估某些分类群中较大树木体积的证据。模型1和2为昆士兰亚热带的五个潜在重要硬木种植物种提供了一组有用的初始体积方程。这些方程基于DBH范围为5−30 cm的茎，因此，随着现有种植园的成熟，需要收集较大茎（>30 cm DBH）的数据。
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Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1970407
S. Davey, A. Sarre
Fire has always been part of Australian landscapes, and its management has long been the focus of public debate and independent review, especially following major bushfires. Such attention has only increased since the 2019/20 Black Summer bushfires (Davey and Sarre 2020), including through two national and five subnational public inquiries. The many fire-related papers published in Australian Forestry over the years constitute a wealth of scientific knowledge that can contribute to debate and inform the current and future management of Australian landscapes, particularly forested landscapes. The first such article to appear – in the journal’s very first edition – was by Wallace (1936), who explored an understanding of fire weather in south-western Australia. Galbraith (1939) published a summary of a conference held in the wake of the 1939 bushfires in Victoria. Considerably later, McArthur (1966) described the role of prescribed burning in fire control and management. Cheney (1968) discussed the construction and use of McArthur’s fire danger tables, which were employed for much of the second half of the twentieth century to predict fire behaviour in Australia. Ryan and Turner (2009) and the Institute of Foresters of Australia (2009) published information and perspectives on matters related to the terms of reference of the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission. The Institute updated its position in its submission to the recent national Royal Commission into Natural Disaster Arrangements, as published in Australian Forestry last year (Institute of Foresters of Australia and Australian Forest Growers 2020). With the aim of making the large body of research and perspectives on forest fire contained in Australian Forestry more accessible, we are publishing a ‘virtual’ (or online) edition, thereby bringing together a selection of 24 fire-related papers that have appeared in the journal since 1975. The articles have been chosen to provide background and context to the muchneeded debate taking place about fire in Australian landscapes. They provide important insights into the management and impacts of fire. Below, we briefly describe the featured papers using six themes: fire and the Australian environment; major bushfires; plantation fires; modelling fire behaviour; forest fuels; and fuel reduction burning. Readers of the hard-copy version of Australian Forestry can find the articles online by inserting the DOIs (given with the references) or titles into their search engines. The Appendix provided as part of this editorial comprises a complete list of 189 papers published in Australian Forestry since 1936 with direct relevance to fire management.
{"title":"Fire and Australian Forestry – key papers published since 1975","authors":"S. Davey, A. Sarre","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1970407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1970407","url":null,"abstract":"Fire has always been part of Australian landscapes, and its management has long been the focus of public debate and independent review, especially following major bushfires. Such attention has only increased since the 2019/20 Black Summer bushfires (Davey and Sarre 2020), including through two national and five subnational public inquiries. The many fire-related papers published in Australian Forestry over the years constitute a wealth of scientific knowledge that can contribute to debate and inform the current and future management of Australian landscapes, particularly forested landscapes. The first such article to appear – in the journal’s very first edition – was by Wallace (1936), who explored an understanding of fire weather in south-western Australia. Galbraith (1939) published a summary of a conference held in the wake of the 1939 bushfires in Victoria. Considerably later, McArthur (1966) described the role of prescribed burning in fire control and management. Cheney (1968) discussed the construction and use of McArthur’s fire danger tables, which were employed for much of the second half of the twentieth century to predict fire behaviour in Australia. Ryan and Turner (2009) and the Institute of Foresters of Australia (2009) published information and perspectives on matters related to the terms of reference of the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission. The Institute updated its position in its submission to the recent national Royal Commission into Natural Disaster Arrangements, as published in Australian Forestry last year (Institute of Foresters of Australia and Australian Forest Growers 2020). With the aim of making the large body of research and perspectives on forest fire contained in Australian Forestry more accessible, we are publishing a ‘virtual’ (or online) edition, thereby bringing together a selection of 24 fire-related papers that have appeared in the journal since 1975. The articles have been chosen to provide background and context to the muchneeded debate taking place about fire in Australian landscapes. They provide important insights into the management and impacts of fire. Below, we briefly describe the featured papers using six themes: fire and the Australian environment; major bushfires; plantation fires; modelling fire behaviour; forest fuels; and fuel reduction burning. Readers of the hard-copy version of Australian Forestry can find the articles online by inserting the DOIs (given with the references) or titles into their search engines. The Appendix provided as part of this editorial comprises a complete list of 189 papers published in Australian Forestry since 1936 with direct relevance to fire management.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43298842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1935127
J. Roberts, K. Little, C. Rolando
ABSTRACT This paper examines herbicide use in South African commercial plantations in 2017/18 across three climate zones (cool temperate − CT, warm temperate − WT and subtropical − ST) for three genera (eucalypts, pines and acacias) grown for two end-products (sawn timber and pulpwood). Herbicide information was obtained from 46 timber plantations owned by six forestry companies, comprising 343 872 ha surveyed. The herbicide survey was divided into three climate zones due to increased vegetation growth (and hence more herbicide use) on more productive ST sites compared to moderately productive WT sites, with the lowest vegetation growth on CT sites (lower productivity). The survey was further divided into three distinct vegetation management phases associated with plantation forestry (pre-establishment, re-establishment and post-establishment) to compare herbicide use bet ween genera grown on an annual basis. A total of 188 288 kg (or 0.55 kg ha−1) of herbicide active ingredient (a.i.) was applied in the area surveyed. Glyphosate-based products accounted for 97% of all the herbicides applied, and metazachlor and triclopyr butoxy ethyl ester accounted for 2%. Overall, herbicide use per hectare on an annual basis was highest in the ST zone, followed by the WT and CT zones. For both the CT and WT zones, the general trend was that the pre-establishment phase received noticeably more herbicides, followed by the re- and post-establishment phases (pre re post). This trend remained similar for the genera grown (pre re post), with hardwoods receiving more herbicides than softwoods. In contrast, there was little difference in herbicide use between the re- and pre-establishment phases for the ST zone, with the post-establishment phase being noticeably less. Besides providing benchmark data related to herbicide use in South African plantations, future research should investigate the potential for a reduction in herbicide use in those regions, vegetation management phases and management regimes where it is highest.
本文研究了2017/18年南非商业种植园中三个气候带(冷温带- CT，暖温带- WT和亚热带- ST)的除草剂使用情况，涉及三个属(桉树，松树和金合欢)的两种最终产品(锯材和纸浆木)。从6家林业公司拥有的46个木材种植园获得了除草剂信息，共调查了343 872公顷。除草剂调查被划分为三个气候带，因为与中等生产力的WT站点相比，高生产力的ST站点的植被生长增加(因此使用更多的除草剂)，而高生产力站点的植被生长最低(生产力较低)。调查进一步分为与人工林有关的三个不同的植被管理阶段(建立前、重建和建立后)，以比较每年种植的属之间的除草剂使用情况。调查地区共施用了188 288 kg (0.55 kg ha - 1)除草剂有效成分(a.i)。草甘膦类除草剂占全部除草剂用量的97%，甲虫胺和三氯丁氧乙酯占2%。总体而言，每年每公顷除草剂使用量在ST区最高，其次是WT区和CT区。对于CT区和WT区，总体趋势是建立前阶段使用的除草剂明显更多，其次是建立后和重建阶段(pre - re- post)。这一趋势在已生长(前后)的属中保持相似，硬木比软木使用更多的除草剂。相比之下，ST区除草剂的重新建立阶段和建立前阶段的除草剂使用差异不大，建立后阶段的除草剂使用明显减少。除了提供与南非种植园除草剂使用有关的基准数据外，未来的研究还应调查在这些区域减少除草剂使用的可能性、减少除草剂使用最多的植被管理阶段和管理制度。
{"title":"Estimated herbicide use in the commercial forest sector in South Africa","authors":"J. Roberts, K. Little, C. Rolando","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1935127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1935127","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines herbicide use in South African commercial plantations in 2017/18 across three climate zones (cool temperate − CT, warm temperate − WT and subtropical − ST) for three genera (eucalypts, pines and acacias) grown for two end-products (sawn timber and pulpwood). Herbicide information was obtained from 46 timber plantations owned by six forestry companies, comprising 343 872 ha surveyed. The herbicide survey was divided into three climate zones due to increased vegetation growth (and hence more herbicide use) on more productive ST sites compared to moderately productive WT sites, with the lowest vegetation growth on CT sites (lower productivity). The survey was further divided into three distinct vegetation management phases associated with plantation forestry (pre-establishment, re-establishment and post-establishment) to compare herbicide use bet ween genera grown on an annual basis. A total of 188 288 kg (or 0.55 kg ha−1) of herbicide active ingredient (a.i.) was applied in the area surveyed. Glyphosate-based products accounted for 97% of all the herbicides applied, and metazachlor and triclopyr butoxy ethyl ester accounted for 2%. Overall, herbicide use per hectare on an annual basis was highest in the ST zone, followed by the WT and CT zones. For both the CT and WT zones, the general trend was that the pre-establishment phase received noticeably more herbicides, followed by the re- and post-establishment phases (pre re post). This trend remained similar for the genera grown (pre re post), with hardwoods receiving more herbicides than softwoods. In contrast, there was little difference in herbicide use between the re- and pre-establishment phases for the ST zone, with the post-establishment phase being noticeably less. Besides providing benchmark data related to herbicide use in South African plantations, future research should investigate the potential for a reduction in herbicide use in those regions, vegetation management phases and management regimes where it is highest.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1935127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47415916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1961418
G. Palmer, M. Anstoetz
ABSTRACT Having almost exhausted its native forest wood supply, Vanuatu has sought to rebuild by establishing forest plantations. Whitewood (Endopsermum medulosum) has been identified as a native hardwood suitable as a plantation species: it has good growth, is resistant to high winds and produces finegrained white timber. However, whitewood has low wood density and comparatively poor mechanical properties. In particular, the soft timber does not perform well where good hardness is required, such as in flooring. Several wood modification techniques were tested with the primary aim of improving whitewood hardness. The methods tested were selected as simple treatments with low environmental impact and which, consequently, may be implemented safely in Vanuatu. Of the treatments tested, impregnation with methyl methacrylate polymer provided the greatest increase in hardness. Values commensurate with use as flooring were obtained (about 6000 N) that were three times greater than untreated controls. With treatment using methyl methacrylate bulking, the hardness of whitewood can be improved, expanding utilisation opportunities to include markets for flooring timbers, domestically and internationally. This, in turn, will improve investment security in whitewood production and the living standards of small rural landholders.
{"title":"Improving the hardness of Endospermum medullosum (Vanuatu whitewood)","authors":"G. Palmer, M. Anstoetz","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1961418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1961418","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Having almost exhausted its native forest wood supply, Vanuatu has sought to rebuild by establishing forest plantations. Whitewood (Endopsermum medulosum) has been identified as a native hardwood suitable as a plantation species: it has good growth, is resistant to high winds and produces finegrained white timber. However, whitewood has low wood density and comparatively poor mechanical properties. In particular, the soft timber does not perform well where good hardness is required, such as in flooring. Several wood modification techniques were tested with the primary aim of improving whitewood hardness. The methods tested were selected as simple treatments with low environmental impact and which, consequently, may be implemented safely in Vanuatu. Of the treatments tested, impregnation with methyl methacrylate polymer provided the greatest increase in hardness. Values commensurate with use as flooring were obtained (about 6000 N) that were three times greater than untreated controls. With treatment using methyl methacrylate bulking, the hardness of whitewood can be improved, expanding utilisation opportunities to include markets for flooring timbers, domestically and internationally. This, in turn, will improve investment security in whitewood production and the living standards of small rural landholders.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41586126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1920207
A. Sarre, S. Davey
The United Nations (UN) member states adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015 as part of a UN General Assembly resolution on the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. The 17 SDGs and their associated 169 targets constitute a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity (UNDP undated). Most of the targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some were to have been achieved by 2020. The SDGs, which seek to balance the three dimensions of sustainable development (i.e. economic, social and environmental), supersede the eight Millennium Development Goals adopted to support the 2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration (UNGA 2000). They complement other commitments, such as those made by nations in the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The SDGs address some of the world’s most pressing problems, including hunger, poverty, gender inequality and inequality in general, climate change, biodiversity loss, deforestation, and the unsustainable use of natural resources. By their short timeframe, they acknowledge the urgency with which these problems must be resolved (or at least ameliorated). None of the SDGs related to the natural-resource base have clear, quantifiable targets. For example, SDG 15.2 (the main forest target) comprises the following: ‘By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally’. The targets have related indicators (agreed to in 2017), which vary in their quantifiability—for example, indicator 15.1.1 is ‘forest area as a proportion of total land area’, and 15.2.1 is ‘progress towards sustainable forest management’. Most countries conduct regular reviews of their progress towards the SDGs—in the case of Australia, indicators are reported through the Australian Government’s Reporting Platform (Australian Government undated). Moreover, Australia’s State of the Forests report, which has been published every five years since 1998 (e.g. Montreal Process Implementation Group for Australia and National Forest Inventory Steering Committee 2018), provides data directly to the SDGs (Read & Howell 2019). A World Forests, Society and Environment (WFSE) project published what it characterised as a ‘systematic scientific assessment of potential and anticipated impacts of efforts to achieve the SDGs on forests, related socio-economic systems and forest-related development’ (Katila et al. 2020). Table 1 presents the 17 SDGs and, for each SDG, our summary of the main conclusions drawn in the WFSE assessment (with each SDG addressed in separate chapters in Katila et al. 2020) and in the 2018 State of the World’s Forests report produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2018). The table is intended to be illustrative rather than comprehensi
{"title":"The Sustainable Development Goals, forests, and the role of Australian Forestry","authors":"A. Sarre, S. Davey","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1920207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1920207","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations (UN) member states adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015 as part of a UN General Assembly resolution on the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. The 17 SDGs and their associated 169 targets constitute a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity (UNDP undated). Most of the targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some were to have been achieved by 2020. The SDGs, which seek to balance the three dimensions of sustainable development (i.e. economic, social and environmental), supersede the eight Millennium Development Goals adopted to support the 2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration (UNGA 2000). They complement other commitments, such as those made by nations in the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The SDGs address some of the world’s most pressing problems, including hunger, poverty, gender inequality and inequality in general, climate change, biodiversity loss, deforestation, and the unsustainable use of natural resources. By their short timeframe, they acknowledge the urgency with which these problems must be resolved (or at least ameliorated). None of the SDGs related to the natural-resource base have clear, quantifiable targets. For example, SDG 15.2 (the main forest target) comprises the following: ‘By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally’. The targets have related indicators (agreed to in 2017), which vary in their quantifiability—for example, indicator 15.1.1 is ‘forest area as a proportion of total land area’, and 15.2.1 is ‘progress towards sustainable forest management’. Most countries conduct regular reviews of their progress towards the SDGs—in the case of Australia, indicators are reported through the Australian Government’s Reporting Platform (Australian Government undated). Moreover, Australia’s State of the Forests report, which has been published every five years since 1998 (e.g. Montreal Process Implementation Group for Australia and National Forest Inventory Steering Committee 2018), provides data directly to the SDGs (Read & Howell 2019). A World Forests, Society and Environment (WFSE) project published what it characterised as a ‘systematic scientific assessment of potential and anticipated impacts of efforts to achieve the SDGs on forests, related socio-economic systems and forest-related development’ (Katila et al. 2020). Table 1 presents the 17 SDGs and, for each SDG, our summary of the main conclusions drawn in the WFSE assessment (with each SDG addressed in separate chapters in Katila et al. 2020) and in the 2018 State of the World’s Forests report produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2018). The table is intended to be illustrative rather than comprehensi","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1920207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47039672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1911079
N. K. Kartikawati, A. Rimbawanto, M. Na’iem, S. Indrioko, J. Doran
ABSTRACT Cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi) is cultivated widely in Indonesia for its medicinal foliar essential oil. Breeding programs of cajuput have established seed orchards for the provision of improved seed to support the establishment of large areas of plantations. Information on pollen dispersal and genetic structure in such seed orchards is important for enhancing the genetic quality of seed produced from these seed orchards. We analysed eight microsatellite loci in 160 established trees and 240 offspring of ten selected mother trees in a cajuput seed orchard in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We investigated the genetic structure and inheritance, pollen dispersal patterns and rates of pollen contamination. The parent trees showed high genetic diversity (HO = 0.480, HE = 0.755), but approximately 5% of alleles were not inherited by the offspring. Pollen dispersal in the cajuput seed orchard was panmictic, with an average pollen donor number (Nep) of 17 and an average pollen dispersal distance of 43 m. However, 11.6% of genotypes contained a mismatch, indicating pollen contamination from nearby unselected cajuput trees. Stimulating synchronous flowering in the orchard and providing suitable habitat for pollinating insects may help to optimise outcrossing and random pollination within the seed orchard and thereby to fully capture genetic diversity and reduce pollen contamination.
仙人掌(千层木);因其药用叶面精油而在印度尼西亚广泛种植。枣子育种项目建立了种子园，提供改良种子，支持建立大面积种植园。了解种子园花粉的传播和遗传结构对提高种子园种子的遗传质量具有重要意义。我们分析了印度尼西亚日惹一个枣种子园160棵树和10棵母树的240个后代的8个微卫星位点。研究了其遗传结构和遗传、花粉传播模式和花粉污染率。亲本表现出较高的遗传多样性(HO = 0.480, HE = 0.755)，但约5%的等位基因未被后代遗传。枣树种子园内的花粉传播呈全局性分布，平均花粉供体数(Nep)为17个，平均花粉传播距离为43 m。然而，11.6%的基因型存在不匹配，表明花粉污染来自附近未选择的枣树。刺激种子园内同步开花，为传粉昆虫提供适宜的栖息地，有助于优化种子园内的异交和随机授粉，从而充分捕获遗传多样性，减少花粉污染。
{"title":"Pollen dispersal and genetic structure in a cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi) seed orchard in Yogyakarta, Indonesia","authors":"N. K. Kartikawati, A. Rimbawanto, M. Na’iem, S. Indrioko, J. Doran","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1911079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1911079","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi) is cultivated widely in Indonesia for its medicinal foliar essential oil. Breeding programs of cajuput have established seed orchards for the provision of improved seed to support the establishment of large areas of plantations. Information on pollen dispersal and genetic structure in such seed orchards is important for enhancing the genetic quality of seed produced from these seed orchards. We analysed eight microsatellite loci in 160 established trees and 240 offspring of ten selected mother trees in a cajuput seed orchard in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We investigated the genetic structure and inheritance, pollen dispersal patterns and rates of pollen contamination. The parent trees showed high genetic diversity (HO = 0.480, HE = 0.755), but approximately 5% of alleles were not inherited by the offspring. Pollen dispersal in the cajuput seed orchard was panmictic, with an average pollen donor number (Nep) of 17 and an average pollen dispersal distance of 43 m. However, 11.6% of genotypes contained a mismatch, indicating pollen contamination from nearby unselected cajuput trees. Stimulating synchronous flowering in the orchard and providing suitable habitat for pollinating insects may help to optimise outcrossing and random pollination within the seed orchard and thereby to fully capture genetic diversity and reduce pollen contamination.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1911079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48982935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1918897
A. Pecenko, C. Brack
ABSTRACT Dead trees can occur throughout an urban forest and need to be managed. Standing dead trees that have been made ‘safe’ through regular inspection and the removal of unstable and decaying material are called ‘totem trees’ by Transport Canberra and City Services in Canberra, Australia. This paper is a pilot case study of totem trees in Canberra, employing an innovative mixed-methods approach, which includes silvicultural assessment, focal sampling, ad libitum sampling, in situ observation of evidence for fauna presence, and public questionnaires. It demonstrates that totem trees have significant habitat value because they provide perching, nesting, vocalisation, habitation and feeding sites for birds and arboreal mammals, as well as habitation and food for reptiles, insects and fungi. Totem trees with greater structural complexity appear to be preferred by fauna. The questionnaire findings, from park users and nearby park residents, indicate a generally positive attitude towards totem trees, with most participants perceiving them as valuable habitat for fauna and appreciating their aesthetic appeal. This highlights an important juxtaposition of management priorities: the need to balance structural complexity with providing safe trees. The findings of this study underscore the need to maintain and enlarge the totem tree population given their significant habitat value and social functions. Freestanding, structurally complex dead trees with numerous hollows, branches and bark should be prioritised for conservation. Additionally, the raising of public awareness is recommended to address any ongoing public uncertainty regarding the safety of totem trees.
{"title":"Habitat value of, and social attitudes towards, dead trees in Canberra’s urban forest","authors":"A. Pecenko, C. Brack","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1918897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1918897","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dead trees can occur throughout an urban forest and need to be managed. Standing dead trees that have been made ‘safe’ through regular inspection and the removal of unstable and decaying material are called ‘totem trees’ by Transport Canberra and City Services in Canberra, Australia. This paper is a pilot case study of totem trees in Canberra, employing an innovative mixed-methods approach, which includes silvicultural assessment, focal sampling, ad libitum sampling, in situ observation of evidence for fauna presence, and public questionnaires. It demonstrates that totem trees have significant habitat value because they provide perching, nesting, vocalisation, habitation and feeding sites for birds and arboreal mammals, as well as habitation and food for reptiles, insects and fungi. Totem trees with greater structural complexity appear to be preferred by fauna. The questionnaire findings, from park users and nearby park residents, indicate a generally positive attitude towards totem trees, with most participants perceiving them as valuable habitat for fauna and appreciating their aesthetic appeal. This highlights an important juxtaposition of management priorities: the need to balance structural complexity with providing safe trees. The findings of this study underscore the need to maintain and enlarge the totem tree population given their significant habitat value and social functions. Freestanding, structurally complex dead trees with numerous hollows, branches and bark should be prioritised for conservation. Additionally, the raising of public awareness is recommended to address any ongoing public uncertainty regarding the safety of totem trees.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1918897","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47615737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1906567
P. L. de Medeiros, A. Pimenta, G. G. C. da Silva, E. M. D. de Oliveira, D. N. da Silva Júnior, G. D. de Souza
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the effect of planting density on the concentration, amount per hectare and nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) of micronutrients (boron – B, copper – Cu, Fe– iron, manganese – Mn, and zinc – Zn) and sodium (Na) of a Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clone planted in a systematic experimental design in the coastal region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The experimental treatments encompassed ten planting densities from 606 to 2564 trees ha-1, with three replicates per treatment. Thirty-six months after planting, the trees were harvested and the concentration (mg kg-1), amount per hectare (kg ha-1), and NUE of micronutrients and Na were evaluated for each tree component (bark, branches, leaves and wood). Regression models were fitted for bark, branches, leaves and wood as a function of growing space. Linear, quadratic, exponential and logarithmic models were fitted. The increase in planting density brought the following results: increases in the concentration of B in leaves, Mn in bark and Na in leaves and bark; decreases in the concentration of Cu in branches and wood; increases in the export of micronutrients per area; increases in the NUE of B and Cu in branches; and decreases in the NUE of Mn for wood, Zn for bark and Na for leaves and bark. There was no significant effect of planting density on the concentration of Fe and Zn. Initial planting density affected the concentration (except Fe and Zn), amount exported per hectare and NUE (except Fe) of micronutrients and Na, but the degree and trend varied according to plant part (e.g. leaves, branches) and elements under study. The harvest of wood only or wood + bark combined with the reincorporation of leaves and branches in the soil show strong potential for returning the micronutrients to the planting site, especially B and Mn.
{"title":"Efficiency of micronutrients and sodium use of a Eucalyptus clone as a function of planting density in short-rotation cropping","authors":"P. L. de Medeiros, A. Pimenta, G. G. C. da Silva, E. M. D. de Oliveira, D. N. da Silva Júnior, G. D. de Souza","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1906567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1906567","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the effect of planting density on the concentration, amount per hectare and nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) of micronutrients (boron – B, copper – Cu, Fe– iron, manganese – Mn, and zinc – Zn) and sodium (Na) of a Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clone planted in a systematic experimental design in the coastal region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The experimental treatments encompassed ten planting densities from 606 to 2564 trees ha-1, with three replicates per treatment. Thirty-six months after planting, the trees were harvested and the concentration (mg kg-1), amount per hectare (kg ha-1), and NUE of micronutrients and Na were evaluated for each tree component (bark, branches, leaves and wood). Regression models were fitted for bark, branches, leaves and wood as a function of growing space. Linear, quadratic, exponential and logarithmic models were fitted. The increase in planting density brought the following results: increases in the concentration of B in leaves, Mn in bark and Na in leaves and bark; decreases in the concentration of Cu in branches and wood; increases in the export of micronutrients per area; increases in the NUE of B and Cu in branches; and decreases in the NUE of Mn for wood, Zn for bark and Na for leaves and bark. There was no significant effect of planting density on the concentration of Fe and Zn. Initial planting density affected the concentration (except Fe and Zn), amount exported per hectare and NUE (except Fe) of micronutrients and Na, but the degree and trend varied according to plant part (e.g. leaves, branches) and elements under study. The harvest of wood only or wood + bark combined with the reincorporation of leaves and branches in the soil show strong potential for returning the micronutrients to the planting site, especially B and Mn.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1906567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47514127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1836453
T. Venn, R. McGavin
ABSTRACT An aspatial mathematical model has been developed to simultaneously support log processing investment decisions with respect to processing scale, facility location and log procurement when data are scarce. A key design principle was to make the model suitable for use by industry. The objective function maximises gross margins per hour of log processing time, and the model accounts for potential processing efficiencies with larger-diameter logs. To support log procurement decisions, the model estimates mill-delivered log costs at which a log procurement officer should be indifferent between purchasing alternative log types. The utility of the model is demonstrated with an application to rotary veneer processing of hardwood logs in subtropical eastern Australia. Complex interactions between processing scale, facility location and log procurement strategies were revealed by substantial differences in gross margins between modelled scenarios. Log procurement decisions were found to have the greatest potential impact on gross margins, followed by facility location and processing scale. The model highlighted that substantially higher returns can be earned from optimal log procurement strategies relative to approaches that either minimise log costs, maximise product recovery or do not differentiate between log types and simply utilise all available log volume.
{"title":"A decision-support system to assist forest industry planning and investment when data are scarce: the case of hardwood veneering in subtropical eastern Australia","authors":"T. Venn, R. McGavin","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1836453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1836453","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An aspatial mathematical model has been developed to simultaneously support log processing investment decisions with respect to processing scale, facility location and log procurement when data are scarce. A key design principle was to make the model suitable for use by industry. The objective function maximises gross margins per hour of log processing time, and the model accounts for potential processing efficiencies with larger-diameter logs. To support log procurement decisions, the model estimates mill-delivered log costs at which a log procurement officer should be indifferent between purchasing alternative log types. The utility of the model is demonstrated with an application to rotary veneer processing of hardwood logs in subtropical eastern Australia. Complex interactions between processing scale, facility location and log procurement strategies were revealed by substantial differences in gross margins between modelled scenarios. Log procurement decisions were found to have the greatest potential impact on gross margins, followed by facility location and processing scale. The model highlighted that substantially higher returns can be earned from optimal log procurement strategies relative to approaches that either minimise log costs, maximise product recovery or do not differentiate between log types and simply utilise all available log volume.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1836453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42890840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1894383
W. Jackson, M. Freeman, B. Freeman, H. Parry-Husbands
ABSTRACT It is time to move beyond the era of conflict and develop a new shared vision for the management of Australia’s public forests. We need more holistic approaches that encompass all forest values across the landscape, rather than the current approach of dividing public forest management up across different government agencies. More collaborative approaches will be required to galvanise the resources, skills and knowledge that enables this shift in shared governance. Recent bushfires in Australia have heightened concerns that the management of public forest lands has largely failed to ensure the health of forest ecosystems, build resilience, and secure a promised balance between economic, social and environmental values. Investment in efforts to adapt forest management to address climate change has been limited; and empowering and increasing the role of Indigenous Australians in forest management could be significantly improved. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to improve the resilience of regional communities to major shocks and stresses caused by factors that encompass market dynamics, supply-chain disruptions and natural disasters. Three key strategies are proposed to strengthen forest management in Australia: first, establishing new shared governance models that bring together government agencies with Indigenous Australians and actors from the private sector and civil society; second, extending active and adaptive management across forest landscapes that builds resilience in our forests, local communities and society; and third, integrating traditional knowledge with scientific evidence and innovative technologies to enhance forest management for improved resilience and other outcomes.
{"title":"Reshaping forest management in Australia to provide nature-based solutions to global challenges","authors":"W. Jackson, M. Freeman, B. Freeman, H. Parry-Husbands","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1894383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1894383","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is time to move beyond the era of conflict and develop a new shared vision for the management of Australia’s public forests. We need more holistic approaches that encompass all forest values across the landscape, rather than the current approach of dividing public forest management up across different government agencies. More collaborative approaches will be required to galvanise the resources, skills and knowledge that enables this shift in shared governance. Recent bushfires in Australia have heightened concerns that the management of public forest lands has largely failed to ensure the health of forest ecosystems, build resilience, and secure a promised balance between economic, social and environmental values. Investment in efforts to adapt forest management to address climate change has been limited; and empowering and increasing the role of Indigenous Australians in forest management could be significantly improved. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to improve the resilience of regional communities to major shocks and stresses caused by factors that encompass market dynamics, supply-chain disruptions and natural disasters. Three key strategies are proposed to strengthen forest management in Australia: first, establishing new shared governance models that bring together government agencies with Indigenous Australians and actors from the private sector and civil society; second, extending active and adaptive management across forest landscapes that builds resilience in our forests, local communities and society; and third, integrating traditional knowledge with scientific evidence and innovative technologies to enhance forest management for improved resilience and other outcomes.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1894383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49411549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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